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COPI
oo mn rAnr CROIn6POB
P,tzr);lrtscj
13.2412
Issued by Sandia Laboratories, operated for the United States Department of Energy by Sandia Corporation.
NOTICE This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by the United States Government. Neither the United States nor the Department of Energy, nor arly of their employees, nor any o f their contractors, subcontractors, or their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product or process cjisclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights.
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Distribution C a t e q o r y UC-62
SOLAR COLLECTORS
P r e p a r e d f o r S a n d i a N a t i o n a l L a b o r a t o r i e s u n d e r C o n t r a c t No.
13-2412
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section
Page
4
4 4
5
8
3.
INSTRUMENTATION..............................................
3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4
Velocity Profiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Flow Visualization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Force and Moment Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Force and Moment Coefficients. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
13 13
4.
TEST PSSULTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4
Single Collector Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Array Field Loads ....................................... Smoke Visualization of Fence Effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Calculation of Full-scale Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14 18
19
5.
L I S T OF TABLES
Table
Page
Motion picture scene guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 Velocity and turbulence intensity profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 for configurations 1 - 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 Determination of 8 max Effect of height HCL on single collector loads at 0 = 0. = 0 for configurations 1 - 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
n Effect of height HCL 0. single collector ioads at emax. = 0 for configurations 1-4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Matrix of single collector loads at HCL/C = KI (configurations 1 - 4 ) ...................................... 81 Loads for various gap spacings for configuration 5 . . . . . . . . 85 Data for establishment of row spacing R (configuration 9) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .86 Loads on array fields (configurations 5 - 9 )
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Effect of fences on array field loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 Effect of berms on array field loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 Loads with a torque tube on collector 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 Effect of 0 on pitching moment coefficients (configurations 1 - 4 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 Effect of height HCL on single collector pitching moment coefficients at 0 = 0 and $ = 0 (configurations 1 - 4 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 Effect of height HCL on single collector pitching moment coefficients at 0 = emax and $ = 0 (configurations 1 - 4 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 Matrix of single collector pitching moment coefficients at HCL/C = KI (configurations 1 - 4 )
. . . . . . . . . . . 99
Pitching moment coefficients for various gap spacings (configuration 5 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .103 Pitching moment coefficients for establishment of row spacing R (configuration 9) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 Pitching moment coefficients for array fields (configurations 5 - 9 ) ...................................... 105
LIST
Table
20
21
TABLES
Page
Effects of fences and berms on array fields, pitching moment coefficients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l o 8 Pitching moment coefficients with a torque tube (configuration 1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure
1
Page
M e t e o r o l o g i c a l wind t u n n e l ................................ 25 C o l l e c t o r s h a p e s f o r c o n f i g u r a t i o n s 1-4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 C o l l e c t o r mounted on f o r c e b a l a n c e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 C o l l e c t o r and f o r c e b a l a n c e mount . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 C o o r d i n a t e System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 C o l l e c t o r i n a r r a y s f o r c o n f i g u r a t i o n s 5-9
2
3
4 5
6a
6b
7
................
32
8
9
10
................
36
4 on c o l l e c t o r l o a d s . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
LIST OF SYMBOLS
constant s u b s c r i p t , r e f e r e n c e d t o t h e b a s e of f o u n d a t i o n o r a c o n s t a n t a p e r t u r e width of t h e c o l l e c t o r ( s e e F i g u r e 5 ) parabslic focal distance d i s t a n c e between t h e c e n t e r of g r a v i t y G and t h e p i v o t p o i n t voltage subscript referenced t o the focal point F t o t a l f o r c e a p p l i e d t o t h e c o l l e c t o r i n t h e x-z p l a n e l a t e r a l f o r c e , p o s i t i v e along t h e x a x i s (see Figure 5) fence height l i f t f o r c e , p o s i t i v e along t h e z a x i s (see Figure 5) f e n c e d i s t a n c e upwind of l e a d c o l l e c t o r l a t e r a l force coefficient l i f t force coefficient gap width ( s e e F i g u r e 6 ) s u b s c r i p t r e f e r e n c e d t o t h e c e n t e r of g r a v i t y of t h e t r o u g h G d i s t a n c e between t h e c o l l e c t o r p i v o t p o i n t and t h e f o r c e b a l a n c e a x i s ( s e e F i g u r e 4)
HCL
d i s t a n c e between t h e c o l l e c t o r p i v o t p o i n t and t h e f l o o r ( s e e Figure 4 ) s e l e c t e d r a t i o HCL/C t o run c o n f i g u r a t i o n s 1-4 collector length r o l l i n g moment about x
P axis
r o l l i n g moment c o e f f i c i e n t p i t c h i n g moment a b o u t y
B axis
F axis
p i t c h i n g moment c o e f f i c i e n t a b o u t yg a x i s p i + c h i n g moment a b o u t y
LIST OF SYMBOLS
pitching moment coefficient about yF axis pitching moment about yG axis pitching moment coefficient about yc axis pitching moment about yP axis pitching moment coefficient about yp axis yawing moment about z axis yawing moment coefficient about z axis constant pivat point reference location tunnel dynamic pressure at collector pivot point height HCL tunnel dynamic pressure at the top of the boundary layer (45 inches high) row spacing projected area of the collector, S=LC velocity wind speed at H
0
height
coordinate system at pivot point (see Figure 5) coordinate system at base of foundation (see Figure 5) pitch angle or elevation angle (see Figure 5) pitch angle where the maximum'-lift occurs kinematic viscosity air density parabolic rim angle (see Figure 2) yaw angle or azimuth angle (see Figure 5) coordinate system for definition of collector shape
1.
INTRODUCTION
o f t h e c o l l e c t o r , i t s h e i g h t above t h e g r o u n d , t h e c o l l e c t o r p i t c h a n g l e , t h e number and a r r a n g e m e n t o f c o l l e c t o r s i n a n a r r a y and t h e d i r e c t i o n o f t h e wind a r e s e v e r a l p a r a m e t e r s which can modify t h e l o a d s applied t o the collector. S i n c e an a n a l y t i c a l o r a numerical approach
c a n n o t be c o n s i d e r e d f o r s u c h a c o m p l i c a t e d geometry, a s i m u l a t i o n i n a wind t u n n e l i n which t h e a t m o s p h e r i c boundary l a y e r i s modeled was conducted a t t h e r e q u e s t o f S a n d i a L a b o r a t o r i e s ( 1 ) . The p u r p o s e o f t h i s s t u d y was t o i n v e s t i g a t e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of mean wind l o a d s produced by a i r f l o w i n and around s e v e r a l c o n f i g u r a t i o n s of p a r a b o l i c t r o u g h s o l a r c o l l e c t o r s w i t h and w i t h o u t a wind f e n c e . Four b a s i c p a r a b o l i c s h a p e s were i n v e s t i g a t e d a s s i n g l e u n i t s and one s h a p e was s t u d i e d a s p a r t o f s e v e r a l a r r a y f i e l d s . One 1 : 2 5 s c a l e model
dominant v a r i a b l e s were i n v e s t i g a t e d i n t h i s s t u d y :
n a t u r a l b o u n d a r y - l a y e r winds a t t h e a c t u a l s i t e .
In general, t h i s
r e q u i r e s t h a t t h e v e r t i c a l d i s t r i b u t i o n o f mean v e l o c i t y and t u r b u l e n c e i n t h e w i n d - t u n n e l boundary l a y e r match t h o s e a t t h e s i t e and t h a t t h e Reynolds numbers o f t h e model and t h e p r o t o t y p e b e e q u a l . In addition,
A
t h e s m a l l - s c a l e n o d e l must be g e o m e t r i c a l l y s i m i l a r t o i t s p r o t o t y p e . d e t a i l e d d i s c u s s i o n o f t h e s e r e q u i r e m e n t s and t h e i r i m p l e m e n t a t i o n i n t h e w i n d - t u n n e l e n v i r o n m e n t can be found i n r e f e r e n c e s 2 , 3 , and 4 . The c o n s t r u c t i o n o f a 1:25 s c a l e model o f t h e p r o t o t y p e s t r u c t u r e and i t s immediate s u r r o u n d i n g s ( i n t h i s c a s e , a f l a t , open a r e a ) , submerged i n a t u r b u l e n t boundary l a y e r of t h e m e t e o r o l o g i c a l wind t u n n e l shown i n F i g u r e 1 , s a t i s f i e s a l l t h e above c r i t e r i a e x c e p t t h o s e of e q u a l Reynolds numbers and s i m i l a r i t y of t u r b u l e n c e i n t e n s i t y and scale. I n t h e Reynolds number the full-scale structure. UD
7 , i s t h e same f o r b o t h t h e t u n n e l and v
Because of t h i s , t h e w i n d - t u n n e l a i r s p e e d ,
4 f o r s h a r p - e d g e d s t r u c t u r e s where t h e f l o w s e p a r a t i l ~ np o i n t i s
5 t o n e a r l y l o 6 d e p e n d i n g on s u r f a c e r o u g h n e s s o f t h e
Since
7 f o r high-wind, f u l l - s c a l e
3
s e p a r a t i o n i s f i x e d a t t h e e d g e o f t h e ~ a r a b o l i cc o l l e c t o r .
