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SAND80-7023 Unlimited Release UC-62 Distribution

RECORD

COPI

oo mn rAnr CROIn6POB

Mean Wind Forces on Parabolic - Trough Solar Collectors


. .

J. A. Peterka, J. M. Sinou, and J. E. Cerrnak Colorado State University

P,tzr);lrtscj

f o r Sar,clla N ; ~ t ~ o i , aLat,orator~esunder Contract No I

13.2412

Issued by Sandia Laboratories, operated for the United States Department of Energy by Sandia Corporation.

NOTICE This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by the United States Government. Neither the United States nor the Department of Energy, nor arly of their employees, nor any o f their contractors, subcontractors, or their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product or process cjisclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights.

Printed in the United States of America Available from National Technics1 lnformalon Ssrvics U. S Dopartrnent of Commerce 6286 Port Royal Road Springfield, V A 22161 Price: Printed Copy $6.50 ;Miwoflchr $3.00

SAND80-7023 Unlimited Release P r i n t e d May 1 9 8 0

Distribution C a t e q o r y UC-62

MEAN W I N D FORCES ON PARABOLIC-TROUC11

SOLAR COLLECTORS

peterka Sinau J. E. Cermak


J. A . J . M.

F l u i d M e c h a n i c s a n d Wind E n g i n e e r i n g P r o q r a n F l u i d Dynamics and D i f f u s i o n L a b o r a t o r y Department o f C i v i l Engineering Colorado S t a t e University F o r t C o l l i n s , CO 8 0 5 2 3

P r e p a r e d f o r S a n d i a N a t i o n a l L a b o r a t o r i e s u n d e r C o n t r a c t No.

13-2412

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section
Page

List of Tables ............................................... ii List of Figures.............................................. i v List of Symbols .............................................. v


1. 2.

INTRODUCTION. EXPERIMENTAL CONFIGURATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .


2.1 2.2 2.3

4
4 4
5
8

Wind Tunnel ............................................. Flow Simulation ......................................... The Model ...............................................

3.

INSTRUMENTATION..............................................
3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4

Velocity Profiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Flow Visualization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Force and Moment Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Force and Moment Coefficients. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
13 13

4.

TEST PSSULTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4

Single Collector Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Array Field Loads ....................................... Smoke Visualization of Fence Effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Calculation of Full-scale Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14 18
19

5.

CONCLUSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 REFERENCES ................................................... 23 FIGURES ...................................................... 2 4 TABLES ....................................................... 75

L I S T OF TABLES

Table

Page
Motion picture scene guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 Velocity and turbulence intensity profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 for configurations 1 - 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 Determination of 8 max Effect of height HCL on single collector loads at 0 = 0. = 0 for configurations 1 - 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

n Effect of height HCL 0. single collector ioads at emax. = 0 for configurations 1-4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

Matrix of single collector loads at HCL/C = KI (configurations 1 - 4 ) ...................................... 81 Loads for various gap spacings for configuration 5 . . . . . . . . 85 Data for establishment of row spacing R (configuration 9) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .86 Loads on array fields (configurations 5 - 9 )

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

Effect of fences on array field loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 Effect of berms on array field loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 Loads with a torque tube on collector 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 Effect of 0 on pitching moment coefficients (configurations 1 - 4 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 Effect of height HCL on single collector pitching moment coefficients at 0 = 0 and $ = 0 (configurations 1 - 4 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 Effect of height HCL on single collector pitching moment coefficients at 0 = emax and $ = 0 (configurations 1 - 4 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 Matrix of single collector pitching moment coefficients at HCL/C = KI (configurations 1 - 4 )

. . . . . . . . . . . 99

Pitching moment coefficients for various gap spacings (configuration 5 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .103 Pitching moment coefficients for establishment of row spacing R (configuration 9) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 Pitching moment coefficients for array fields (configurations 5 - 9 ) ...................................... 105

