1. Humanism is an approach in study, philosophy, world view or practice that focuses on human values and concerns.

Humanist - A proponent or practitioner of humanism, which has several distinct senses, which are listed at Humanism and at Humanism. 2. rebirth, classics 3. During the renaissance age, people's worldview began to shift. They began to believe in the power of the human being, and how the human being can do things on his own without divine intervention. They saw the world as something to discover, and began to find things out for themselves. The world was a new and interesting place, and they saw that they had a role in it. This idea in itself, the power of the human being, is the basis of the humanist ideals. The worldview of the renaissance age was, for the most part, a humanistic worldview, which sparked so many great things, along with our modern age. 4. spanned roughly the 14th to the 17th century, beginning in Italy in the Late Middle Ages and later spreading to the rest of Europe. Motive - to bypass Ottomans and get eastern luxuries. Geographical knowledge: earth was round; latitude and longitude to more accurately locate yourself on open sea. Technology: oceanworthy caravels; compass; printed maps and charts; cannons to protect cargo 5. The Black Plague had wiped out most workers, so the wages of the survivors increased drastically, which resulted in the very wealthy merchant class. The merchant class had excessive wealth, and after the Black Plague, most survivors started to care about the present and about worldly things. Art was one of those luxuries. The merchant class became patrons of the art, which means that they sponsored many artists and supplied them with money so they could continue their work. The basis of the Renaissance was art, and the patronage of the wealthy merchant class was one of the main reasons why art was able to strive in that era. 6. Francesco Petrarch, Christianity with ancient Greek and Roman culture and humanism. 7. Castiglione's guide stressed the kind of attitude that should accompany the many talents of a polymath, an attitude he called "sprezzatura". A courtier should have a detached, cool, nonchalant attitude, and speak well, sing, recite poetry, have proper bearing, be athletic, know the humanities and classics, paint and draw and possess many other skills, always without showy or boastful behavior, in short, with "sprezzatura". The many talents of the polymath should appear to others to be performed without effort, in an unstrained way, almost without thought. 8. which glorifies humanity and praises the human ability to reason, 9. The Creation of Adam is a section of Michelangelo's fresco Sistine Chapel ceiling painted circa 1511. It illustrates the Biblical story from the Book of Genesis in which

God the Father breathes life into Adam, the first man. Chronologically the fourth in the series of panels depicting episodes from Genesis on the Sistine ceiling, it was among the last to be completed. 10. Leonardo da Vinci was a true renaissance man. He was a philosopher, inventor, architect, engineer, mathematician and a painter. He was born into the renaissance age and was a genius of a man, not likely to be seen again. He seemed to be interested in everything and was very detail oriented.
Da Vinci's Last Supper painting of 1498 is not a traditional true fresco (buon fresco) painted on wet plaster, rather it is painted on dry plaster with tempera in the fresco secco technique. Da Vinci's

Last Supper painting can be found in the refectory (dining hall) of the convent of Santa Maria della Grazie in Milan, Italy.

11. Renaissance Literature refers to the period in European literature that began in Italy during the 14th century and spread around Europe through the 17th century. The impact of the Renaissance varied across the continent; countries that were predominantly Catholic or Protestant experienced the Renaissance differently compared to areas where the Orthodox Church was dominant as reflecting on its culture, as well as those areas of Europe under Islamic rule. Medieval literature is a broad subject, encompassing essentially all written works available in Europe and beyond during the Middle Ages (encompassing the one thousand years from the fall of the Western Roman Empire ca. AD 500 to the beginning of the Florentine Renaissance in the late 15th century). The literature of this time was composed of religious writings as well as secular works. Just as in modern literature, it is a complex and rich field of study, from the utterly sacred to the exuberantly profane, touching all points in-between. Because of the wide range of time and place it is difficult to speak in general terms without oversimplification, and thus the literature is best characterized by its place of origin and/or language, as well as its genre. 12. It was both, The central message of The Prince is based on the premise that princes or rulers should retain absolute power over those they rule. In order to maintain their absolute dominance all means should be employed to justify their ends. In The Prince, Machiavelli even praises Casare Borgia, a Spanish aristocrat of the Romagna area of northern Italy who was a much-hated despot. 13. The School of Athens by Raphael Sanzio is a fresco painting decorating the private library of the pope, the Stanza della Segnatura, in the Vatican palace in Rome. The School of Athens by Raphael depicts the concept of philosophy. Raphael, influrenced by the current Neoplatonism of the time, depicts classically attired figures representing famous philosophers. They inhabit a magnificent grisaille architectural wonder with a scene which is meant to take place in antiquity. 14. Bascially, the Northern Renaissance took place in areas of Eastern Europe (like the Netherlands). During this time, there was an emphasis on daily life--the lives of peasants. A greater emphasis was put on living a pious, simple life. Therefore, artists