For cases
s g p r o a c h f l o w , R e y n o l d s number d e p e n d e n c e i s e x p e c t e d t o b e q u i t e s m a l l .
A t a model s c a l e o f 1 : 2 5 , t h e l a r g e r s c a l e s c f t u r b u l e n c e I n t h e
d i f f e r e n c e between t h e c u r r e n t s i m u l a t i o n and a s i m u l a t i o n w i t h c o m p l e t e
similarity o f t u r b u l e n t s t r u c t u r e i s n o t l a r g e , t h e e f f e c t s due t o
t u r b u l e n c e i n t e n s i t y s h o u l d b e s m a l l ( a few p e r c e x t a t m o s t ) .
For
2. 2.1 Wind T u n n e l
EXPERIMENTAL CONFIGURATION
The s t u d y was c o n d u c t e d i n t h e m e t e o r o l o g i c a l wind t u n n e l o f t h e F l u i d Dynamics and D i f f u s i o n L a b o r a t o r y a t C o l o r a d o S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y . T h i s l o w - s p e e d , c l o s e d - c i r c u i t wind t u n n e l ( F i g u r e 1 ) i s c h a r a c t e r i z e d by a l o n g (96 f t ) s l i g h t l y d i v e r g i n g t e s t s e c t i o n , 6 f t - 8 i n . wide ( a t t h e t u r n t a b l e ) and 6 f t h i g h t o d e v e l o p a n a p p r o p r i a t e a t m o s p h e r i c boundary l a y e r s i m u l a t i o n . The c e i l i n g i s a d j u s t a b l e t o a v o i d a p r e s s u r e T h i s f a c i l i t y i s d r i v e n by a 400 HP
d i a m e t e r ) was l o c a t e d n e a r t h e downstream end o f t h e t e s t s e c t i o n . a m b i e n t t e m p e r a t u r e was c o n t r o l l e d a t 24OC. 2.2 Flow S i m u l a t i o n The p u r p o s e . o f t h e s t u d y was t o e v a l u ~ t el o a d s on c o l l e c t o r s i n a n a t m o s p h e r i c boundary l a y e r d e v e l o p e d o v e r a n open f l a t a r e a , c h a r a c t e r i z e d by a - t h power l a w . 7
1
S i n c e i t was i r ~ p o s s i b l et o model t h e
The v e l o c i t y arid
t e s t s e c t i o n l e n g t h were c o v e r e d w i t h 1 i n . c u b e s f o l l o w e d by a 40 ft l e n g t h o f p e g b o a r d w i t h 0 . 2 5 i n . d i a m e t e r p e g s p r o j e c t i n g 0 . 5 i n . above
a pegboard b a s e .
I n a d d i t i o n t o t h e f l o o r roughness, four t r i a n g u l a r
s p i r e s e x t e n d i n g from t h e f l o o r t o t h e c e i l i n g were i n s t a l l e d a t t h e
t e s t s e c t i o n e n t r a n c e i n o r d e r t o g e t a t h i c k e r boundary l a y e r t h a n would o t h e r w i s e b e o b t a i n e d .
2.3
l o n g p a r a b o l i c s h a p e d u n i t mounted e n d - t o - e n d
i n rows.
In order t o f i t The m o d e l s
(Figure 2).
The p a r a b o l i c s h a p e w a s tlcfiricci
w h e r e t h e rim a n g l e @ i s r e l a t e d t o t h e a p e r t u r e C
The f o r c e b a l a r l c c
yaw a n g l e a n d z e r o p i t c h a n g l e , m o s t a e r o d y n a m i c s h a p e s ( a i r p l a n e s ,
However, s i n c e
component p e r p e n d i c u l a r t o t h e g r o u n d ( i . e . , t h a t f o r c e t e n d i n g t o " l i f t " the collector off i t s foundation). Elevbtion angles of t h e c o l l e c t o r could be s e t t o 1 degree while a z i m u t h p o s i t i o n i n g u s i n g t h e t u r n t a b l e was a c c u r a t e t o a b o u t 0 . 2 degrees. The f o u r m e t r i c c o l l e c t o r s , e a c h mounted a l o n e i n t h e wind
t u n n e l w e r e c a l l e d c o n f i g u r a t i o n s 1-4 ( F i g u r e 2 ) .
F i v e c o n f i g u r a t i o n s of c o l l e c t o r a r r a y s were used i n t h e s t u d y .
be s e t on t h e t u r n t a b l e , s u c h t h a t a r o t a t i o n o f t h e t u r n t a b l e moved t h e
A v i e w o f t h e a r r a y f i e l d i n t h e wind
c o n d u c t e d by u s i n g 4 f e n c e s made o f p e r f o r a t e d s h e e t m e t a l , punched w i t h
0 . 3 7 5 i n . d i a m e t e r h o l e s , w h i c h p r o v i d e d a 23 p e r c e n t p o r o s i t y .
h e i g h t s of t h e s e f e n c e s were 1 , 2 , 3 and 4 i n c h e s .
The
Two 2 i n . f e n c e s
of t h e c o l l e c t o r a r r a y s .
T h r e e s o l i d berms of h e i g h t s 1, 2 , and 3 i n . were used t o d e t e r m i n e t h e i n f l u e n c e o n l o a d s o f e a r t h berms upwind. The 1 i n . berm had a The 2 i n . berm
3.
3.1
INSTRUMENTATION
Velocity Profiles To d e t e r m i n e t h e a p p r o a c h b o u n d a r y - l a y e r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , v e l o c i t y
computer s u p p o r t e d t h e p r o b e .
MX minicomputer, d i s k , c a r d
r e a d e r , and p r i n t e r and i n c l u d i n g a P r e s t o n S c i e n t i f i c a n a l o g - t o - d i g i t a l c o n v e r t e r , Digi-Data d i g i t a l t a p e d r i v e and T e k t r o n i x p l o t t e r . we=e a c q u i r e d and p r o c e s s e d under s o f t w a r e c o n t r o l . C a l i b r a t i o n o f t h e h o t - w i r e anemometer was performed u s i n g a Thermo-Systems c a l i b r a t o r (Model 1125). The c a l i b r a t i o n d a t a were f i t Data
E~ =
A + Bun
where E i s t h e h o t - w i r e o u t p u t v o l t a g e , U t h e v e l o c i t y and A , B , and n are coefficients selected t o f i t the data. The above r e l a t i o n s h i p was
( r o o t - m e a n - s q u a r e v e l o c i t y ) was o b t a i n e d from:
u rms
2 E E rms
B n
un"
v e l o c i t y a t t h e h e i g h t o f t h e measurement. turbulence i n t e n s i t y U
This r e s u l t is the
rms
/U.
3.2
Flow V i s u a l i z a t i o n
o x i d e smoke was r e l e a s e d from s o u r c e s w i t h i n and u p s t r e a m of t h e a r r a y f i e l d and a m o t i o n p i c t u r e r e c o r d was o b t a i n e d o f t h e f l o w p a t t e r n s . T h i s nlovie shows t h e s e p a r a t i o n a r o u n d a c o l l e c t o r , t h e t u r b u l e n t and low v e l o c i t y f l o w w i t h i n t h e a r r a y f i e l d , and t h e e f f e c t of an upwind fence. An o u t l i n e of t h e c o n t e n t o f t h e movie i s g i v e n i n T a b l e I .
3.3
s i x component INCA s t r a i n g a g e b a l a n c e .
measured w i t h r e s p e c t t o a c o o r d i n a t e s y s t e m r e f e r r e d t o t h e c o l l e c t o r and n o t t o t h e f l o w d i r e c t i o n .
The s t r a i n - g a g e b r i d g e s o f t h e f o r c e b a l a n c e were m o n i t o r e d by
Honeywell Acudata 118 Gage C o n t r o l / A m p l i f i e r U n i t s , which p r o v i d e d e x c i t a t i o n t o t h e b r i d g e and a m p l i f i e d t h e b r i d g e o u t p u t . The s i g n a l s
were f i l t e r e d by a 100 Hz low p a s s f i l t e r and a n p l i f i e d by a d . c . a m p l i f i e r b e f o r e b e i n g p r o c e s s e d by t h e o n - l i n e d a t a a c q u i s i t i o n s y s t e m described previously. 100 Hz sample r a t e . Z e r o s and d a t a were r e c o r d e d f o r 3 m i n u t e s w i t h a
C a l i b r a t i o n o f t h e f o r c e b a l a n c e was performed b e f o r e and a f t e r t h e study. F o r c e s and moments were a p p l i e d t o t h e b a l a n c e by dead w e i g h t s The b a l a n c e had a l i n e a r r e s p o n s e on e a c h
a p p l y i n g known l o a d s t o a c o l l e c t o r on t h e f o r c e b a l a n c e i n p l a c e i n t h e wind t u n n e l .
By u s i n g t h e c a l i b r a t i o n m a t r i x , t h e l o a d s were
3.4
Y B , 2 E a x e s a t ground l e v e l .
where Fx i s t h e l a t e r a l f o r c e , q
i s t h e dynamic p r e s s u r e 0.5~u' i n t h e
axis
where M A p i s t h e d i m e n s i o n a l moment a b o u t t h e Xp a x i s .
M' "
where M '
i s t h e d i m e n s i o n a l moment a b o u t t h e Z a x i s .
Yp
o r f o r t h e moment M '
YB
about t h e
YB a x i s a t ground l e v e l
3 65 O
2.94 10.8
4
120 3.00
R i m Angle
Aperture C (inches) Length L ( i n c h e s ) Surface S (inches2) Standard Height of Collector Centerline ref. t o the floor, HCL ( i n c h e s )
90O
2.80 10.8 30.24
40 2.92 10.8
10.8
32.16
31.54
31.75
2.10
1.99
2.06
2.55
HCL/C = KI
F o c a l l e n g t h dF C e n t e r of g r a v i t y p o s i t i o n d
0.26
0.09
0.16
0.52
P i t c h i n g moment c o e f f i c i e n t s w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e c e n t e r o f g r a v i t y
G and t o t h e f o c a l p o i n t F o f t h e c o l l e c t o r t r o u g h were c a l c u l a t e d .
The
n o t a t i o n s a r e r e f e r r e d t o F i g u r e 5b. w i t h t h e Xp
The f o r c e a c t i n g on t h e c o l l e c t o r
Zp p l a n e i s
11 ai
= cos
CI
I,$
= sin a
The p i t c h i n g moment a r o u n d t h e f o c a l p o i n t F w i l l be
= MI
= M'
YP YP
- lltll -
dF s i n ( a + 0 ) dF ( s i n a c o s 0 + s i n 0 c o s a )
- ( I L dG c o s 0 + Fx dG s i n 0 ) = M' YG Yp i n terms of c o e f f i c i e n t s :
M'
4.
4.1 S i n g l e C o l l e c t o r Loads
TEST RESULTS
The f o u r d i f f e r e n t s h a p e s o f c o l l e c t o r s , model c o n f i g u r a t i o n s 1-4 w i t h v a r y i n g rim a n g l e , were t e s t e d a l o n e t o d e t e r m i n e t h e e f f e c t o f c o l l e c t o r s h a p e and t o e s t a b l i s h a b a s e l i n e f o r comparison w i t h a r r a y field tests. The f i r s t s t e p was t o d e t e r m i n e a t a h e i g h t HCL/C
-
1 and
f o r a p p r o a c h a z i m u t h $I = 0 , t h e p i t c h a n g l e maxirnurn.
emax f o r
which t h e l i f t w a s
a r e tabulated i n Table 3.
A t t h i s v a l u e of Bmax and a t 0 = 0 , t h e
These d a t a
S e l e c t e d p o r t i o n s o f t h e s e d a t a vhere The e f f e c t of
l o a d s were l a r g e r a r e p r e s e n t e d i n F i g u r e s 10 and 1 1 .
c o l l e c t o r h e i g h t above ground i s n o t d r a m a t i c i n c o e f f i c i e n t form w i t h t h e most r a p i d changes i n c o e f f i c i e n t s o c c u r r i n g f o r s m a l l s p a c i n g from t h e ground. P i t c h i n g moment a b o u t t h e ground l e v e l was most i n f l u e n c e d
by h e i g h t e f f e c t s a s would b e e x p e c t e d .
In o r d e r t o determine t h e e f f e c t s of p i t c h angle
$
and yaw a n g l e
on t h e l o a d s , a s t a n d a r d h e i g h t o f c o l l e c t o r was s e l e c t e d ( H C L / C =
0 . 7 5 , 0 . 6 8 , 0 . 7 0 and 0 . 8 0 f o r c o l l e c t o r c o n f i g u r a t i o n s 1-4) and l o a d measurements were o b t a i n e d f o r a m a t r i x o f p i t c h and yaw a n g l e s . a n g l e $ ( a p p r o a c h wind d i r e c t i o n ) ranged from -15' angle
Yaw
t o +60 w h i l e p i t c h
The r e s u l t s of t h e s e t e s t s a r e
l i s t e d i n Table 6 . 12 and 1 3 .
S e l e c t e d p o r t i o n s of t h e d a t a a r e p l o t t e d i n Figures The
t o c o l l e c t o r shape f o r
+=
0 (Figure 12a, b ) .
c u r v a t u r e of c o l l e c t o r a r e mixed.
t)
= 0 ( F i g u r e 1 2 e ) were n e a r z c r o a s e x p e c t e d .
I t i s doubtful
L a t e r a l and
l i f t f o r c e s became more dependent on c o l l e c t o r s h a p e a t d i f f e r e n t yaw angles (Figures 13a, b , e , f ) . rim a n g l e i s shown i n F i g u r e 1 4 . The c o e f f i c i e n t s o b t a i n e d i n t h e c a s e o f one c o l l e c t o r o n l y coiild be compared w i t h t h e d r a g c o e f f i c i e n t o f a f l a t p l a t e o r a c y l i n d e r . I n T a b l e 6a ( c o n f i g u r a t i o n 1 ) Fxp = 1 . 4 2 Fxp = 1 . 0 6 a t 0 = 0' a t 0 = 180' An e x p l i c i t d i s p l a y o f t h e e f f e c t o f
The d r a g c o e f f i c i e n t f o r a f l a t p l a t e w i t h t h e l e n g t h g r e a t e r t h a n t h e width is
C
D = 1.2
i f t h e p l a t e i s of f i n i t e l e n g t h t o width r a t i o .
c y l i n d e r i s a b o u t 1 . 2 f a r from t h e ground and d e c r e a s e s somewhat f o r f i n i t e length cylinders t o about 0.8 f o r length t o diameter r a t i o s s i m i l a r t o t h e L/C r a t i o o f t h e c o l l e c t o r u s e d f o r t h i s s t u d y . 4.2 Array F i e l d Loads C o n f i g u r a t i o n 5 was formed by a d d i n g two c o l l e c t o r s i d e n t i c a l i n s h a p e t o c o l l e c t o r 1 a s shown i n F i g u r e 6 . The gap s p a c i n g G between
15
t h e c e n t e r m e t r i c c o l l e c t o r and t h e two o u t e r c o l l e c t o r s was v a r i e d i n c o n f i g u r a t i o n 5 t o f i n d t h e optimum s p a c i n g t o be u s e d f o r l o a d measurements on c o n f i g u r a t i o n s 5-9. With t h e s t a n d a r d l e g s shown i n
F i g u r e 4 , i t was n o t p o s s i b l e t o o b t a i n a gap s p a c i n g l e s s t h a n
A l t e r n a t e l e g s w e r e c o n s t r u c t e d which a l l o w e d a s m a l l e r
a s G / C = 0 . 0 6 t o be o b t a i n e d .
d a t a f o r b o t h s e t s o f l e g s a r e shown i n F i g u r e 1 5 .
The d i s c o n t i n u i t y
~ i d t h o r t h e s u b s e q u e n t c o l l e c t i o n o f l o a d d a t a on c o n f i g u r a t i o n s 5 - 9 . f I n o r d e r t o e s t a b l i s h row s p a c i n g R f o r t h e c o l l e c t o r a r r a y f i e l d s t u d i e s ( s e F i g u r e 6 ) , row s p a c i n g v a l u e s o f R / C
= 2.0, 2.5,
sad 3 . 0 i n
These d a t a a r e
On t h e b a s i s of t h e s e d a t a i n c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h
from f u r t h e r t e s t s on c o n f i g u r a t i o n 9 ( T a b l e 9 ) a t a row s p a c i n g of
R/C = 2.25.
To d e t e r m i n e t h e o r i g i n o f t h e peak i n t h e l i f t c o e f f i c i e n t a t
the c o l l e c t o r s f o r a l l t h r e e row s p a c i n g s , R / C = 2 . 0 , 2 . 2 5 , 2 . 5 .
o b s e r v e d t o be s t r o n g e r a t R / C = 2.25 t h a n f o r e i t h e r R / C = 2 . 0 o r
R/C = 2 . 5 .
F o r R / C = 2 . 0 , l e s s q u a n t i t y o f h i g h v e l o c i t y f l o w was
o b s e r v e d t o p a s s u n d e r t h e edge o f t h e t r a i l i n g collector w h i l e f o r
R / C = 2 . 5 , t h e p e r c e n t a g e of t i m e when h i g h v e l o c i t y f l o w p a s s e d u n d e r
t h e edge of t h e t r a i l i n g c o l l e c t o r was r e d u c e d a s compared t o t h e c a s e a t R/C = 2.25. T h i s may i n d i c a t e t h a t s h o r t - d u r a t i o n l i f t l o a d s a t
= 2.25.