like Peter Brugal the elder painted pictures such as "Haymaking." It showed regular peasants carrying out their normal everyday tasks. Keep in mind that the Northern Renaissance came much later. The Italian Renaissance, on the other hand, focused more on the wealthy class (aristocracy). Paintings were elaborate, detailed, and showed how wealthy and powerful people were. This was because alot of trade was going on during the time of the Itailian Renaissance, especially in the Mediterranean. Therefore, individuals were becoming very wealthy, and thus gaining poltical influence. Also, the Itailain Renaissance focused on religion--Roman Catholicism. Popes were wealthy, king-like figures in society and they were often painted in elaborate settings. Greek-Roman revival was VERY important. Oftentimes, paintings reflected themes of the Classical times, and some artists nearly copied the forms of ancient Greek statues and artwork. Also, think of the "Last Judgement." It showed alot of Italian Renaissance themes. Humanism (the focus of the individual, emphasis on anatomy) , GreekRoman revival, and religion. 15. 16. The Protestant Reformation of the early 16th century was an attempt to reform the Catholic Church. German theologian Martin Luther wrote his Ninety-Five Theses on the sale of indulgences in 1517. Gutenberg- It helped because when the priniting press was invented ideas were spreading around more quickly,so something called the pamplets contained unbound essays. They had spreaded to many people, and that is how news was passed around. Henry VIII - Based on Henry VIII's desire for an annulment of his marriage, the English Reformation was at the outset more of a political affair than a theological dispute. The reality of political differences between Rome and England allowed growing theological disputes to come to the fore.[1] Immediately before the break with Rome, it was the Pope and general councils of the church that decided doctrine. Church law was governed by the code of canon law with final jurisdiction in Rome. Church taxes were paid straight to Rome and it was the Pope who had the final say over the appointment of bishops. The split from Rome made the English monarch the Supreme Governor of the English church by "Royal Supremacy", thereby making the Church of England the established church of the nation. Doctrinal and legal disputes now rested with the monarch, and the papacy was deprived of revenue and the final say on the appointment of bishops. Elizabeth I- The separation of the Church of England (or Anglican Church) from Rome under Henry VIII, beginning in 1529 and completed in 1536, brought England alongside this broad Reformation movement; however, religious changes in the English national church proceeded more conservatively than elsewhere in Europe. Reformers in the Church of England alternated, for centuries, between sympathies for Roman Catholic tradition and more reformed principles, gradually developing into a tradition considered a middle way (via media) between the Roman Catholic and Protestant traditions.

The English Reformation followed a different course from the Reformation in continental Europe. There had long been a strong strain of anti-clericalism, and England had already given rise to the Lollard movement of John Wycliffe, which played an important part in inspiring the Hussites in Bohemia. Lollardy was suppressed and became an underground movement so the extent of its influence in the 1520s is difficult to assess. The different character of the English Reformation came rather from the fact that it was driven initially by the political necessities of Henry VIII. 17. Competition with others, they wanted their work to be noticed. 18.