With t o r q u e t u b e s a t t a c h e d t o t h e
c o l l e c t o r s , no h i g h v e l o c i t y f l o w was p e r m i t t e d u n d e r n e a t h t h e c o l l e c t o r s - - a d i s t i n c t improvement o v e r t h e c a s e w i t h o u t t o r q u e t u b e s .
A m a t r i x o f c o n d i t i o n s v a r y i n g wind a z i m u t h
and p i t c h a n g l e 0
t h e c o l l e c t o r t o d e t e r m i n e i t s i n f l u e n c e on t h e l o a d s . c o n d i t i o n s f o r t h e s t u d y o f e f f e c t s o f an upwind berm.
vith $ = 0.
s e l e c t e d l o a d s i s shown i n F i g u r e 1 7 .
The
The t o r q u e t u b e on a s i n g l e bllt i n c r e a s e d
the coefficients.
The p r e s e n c e o f t h e t o r q u e t u b e showed m o d e r a t e e f f e c t s on
a r r a y f i e l d loads (Table 10). Moments a b o u t t h e f o c a l p o i n t , F , and c e n t e r o f g r a v i t y , G , a r e compared w i t h moments a?-.~ut p o i n t s P and B i n T a b l e s 13 t o 2 1 . Because v a r i a t i o n o f t h e s e moments w i t h - ~ a r i o u si n d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e s
( 0 , f o r example) i n c l u d e s o t h e r v a r i a b l e s a s w e l l ( h e i g h t o f p o i n t F o r
G),
t h e s e d a t a were n o t p l o t t e d .
I n many c a s e s , d i f f e r e n c e s i n moments
f o u r c o n f i g u r a t i o n s were o b t a i n e d .
c o r r e c t e d where c o r r e c t i o n s were r e q u i r e d .
4.3
F i g u r e 20
b e n e f i t o f a wind f e n c e .
T h i s f e n c e d o e s n o t p r o v i d e s i g n i f i c a n t p r o t e c t i o n ; t h e wlnd
shown I n F i g u r e 1 7 d , ttris h e i g h t f e n c e p r o v i d e s a l r o s t maxlmum d e c r e a s e in l i f t o r l a t e r a l force for zero o r negative pitch angles. For p o s i t i v e
4.4
6 f t , L = 2 2 . 5 f t ) a t sea l e v e l exposed t o
q u a s i s t e a d y wind [J
30
of
assumed t o be s i m i l a r t o c o n f i g u r a t i o n 1 ( 4 = 9 0 ) , w i t h a h e i g h t o f t h e c e n t e r l i n e such t h a t :
HCL/C = 0.75.
l a t e r a l f o r c e F i n t h e X d i r e c t i o n and t h e p i t c h i n g moment
Y I'
about t h c
Yp
f o r z e r o ? i t c h a n g l e ( 0 = 0 ) and z e r o wind a n g l e ( $ = 0 ) .
From T a b l e 6 , f o r c o n f i g u r a t i o n 1 , wind a z i m u t h = 0 , p i t c h a n g l e = 0 :
From t h e c o l l e c t o r s i z e :
L = 22.5 f t , C = 6 f t
S = LC = (22.5 f t ) ( 6 f t ) = 135 f t
2
2 9, = o'5pUHcL
(q, = 0.00256 UHCL i f UHCL i s in mph and qc is in pounds p e r s q u a r e f o o t , see r e f . 8) Using a mean v e l o c i t y p r o f i l e w i t h a 0.14 power l a w ,
where
\\?I\ =
/fl
5.
CONCLUSIONS
Wind f o r c e s a c t i n g on p a r a b o l i c t r o u g h s o l a r c o l l e c t o r s were modeled i n a b o u n d a r y - l a y e r wind t u n n e l i n which a t m o s p h e r i c winds were s i m u l a t e d Wind l o a d s were measured on f o u r c o l l e c t o r s w i t h d i f f e r e n t rim a n g l e s . Loads were a l s o o b t a i n e d on s e v e r a l a r r a y f i e l d c o n f i g u r a t i o n s i n c l u d i n g wind f e n c e s . The f o l l o w i n g c o n c l u s i o n s c a n be drawn:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
REFERENCES 1. McBride, D . P . , S t a t i c F o r c e T e s t s on P a r a b o l i c Trough S o l a r C o l l e c t o r s , P r e t e s t I n f o r m a t i o n R e p o r t - 395, S a n d i a L a b o r a t o r i e s , No.Albuquerque, New Mexico. Cermak, J . E . , Aerodynamics o f B u i l d i n g s , Annual Review - -u i d of F l Mechanics, Vol. 8 , 1976. Cermak, J . E . , L a b o r a t o r y S i m u l a t i o n o f t h e Atmospheric Boundary L a y e r , AIAA J l . , Vol. 9 , September 1971. -Cermak, J . E . , A p p l i c a t i o n s o f F l u i d Mechanics t o Wind E n g i n e e r i n g , A Freeman S c h o l a r L e c t u r e , ASME J 1 . - F l u i d s E n g i n e e r i n g , Vol. 9 7 , -of No. 1 , March 1975. Bearman, P . W . , 1978. 6. 7. Bearman, P , W . , An I n v e s t i g a t i o n o f t h e F o r c e s on F l a t P l a t e s Normal t o a T u r b u l e n t Flow, J 1 . -u i d Mechanics, Vol. 4 6 , p p . 177-198, 1971. - Fl Nakamura, Y . and Tonionari, Y . , The E f f e c t o f T u r b u l e n c e on t h e Drag of R e c t a n g u l a r P r i s m s , T r a n s a c t i o n s J a p a n S o c i e t y o f A e r o n a u t i c a l and - Space S c i e n c e , Vol. 1 9 , p p . 81-86, 1976. American N a t i o n a l S t a n d a r d s I n s t i t u t e , American N a t i o n a l S t a n d a r d for in B u i l d i n g Code Requirements - Minimum Design Loads - B u i l d i n g s and O t h e r S t r u c t u r e s . ANSI S t a n d a r d A58.1, 1 9 7 2 . T u r b u l e n c e E f f e c t s on B l u f f Body Mean Flow, T h i r d
U . S . N a t i o n a l Conference - on Wind E n g i n e e r i n g R e s e a r c h , p p . 265-272,
2.
3.
4.
5.
8.
FIGURES
R I M ANGLE
PLANE
jA I
Figure 2a.
Figure 2b.
Collector 4
Collector 1
Figure 3.
ANGLE
LATERAL
I
ROLLING MOMENT
YAWING
MOMENT
G =
F =
Figure 5b.
Coordinate system.
F i g u r e 7.
() I
W J H IL 0
1
I
f
1
a
CP
N
8
8
6)
C\1
per
1
D W ~ O N
8
03
C 9
(D
6) f
CP
IH9113H
() I
! H
a >
W -I H LL 0 rY
Q W
; t
> z
0 -I W
8
(V
c3
- por
8 03
1
6)
(D
6)
v I
OW,JON
(P
(V
6)
LH913H
.
CONF. # l
b,
0
0
0
PSI
0
.0u -- 1 2 0 . 0
-90.0
-60.0
CONF. 12
0 0
PSI
0 0
0
-I .
cl
o A
Determination of 8
max
(configurations 1-4).
PSI
BOX = COLL 1 1
STAR = COLL #2
2.00
tZ W H
BOX = COLL #3
STAR = COLL #4
F i g u r e 10a.
BOX
= COLL # l
STAR = COLL 12
.OO
BOX = COLL 13
STAR = COLL #4
Figure l o b .
= 0,
* B O X = COLL f l
3.00
STAR = W L L CZ
I
1
>-
Z
LL LL
*
2.00 -
0
0
Z 0 1C
*
4
1.00-
2
I -
0
H
x 0
*a
a
*%
*a
a .
.OO * .OO
1
.50
1 .OO
1.50
2.00
BOX = COLL 1 3
3.00
M > IT
LL LL
@
STAR
1
= WLL
r
#4
*o
2.00
0
0
Z 0 Z
cs,
z
0
1.00-
I
t-
n a .
.O@
.OO
Figure 10c.
I
.50
1 .OO
1.50
2.00
HCL/C
Effect of height on coefficients at 3 = 0, ' $ = 0 [configurations 1 - 4 ) .
BOX = COLL # l
STAR = COLL #2
BOX = COLL 13
2.00
I
I
STAR = COLL 1 4
I
*
LL LL W
+O
1.50-
0
0
t H
1.00-
.50
.OO
.50
1 .OO
1.50
2.00
HCL/C
rlgure 11.
E f f e c t of h e i g h t on l i f t a t ( c o n f i g u r a t i o n s 1-A;.
emax,
$ = O
BOX = C O L L # l
STAR = W L L #2
1
I
2.00
1.50
1.00
*
S
*
.50 0
0 *
tl
* tl
-1
[
0 0
*
I
*
.00 PITCH ANGLE
.OO -180.00
Ir -90.00
*
1
90.00
180.00
B O X = C O L L #3
STAR = C O L L f 4
PITCH ANGLE
Figure 12a. Variation of single collector loads with pitch angle for HCL/C=KI, $ = 0 (configurations 1-4).
BOX = COLL # I
STAR = COLL 12
2.00
-90.00
.00
PITCH ANGLE
90.80
B O X = COLL #3
STAR = COLL
r
I
14
2.00
Po
1.00 LL LL W
*#
t
Q
0
0
.OO -
*0
0
t -
G H
- 1 .OO
L
I
*0 *: 08 0 *
I
B -
-2.00-180.00
-80.00
.OO
90.00
180.00
PITCH ANGLE
Figure 12b. Variation of single collector loads with pitch angle for HCL/C=KI, $ = 0 (configurations 1 - 4 1
STAR = COLL #2
00
[ I
*
u
-.SO
- 1 .OO
-188.00
-90.00
90.00
180.00
BOX = COLL +?
1 .OO
STAR = COLL +4
PITCH ANGLE
Figure 12c. Variation of single c o l l e c t o r loads with pitch a n g l e f o r t!CL/C=KI, JI = 0 [configurations 1-4).
BOX = COLL + 1
STAR =
COLL #2
-.sd
-180.00
-90.00
.OO
PITCH ANGLE
90.00
180.
BOX = COLL #3
.50
I
STAR =
COLL
I
+4
.25
.88-
*
0
T3
It
-.25
*
1
1
-.50
-180.00
-90.00
90.00
180.00
Figure 12e. Variation of single collector loads with pitch angle for H C L / C = K I , $ = 0 (configurations 1-4).
BOX = COLL * 1
1 .OO
STAR = COLL +2
PITCH ANGLE
BOX = COLL #3
STAR = COLL +4
.OO
PITCH ANGLE
Figure 12f. Variation of single collector loads with pitch angle for HCL/C=KI, $ = 0 (configurations 1-4).
THETA = 0 DEG,
HCL/C =
KI
BOX = COLL + l
2.80.
tZ W H
I
STAR = WLL +2
1
0
W LL LL W 0
1.50-
*
0
* 0
1 1
0
W
1.00
0
Oi:
0
L
1
.50-
05
W
t6
1
.08 -30.00
.OO
60.00
BOX = COLL #3
2.00
-t
W H
I
0
H LL LL
1.50l! !
1'
W
0
w
0
1.00-
-II
1
I
E
C> LL
1 6.
01:
W I-Q:
_I
.50
.OO .
-30.00
F i g u r e 13a.
.0a
60.00
V a r i a t i o n . o f s i n g l e c o l l e c t o r l o a d s w i t h yaw a n g l e f o r H C L / C = K I , ( c o n f i g u r a t i o n s 1-4).
BOX = COLL # I
.08
STAR = COLL #2
.50-
*
.OO 0
Ir
0
*
0
3
1I
.50
1 1
.OO , -30.00
.OO
30.00
60.00
YAW ANGLE
BOX = COLL #3
STAR = COLL #4
1
2.00
tG W
1.50-
0
0
W 0
1.00-
141 0
G
1 4
w
t-
.50-
Q: 1
.OO -30.00
.00
30.00
YAW ANGLE
60.00
F i g u r e 13b. Variation of single collector loads with yaw angle for HCL/C=KI, (configurations 1-4).
THETA = 0 DEG,
HCL/C = K I
BOX = COLL # 1
1.00.
LL
I
STAR = W L L *2
t .
w
t-
.50
0
0
z
W
I :
0
.OO
II
C3
z
3r
a >
1
1
60.00
.OO
BOX = COLL #3
1 .OO
LL LL
1
.50-
r
C3
.OO
I :
5 13
>
4
.OO
60.00
Figure 13c.
Variation of singie collector loads with yaw angle for HCL/C=KI, (configurations 1-4) .
THETA
BOX
= 180 DEG,
HCL/C = KI
STAR
= COLL #l
1
= COLL 12
I
1.00I
YAW ANGLE
BOX = C O L L #3 1 .OO
t .
I
STAR = COLL 1 4
1
a 0
t-
tL w
.50 -
z W
s
I :
.OO
I
1
a
-.50
3
*
.OO
30.00
YAW ANGLE
60.00
>-
- 1 .OO -30.00
Figure 13d.
Variation of single collector loads with yaw angle for HCL/C=KI, (configurations 1-4) .
THETA = THETA-MAX,
HCL/C =
KI
BOX = COLL # 1
STAR
0
=
.
COLL #2
2.80
1.75
LL
LL W
o
LL
1.501.25 . )
t-
H 1
[I
1.00J -30.08
.OO
60.00
BOX = COLL #3
YAW ANGLE
Figure 13e. Variation of single col,lector loads w i t h yau angle for H C L / C = K I , (configurations 1-4).
THETA =
- THETA-MAX,
a
HCLK =
KI
BOX = COLL # l
.OO
STAR = COLL #2
r
+
II
*
t . t .
W
-.50 -
0
0
I LL H 1
-1 .OO
- 1 .50
-38.00
.OO
60.00
BOX = C O L L 13
.OO
STAR = COLL C4
I
13
L I
-.50 -
t .
W
0
0
*
- 1 .OO
1r
I LL H 1
Ir
-1.50. -313.00
>
.OO
30.00
68.00
YAW
Figure 13f.
ANGLE
YAW ANGLE
BOX = COLL #3
STAR = COLL 1 4
.50
YAW ANGLE
Figure 13g. Variation of single collector loads with yaw sngle for HCL/C=KI, [configurations 1-4).
THETA =
THETA-MAX,
HCL/C = KI
BOX = COLL * I
STAR = COLL #2
.50
.25
.OO -
1I
-.25
I
1
.OO
30.00
60.00
-.SOa
-30.00
YAW ANGLE
BOX = COLL #3
STAR = COLL # 4
.50
.OO
Figure 13h.
30.00
YAW ANGLE
Variation of single ccllector loads with yaw angle for HCL/C=KI, (configurations 1 - 4 ) .
56
THETA = THETA-MAX,
HCL/C = KI
STAR = COLL $2
.OO -30.00
.OO
1 .@O
BOX = COLL #3
.OO -30.00
Figure 13i.
.OO
Variation of single collector loads with yaw angle for HCL/C=KI, (configurations 1-4) .
.50 -
.25
*
-
.OO
-.25
-.50+ -30.00
.OO
60.00
.58
BOX = COLL 13
v
u *
.25
11
.OO
I
I
-.25
-.50
-30.00
Figure 13j.
.OO
60.00
Variation of single collector loads w i t h yaw angle for HCL/C=KI, (configurations 1-4) .
BOX = THETA
= 0 DEG
STAR
= THETA =
180 DEG
2.00
-I
Z W H
0
H LL LL W
1.63
0 0
w
0
CY.
1.25
0
LL
--I
OI W
.88
l 4
COLLECTOR R I M ANGLE,PHI
F i g u r e 14a.
on collector
THETA = THETA-MAX
2.00
z
n
U
1.75-
n
W
U
1.50-
t-
1-i
1.25-
1.00. .00
--
I I _1
180.00
45.00
THETA =
.OO t-
THETA-MAX
I
W H U
-.50 -
G G
n
W
U
0
tG
Y 1
- 1 .OO
- 1 .501 .OO
45.08
COLLECTOR
90.00
135.08
180.08
RIM ANGLE,PHI
@
F i g u r e 14b.
on collcctor
>-
a .
2I
.50
STAR: THETA =
1
THETA-MAX
G G
W
.25
0
U
I-
Z
0
C3
x x
.OO
-.25
I
1
I .
I H
-.so*
.0Q
45.00
180.00
I .50*
1 .OO -
.50
1
I
I
.OO
.00
Figure 14c.
180.00
on collector
2.00
t Z W H
LL LL W 0 0
- BOX:
THETA = 0 DEG
1.75-
w
0 OI 0
'iL
1.50
***** * * Ir **
0 0
0 0 "
0 0
C Y
t-
a
a
I
1.25-
1 .OO .OO
1 .OO
3.00
4.09
G/C
F i g u r e 15a.
~o o"
oO
***** * * * * *
a
1 .OO
.08
1 .OO
3.00
4.08
*
-
THETA = THETA-MAX
** *
*a
0
* a
0 0
0
"
+
1
THETA = 0
DEG
P S I = 0 DEG
0
0
I
2.00
2.50
ROW SPACING
R/C
3.00
3.50
F i g u r e 16a.
E f f e c t o f row s p a c i n g on c o l l e c t o r l o z d s ( c o n f i g u r a t i o n 9)
1.00-
--
15 DEG
t-
Z
0
.75
W H
1
1
G G
W
.50 -
t-
LL
n
1
.25
2.50
3.00
.OO
1 .50
2.08
1
3.50
ROW SPACING
R/C
ROU SPACING
Figure 16b.
R/C
R/C
2.0
0 = Bmax
= Qmax
R/C
= 2.25
WITH
t3= Bmax
TORQUE TUBE
Figure 16c.
'2.00
t-i
BOX: THETA = 0 DEG, NO FENCE STAR: THETA = 180 DEG, NO FENCE DELTA: THETA = 0 DEG, WITH FENCE
H LL
1.5a
CONFIGURATION #
Figure 1 7 a .
2.00 -
BOX: THETA = -68 DEG, NO FENCE DELTA: THETA = -60 DEG, WITH FENCE
-- 17
I -
z
H
U
1.50-
FH/C = 1.07,
FS/C-= 3 . 0
t-i
b,
1.00-
0
U
t-
LL I
.50 A A
I
.0B 4.00
-.-----
6.00
8.00
CONFIGURATION #
1
10.00
fG t-i
1
- 1 .50
-2.00
CONFIGURATION #
Figure 17b. I n f l u e n c e of a r r a y f i e l d c o n f i g u r a t i o n and f e n c e s on c o l l e c t o r l o a d s .
CONFIGURATION ,3
BOX: THETA = 0 DEG, NO FENCE STAR: THETA = 180 DEG, NO FENCE
. - ' - - - - -
I . -
--
m
>-
WITH FENCE
1.58
Z w
0
t-
FH/C = 1.07,
FS/C = 3 . 0
z
z
1.00
r :
CI)
*
.50
.OO
A
A
Ir
t H
a .
-4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
CONFIGURATION #
F i g u r e 17c. Illfluence o f a r r a y f i e l d c o n f i g u r a t i o n and f e n c e s on c o l l e c t o r l o a d s .
PSI PSI
0 DEG
0 DEG
1
1.5tW Y
FS/C = 3.0
z
0
CONFIGURATION 6
1.0-
ti L G
W
.S -
*
0
*
0
I
Qr
.0
.5
1.0
1.5
2.00
tZ W H LL W
1.50-
PSI = 0
0
0
p o t
0
0
tL
0
0 rY
1.00-
o
CL
*
.50
8
0
-0
o
1 W
OL
*
0 0
I
6
I
*
0
1
t-
a
--I
.OO -
_I
PITCH ANGLE
PSI
= 0
*
0 0 0
b
0
0
d
II
. )
[3
so
0
* *
1
PITCH ANGLE
F i g u r e 18a.
E f f e c t of torque tube on c o l l e c t o r 1 l o a d s .
.
BOX: WITHOUT TOROUE TUBE STAR: WITH TOROUE TUBE
I
I
.50a . >
21
PSI
PITCH ANGLE
1C
-1
PSI
.25 -
tW
z 0 z
Z
.OO
tl)
I :
t -
-.25
a .
- .S0
-180.00
L:
-90.00
"
* 0
d'
*
0
*0
0
t!
*
-
O P
0
90.00
180.e0
Figure 18b.
2.0,
BOX: ORIGINAL DATA, UNCORRECTED DELTA: ORIGINAL DATA, CORRECTED STAR: CORRECT DATA, WITH NO LEAK
PITCH ANGLE
PITCH ANGLE
Figure 19.
TABLES
T a b l e 1.
Table 2 .
PROF I L E
79.97 S O . 53
78. 41
I.'.
rt
-1
FOQ
THC
C Q U D I ~ QQOQCJLICCOLLCCTOP P
E O ~ C CU
n o n c u ~C O C F F ~ C I E N T C ~
F I LE -U~IIC
~ D C L ~ I
CONFIGURRTION
i =
; ac
lo
SO
:!;cHE;
HE!GHT
EFFECT
FXP
A T
THETA ~ A I . C D L L ~ I
FzF
F I T C ~ H C L ; ~
nx P
nY P
nzP
OR79 CONFiGURATION
FOR
THE
SRYC!9
PRl?Q99L!C
COLLECTPF
L
F:>k?CE IHtHES
433
?3?E9T
C?EFF:C!E?ii3 THETA
F ! L E - N A ~ E ' ~
2 3 2
=
3
;Q q9
Q '
?lR%.COL?t2
PITCH
HCL:~
FXP
F ZP
nx P
nv P
zP
FZP
FZP
nK P
nYP
nzp
THE
SAYDIA
c =
PARRBOLIC
COLLECTO~
L
FORCE
INCHES
PITCH
D O ~ E N OEFFICIENTS ~ CT
FILE-NAME:
H D C L ~ ~
2 3 4
MXP
HSP
1 0 8 0
HZP
HEIGHT
HCL/C
EFFECT R T
FXP
THETA ~ ~ X , C O L L B ~
HCL/C
FXP
FZP
FZP
RK P
UYP
fl Z P
P I TCH
HcL;C
FXP
F 72
nxp
n ;'
nZ P
PITCH
HCL/i
FXP
FZP
n%F
nY P
n zP
T a b l e 7.
OGTG
CONFIGURITION
FOR
THE
SfiNDIG
C =
PARGBOLIC
COLLECT@:
FORCE
8,)
:tlCHE5
9ND
GGP
tlOtlENT
COEFFICIEtii5
2 8 0
: i t
S T l l D t . GNE
COLLECTOR
ROU
DATA
FOR
THE
SAHDIO C =
PARASO!:C
CDLLECTOP
FODCE
SO
I H D tlOVENT C O E F F ! C I E N T S
:;OP
CONFIGURRTION
PITCH
z a a
nxp nvp
= 10
INCHES
P:TCH
STUDY
.ONE
F;
CDLLECTOR
ROU
FILE-HAHE:
9DGRP2
ALTERNATE LEGS
UYP
G/C
XP
F ZP
~ Z P
G,/C
FZP
nxp
n z p
1~t)ie \).I.
I . ~ , I I ) Fov ~ R R A ) I I I LIP,
DATA THE
lcob,t.l(;ont~r
5-9;
FOR
SOHDlR
PARABOLIC
COLLECTOR
L
FORCE
OND
H O ~ E N TC O E F F I C I E N T S
FILE-NAME:
~ ~ B P O U
CCNF ! C U R A T I O N
C =
FXP
I 0
2 8 0
1 0 80 I N C H E S
FC"R
COLLECTOR
ROUS. R / C = 2 FZP
37
25
UIND
AL'IB
0
PITCH AHCLE
0
F ZP
29
RXP
03
RYP
nz P
- 10 - 22 - 20
MIND
AZIB
0
PITCH wNCCE
120
FXP
31 08
nx P
21
RYP
nzp
00
0 0 0
-30
0 0 0 0
0 3 0
00 30 0 0 - 4 5 00 4 5 00 - 6 0 00 6 0 00 - 7 5 00 7~ 0 0 -90 00 90 00 -120 0
06
37 21
48 36 46
26
10
32 47 15 29
14
41
13 86
31 99
21
14 23 10 12 26
23
00
25
68 38
14
16 07 08
13
24
- 23 - 23
25 33 12
06
25
26 18 13
10
17 14 12 01 11 08
01 06 10
55 20 00 39 46 19 10 29 37 20
28 5a 26 27 71 26 23 32 69 15 33
02
3o
17
20
04 11
20 O3 26
02 24
11
08
10 09 01
35
22
14 08 1 4 00 16 15
00 08 04 06 08 07 09
04
13 23
06
DLTR
FOR
T H E SRWDIR
PARIBOLlC
CCLLECTOR L
F O R C E R H O ROREHT C O L ; r I C I E M ; S
86
FILE-NLBE:
nD9ROY
COUFICURLTlON 9
2 8 0
nxp 17 10 11 12 08 ~ Y P
= 13
NZP
INCHES
UIND
SIX
COLLECTOR
ROUS.
F P
36
R/C=2 29
HXP ~ Y
09
UIHD
AZIB
PITCH AHCLE
F XP
20
11 I 6 21 32 27 29 23
FZP
PITCH
FXP
BZP
0 0 0 -30 0 30 0 -45
0 0
45
00
00 00
00
OC 00
0 -10 00 0 6 0 03
o
0 0
0
-!?
- 9 0 00 90 00 -120 0
, . 00 ,
3o 24 22
10
12 73 03 72 03 46 1L 35
26 22 28 33
08 0s 22
19
35 07 23 02 41 08 - 20
- 20
1: 01
~2Itl H ~ G L E 0 1 2 1 ~0 0
0 0
-135
"2
11 34 00
25
- 03
25
19
- 14 - 07 - 10
- 16 - 01 - oa
ik 01
0
15
15 15 15 30 30 30
30
33 1I
51 17 20 18 34 2! 3 24 32 30
2 36
22 23 ' 5e 02 31 35 64 06 27
11 08 05 20 21 19
96
18 40 15 38 12 29
05 15
29
24 3 rj 05
16
20
23 35
- 2> - 91 - 29
I :!
- 2;
0$
14
- 23
10
11 18
DATR
FOR
THS
sanoIn
PnRatioLi:
COLLECTOR
FORCE
PND
nQ'!LdT
CCEFFI
CIEHTS
25 NXP
C =
F ZP
2 8 0
L = l o SO INCHES
MY P
TWO
COLLECTOR
F XP
FOUS,P/t=Z FL'F
UXP
NZP
RWCLE
M!ND
AZIfl
PITCH UNGLE
DATh
FOR
THE
SAHDIA
PARABOLIC
COLLECTOR
FO2CE lHCHES
AND
tlONE!4T
COEFFlClEHTS
FILE-HAHE:
HD7ROU
CONFlCURATION 7
HIND
c
Fx P
F ZP
2.a0
nxp n yP
16.SO
THREE C O i L E C 7 D E E O a S ,
UIND
PITCH
Rt'C-2
25
MYP
AZIN.
PITCH
C\HCLE
HZP
A2IH
RNGLE
FXP
FZP
nx P
RZP
0~0000000000000300000~00c~ooooo
3 7 3 C 3
7.
3 0 0 0 > 3 3 0 3 0 0 c 3 0 0 C 3
3 C
C
? P I P 7 > ' J ? F ' l n 3 3 5:1 233 ar-r-mc.-id-mw s a w 1 I I--)-I PIPIPC I
I
u,
o
v ,
I
I
3CJ21C-117C I
I - I - -
t.)r8so\oohr-er?--rudmO)
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 D 0 m r J ~ l n 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 C
Inmyc)mPr"P)PCnr"VVtV'D 8 ' 0 1 D D W S . D . D < P D P D 8 D I L
90
Table 10a.
FENCE STUDY
FENCE
FH/ C
CONF IGURATION
ANGLE
TOAQUE TUBE
2
7
1 20
n
V without
2
3
-60 0
V without V without
\' w i t h o u t
-60
0
3
3 . 7 1 a l t fence
VI w i t h o u t
2 78
2 79 2 80
101
0 -60
V I without
0 . 7 1 alt fence
1.07
3
3
7
VI w i t h o u t
VI w i t h o u t
2 84
0.36
3
3
VI w i t h
V I without
2 86
2 87
0.36
0.36
0 . 7 1 a l t fence 0 . 7 1 a l t fence
3 3 3
VI w i t h o u t
VI with
288
2 89 290
VI with
VI w i t h
1.07
T a b l e lob.
MDFNCl
RUN
PITCH ANGLE
VII VII IX IX
I X without ( $ = 3 0 )
m
1
7 .
LLI
93
Table lla.
BERM STUDY
File:
MDBEKM
SPACE BETWEEN
BERM HE I GHT
RUN #
FH/C
CONFIGURATION
P r z * c w N t 2 - - O m N m
(D
I -
u
n . - c v r c \ p c u
01
U .
I . .
W
0
r.1
0
U
w
2
u .
n
r)
a
' C
w
X
C
l .
- I
0 2 0
CCC6OImFm6CIF
rn~owmmmwm~rn
a
a - I
Y.
- w a
3
x
m s
W
S W
UJ
Y?
I
I-U
C I I - I C - U > C - y l ~ U ~ ~ 3 0
Table 14.
EFFECT OF HEIGHT HCL ON SINGLE COLLECTOR PITCHING MOMENT COEFFICIENTS AT 8 = 0, $ = 0 (CONFIGURATIONS 1-4)
!Inn : ~ D C D H I CPIIF I C I ! F A T I O N 2
C
CONFIGLIRATION
1 L I T
FILE
FILE
NRRE : R O C O H 2
C =
2 8 0
10 8 0 TVETR=O,COLLRl
32
EFFECT HCLiC
L I T
10.80 THETI=O,COLLDZ
EFFECT tlCL/C
HEIGHT
MYF NYC
ilYP
MY8
PITCH HHCLE
ll Y P
MY8
MYF
ttYG
COtIFIGURITIOH 3
FILE
WORE: R D C D U 3
C O t I F l CUROT I O N 4 C = 3 0 0 L
FILE
N I H E : HDCDtl4
= 10 8 0
THETI=O.COLLN4 UYP
I T
~
THETR=O,COLL#3
Y P
E F F E C T AT HCLiC
MY0
~ Y B
MYF
HYC
T a b l e 15.
EFFECT OF HEIGHT HCL O SINGLE COLLECTION PITCHING MOMENT N COEFFICIENTS AT 0 -0 , $ = 0 (CONFIGURATIONS 1 - 4 ) max
CONFICURRTIOH
2
L I T
FILE
NoM5: MDCLn2
C =
2 9 2
10
8 0 tlAX,COLL12
~ Y B
HYF
HEIGHT
EFFECT
THETR
HYP
n v t
COHFIGUQII ION
3 L OT
F I L E HAHE :tlDCLtl3
=
10.83 IHETO HIX.COLLI3 PITCH AHCLE HCL/C
MYP
2 - 4
E'FECT
HEIGHT
nYF
MYc
T a b l e 16a.
C U I I F I C ~ J R R T I tI O
I
L =
; LE N A U F : M D I
10 8 0
ANGLE HYG
C =
OWE
2 8 0
SINGLE
COLLECTOR ,RIfl
15
1: 15
(J
113
f ~ 0
f)h
-6:
1811
- 1 ,
65 00 00 00 15 0 0 - 2 9 00 3 0 90 -45.00 4 5 00 - 6 (J ( J (1 6 0 fJ0 -6506 4 5 00 - , 5 1, 0 7 5 90 -73 ' . ' O 90 00 - 1 3 5 t.10 13500 IEO 00 0 00 - 6 5 00 65 00 10'100 0 00 - 1 5 0 0 1 5 00 -3U U o 30 00 - 4 5 00 4 5 00 - 6 0 o0 6 0 00
15
30
.?O
30 30 30 30 30 3J
30
30 30
30 10
3:'
::
30
15 45
4 5 45 60 60 4 (I
bc'
60 60
cc
J '
60
T a b l e 16b.
"able 16c.
COtIFItVRATION
C
FILE
NAME : R D C O L 3
94
L =
10 60
fltICLE=6S
OtlE S I N G L E C O L C E t T O R , R l I I
0 00 -15.00 15.00
-30
00
3 u 00
-45.00 45.'.'C -b"O hu 60 -70.00
00
00
:0.00 103 90
-70 00 7 0 uo 100 00
Table 1Gd.
C O I I T I ClJRfiT IOII
FILE N O M E : n D C O L 4 10.80
C =
ONE
3 v O
L =
S l ! I C L E C O L L E C T O R , R I 14 A W G L E = 1 2 0
PITCH
fly P
IIitID k;rn
ANGLE
hYB
It Y
fly C
Table 17.
C@tIFlCl!R~TIOW 5
FILE
HRHE : t f D l P 0 0
r; =
2 817
= 1 0 80
C ~ F T n n Y . UIIE C O L L E C T O R R O N S
'1 .
0
C'. l
J il J
0 0
$1
0
1 '.
-6 5
-65 .L5 .55
-65
-65
CONFltLlRRT1ON 5
r:
80
FlLE 10.80
HRRE : f l D S O P 2
CAP
S T U D Y t 6 L T E R H 6 T E LEGS
T a b l e 18.
C O t I F l C l ~ P A TO N f I
FILE
HRflE:RDRZ . O
IIItiD
ii;
In
PITCH fitlr;LE
!lY P
my8
RYF
5+t
PITCH PNCLE
RYP
RYR
nY F
n:c .
C O t I T I C l ~ R ~ T I O9 N
FILE
t l f l f l E ~ M D R 3 .0
C =
2 0 0
L = 10 8 0
SPACIMC*3
O*C
RY9
HYP
HYF
MYC
Table 19a.
Y FIELDS
dIUD
AZIM
PITCH ANGLE
MYP
MY8
MYF
MY C
Table 1 9 b .
COtIFlCfIPQT I O N 6
FILE
HRME t H D 6 R O U
1 0
10
eo
29
TUD
COLLECTOR
ROUS*R/C'2
COIIFI tlJRI2TIOH
FILE
MARE:RD7QOU
80
10 8 0
THEEE
COLLELTOR
ROUS,R/C=Z
25
Table 19c.
COHFlGURflT IOH 8
C e
2 8 0
10.80
FOUR COLLECTOR R O U S t R / C a 2 . 2 5
COtlFl GURRTIOH 9
C =
F I L E Ht2ME I M D S R O U 10.80
2 8 0
L =
$1): C O L L E C T O R R O U S , R / C . 2
WIND
25
MY@ RYF
UYG
AZItl
PITCH UNCLE
flYP
T a b l e 20.
C =
FEtICE
RI! tI 4
2 9 0
STUDY
L =
10.80
HYP
HYB
HY F
ll Y C
F l LE
NiINE :RDFHC 1
C =
FENCE
2.80
STUDY
10.80
FILE
HfitlE: flDBERR
BEfil4
STUDY
Table 21.
CPIIFI CL!f:ATION
r:
2.89
:UPE
FILE NAME:flDTORl
10.89
'PF'IVE
EFFECTS,
C D L L # l QLOtlE
VItID 2 I
PITCH rlt4GLF:
M t'P
H Y E!
If YF
/!'I
DISTRIBUTION:
S o l a r T o t a l Energy Program Amcr i c a n T e c h n o l o g i c a l U n i v e r s i t y P. 0. Box 1 4 1 6 K i l l e e n , TX 76541 Attn: B. L . Hale Arqonne N a t i o n a l L a b o r a t o r y 3700 S o u t h C a s s Avenue Argonne, I L 60439 W . W. S c h e r t z Attn: R. W i n s t o n
D r . A. Ealakrishnan Acros;>ace Systems D i v i s i o n :\cu~-cx C o r p o r a t i o n 485 C l y d e Avenue M o u n t a l n V i e w , CA 94042
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Danny D e f f e n k a u c h Southwest Research I n s t i t u t e 6 2 2 0 C u l e b r a Road S a n A n t o n i o , TX 7 8 2 8 4 Hans Dehne A c u r e x Corporation 485 C l y d e Avenue M o u n t a l n V i e w , CA 3 4 0 4 2 Nark Dilello G e n e r a l E l e c t r i c Company7 (Rn. ? On56 ) P . 0 . Box 8 6 6 1 P h i l a d e l p h i a , PA 1 3 1 0 1 Vince D~I)~.,..A B l d q . 11 G e n e r a l E l e c t l - i c Conpan:: P . 0 . Box 8 6 6 6 P h i l a d e l p h i a , PA 1 9 1 0 1 EPRI 3412 H i l l v i e w Avenue P a l o A l t o , CA 94303 Attr.: J . E. B i a g e r Edison E l e c t r i c I n s t i t u t e 90 P a r k Avenue lOOlG New Y o r k , N Y Attn: L. 0. E l s a e s s e r , Director o f R e s e a r c h Bernard Eldridae Jacobs-Del S o l a r Sl.stens, 2 5 1 S o u t h Lake Avenue P a s a d e n a , CA 9 1 1 0 1 Energy I n s t i t u t e 1 7 0 0 L a s Lomas A l b u q u e r q u e , NM 8 7 1 31 Attn: J. D r i t t A l b e r t Fona The B M C o r p o r a t i o n D 2 6 0 0 Yale B o u l e v a r d S E A l b u q u e r q u e , NM 87106
lie>-inan B a n k B l ( ! c . 5 3 6 , Rm. 3 4 0 Jet Propulsion Laboratory 133 North Altadena Drive P a s a d e n a , CA 9 1 1 0 3 2citte11e ?lemorlal I n s t l t u t e P a c l f l c Northwest Laboratory P . 0. Box 9 9 9 R l c k l a n d , WA 99352 Attn: K. Drumheller Joe Bogetich II\.pt'rion , I n c . 7214 V a l t e c C o u r t B o u l d e r , CO 8 0 3 0 1 Lynn B r o c k kiarrlson Radiator Division G e n e r a l Yotors C o r p o r a t i o n L o c k ~ 3 r t , NY 1 4 0 9 4 Brookhaven N a t i o n a l L a b o r a t o r y Associated Universities, Inc. U p t o n , L I , NY 11973
Grcr] Brucker Suntec Systems 2 1 0 1 ;;'addale D r i v e S t . P a u l , EI:J 55119
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Ceornia I n s t i t u t e o f Technology F i t l a n t a , GA 3 0 3 3 2 At-tn: J . D. Iqalton G e o r g i a P o w e r Company 270 P e a c h t r e e P . 0 . Box 4 5 4 5 , T i t l a n t & , GA 30302 Attr,: Hensley V i c e P r e s i d e n t Economics <:ervices
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I. E a r l Lewis Westerx Decrelopaent Labor2to:-ics Division F o r d A e r o s p a c e G C o n ~ ~ ic?t if-':! un : ; Corporati o ; ~ 3 4 3 9 F a b i a n \\;a:.. P a l o A l t o , CA 9 4 3 0 3 L o s A l a m o s S c i e n t i f i c i , ~ b o : - ~ t . o (r ~ ~ ~ L o s A l a ~ ; l o s , :::: 8 7 5 4 5 Attn: J . D . Balcornb D . D. Ban:,:ston D. F . G r i r , n e r
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Ceorqc Goranson V i k ~ n qS o l a r S ~ ~ s t e m sI ,n c . 3 4 6 7 Occan Vlcw Blvd. S l e n d a l e , CA 91209 S h e l l e y Gordon Chllton Enuineering 1 5 7 0 L i n d a Way S p a r k s , NV 8 9 5 1 2 Gopal Gupta T o s t e r \ < i h e e l e r Del.relopnent C o r ? . 1 2 P e a c h T r e e H i l l Road I,l7v1nc;ston, N J 07033
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Team, I n c . 1 4 0 I./. Broadb:ai9 = 4 1 T u c s o n , AZ 85701 NASA-Lewis R e s e a r c h Center C l e v e l a n d , OH 44135 Attn: R . r!yland
Ne!? ?lexica S t a t e Z;;it:ersi' S o l a r Enerqy Dc>lrtnent. L a s C r u c e s , 3'1 38991
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O f f i c e of T e c h n o 1 o n : - A s s e s s ~ e c : U. S . C o n q r s s s L J a s h i n g t o n , D. C . 20516 Attn: D r . F. K e l l : ; PRC E n e r q l - A n a l y s i s C c . 7 6 0 0 O l d S p r i n a House Rd. McLean, V A 27102 K. T. C h e r i a n Attn: S o l a r Energy Research I n s t l t u t c 1 5 3 6 C o l e BL7:d. G o l d e n , CO 8 0 4 0 1 Attn: C. J . Blshou K . Bro!:'n B . i. R u t l e r Y. D . Cotltnn Z. Flncc:old B. P. Gupta D. K e a r n f ~ y r . 1:relth A. Rabl J. Thornton L. M r l q H. Luaffenhurqcr Library (2)
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[Ioward S t e e l e S t o p 507-239 Jet Propulsion Laboratory 4 8 0 0 Oak G r o v e D r i l . r e P a s a d e n a , CA 9 1 1 0 3 S . Department o f Enerqlr (6) Albuquerque Operations O f f i c e P . 0. Box 5 4 0 0 A l b u q u e r q u e , NM 8 7 1 8 5 Attn: D. L. Krenz D. Graves G. N. Pappas C . B. Q u i n n J . R . Roder J. Welsiger
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Lee E. W i l s o n Energetics Corporation 8 3 3 E . A r a p a h o Road S u i t e 202 R i c h a r d s o n , TX 7 5 0 8 1 S t a n Youngblood Acurex Corporation 485 C l y d e Avenue N o u n t a i n V i e w , CA 9 4 0 4 2 C. W i n t e r C. N. G a b r i e l S. B. M a r t i n R . S . Pinkharn G . M . Heck A. Narath J. H. S c o t t G. E . B r a n d v o l d B . W. P l a r s h a l l R. P . S t r o m b e r s R. H . B r a a s c h n. G. S c h u e l e r H. N . P o s t V . L. Dugan J . V. O t t s J. F. Banas R. L. Champlon S. Thunborg W . P. S c h i m r n e l J. A. Leonard D. E. R a n d a l l ( 2 5 ) K. Kally J. K. Galt F. L . Vook 0 . E. J o n e s H . C. H a r d e e R . C. R e u t e r , J r . D. E. S h u s t e r A. A. L i e b e r M . M. Newsom R . C. Maydew H. I?. V a u g h n C. K . P e t e r s o n S . McAlees, J r . D . D . McBr l d e ( 1 0 ) R. E. T a t e Pi. R. B a r t o n J. K. C o l e G. J. Sin~mons R. S . C l a a s s e n M. J. Davis H. J . S a x t o n F . P. G e r s t l e E. A . Aas W. G. Wilson T . L. W e r n e r ( 4 ) W . L. G a r n e r ( 3 ) F o r DOE/TIC (Unlimited Release)
S. Department o f Energy D l v l s l o n of S o l a r T h c r m a l Cncr(;l7 S y s t e m s l i l a s h l n q t o n , D . C. 20545 :it t ! :~ R . fi. A n n a n G . W. Braun >I.U. G u t s t e i n J . E. K a n n e l s . 1711e r ,J. D o l l a r d
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C. S . D e p a r t m e n t o f E n e r g y
Los A n q c l c s O p c r a t l o n s O f f ~ c e
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I l n l v p r s i t y o f Dcl a w a r e r n s t 1 t u t e of F : n e r s l 9 C o n v e r s i o n N e w a r k , Dl: 13711 Attn: K . W . BDer I j n l v e r s i t y o f New M e x i c o ( 2 ) D e p a r t m e n t o f M e c h a n i c a l Eng Alt ~ q u c r q u e , NM 87113 W. A . C r o s s Attn: M . F:. W i l d e n R o b e r t W. bleaver Jet Propulsion Laboratory 4 8 0 0 Oak G r o v e D r i v e P a s a d e n a , CA 3 1 1 0 3