LIST
Table
20
21

TABLES

Page
Effects of fences and berms on array fields, pitching moment coefficients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l o 8 Pitching moment coefficients with a torque tube (configuration 1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure
1

Page
M e t e o r o l o g i c a l wind t u n n e l ................................ 25 C o l l e c t o r s h a p e s f o r c o n f i g u r a t i o n s 1-4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 C o l l e c t o r mounted on f o r c e b a l a n c e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 C o l l e c t o r and f o r c e b a l a n c e mount . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 C o o r d i n a t e System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 C o l l e c t o r i n a r r a y s f o r c o n f i g u r a t i o n s 5-9

2
3

4 5

6a
6b
7

................

32

Berm a r r a n g e m e n t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Array f i e l d i n t h e wind t u n n e l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Approach v e l o c i t y and t u r b u l e n c e p r o f i l e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f Omax ( c o n f i g u r a t i o n s 1-4)

8
9
10

................

36

E f f e c t o f h e i g h t on c o e f f i c i e n t s a t 8 = 0 . tJ = 0 ( c o n f i g u r a t i o n s 1 - 4 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 E f f e c t o f h e i g h t on l i f t a t Omax. 6 = 0 ( c o n f i g u r a t i o n s 1 - 4 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 V a r i a t i o n of s i n g l e c o l l e c t o r l o a d s w i t h p i t c h a n g l e f o r HCL/C=KI. $ = 0 ( c o n f i g u r a t i o n s 1-4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 V a r i a t i o n o f s i n g l e c o l l e c t o r l o a d s w i t h yaw a n g l e f o r ACL/C=KI. ( c o n f i g u r a t i o n s 1-4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 E f f e c t o f t h e rim a n g l e .

4 on c o l l e c t o r l o a d s . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

E f f e c t o f gap w i d t h on l o a d s f o r c o n f i g u r a t i o n 5 . . . . . . . . . . 61 E f f e c t o f row s p a c i n g on c o l l e c t o r l o a d s ( c o n f i g u r a t i o n 9 ) ......................................... 63 I n f l u e n c e o f a r r a y f i e l d c o n f i g u r a t i o n and f e n c e s on c o l l e c t o r loads ........................................... 66 E f f e c t o f t o r q u e t u b e on c o l l e c t o r 1 l o a d s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 E f f e c t o f a p p l y i n g c o r r e c t i o n t o c o l l e c t o r 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 Smoke v i s u a l i z a t i o n o f upwind b a r r i e r s .................... 7 3

LIST OF SYMBOLS
constant s u b s c r i p t , r e f e r e n c e d t o t h e b a s e of f o u n d a t i o n o r a c o n s t a n t a p e r t u r e width of t h e c o l l e c t o r ( s e e F i g u r e 5 ) parabslic focal distance d i s t a n c e between t h e c e n t e r of g r a v i t y G and t h e p i v o t p o i n t voltage subscript referenced t o the focal point F t o t a l f o r c e a p p l i e d t o t h e c o l l e c t o r i n t h e x-z p l a n e l a t e r a l f o r c e , p o s i t i v e along t h e x a x i s (see Figure 5) fence height l i f t f o r c e , p o s i t i v e along t h e z a x i s (see Figure 5) f e n c e d i s t a n c e upwind of l e a d c o l l e c t o r l a t e r a l force coefficient l i f t force coefficient gap width ( s e e F i g u r e 6 ) s u b s c r i p t r e f e r e n c e d t o t h e c e n t e r of g r a v i t y of t h e t r o u g h G d i s t a n c e between t h e c o l l e c t o r p i v o t p o i n t and t h e f o r c e b a l a n c e a x i s ( s e e F i g u r e 4)

HCL

d i s t a n c e between t h e c o l l e c t o r p i v o t p o i n t and t h e f l o o r ( s e e Figure 4 ) s e l e c t e d r a t i o HCL/C t o run c o n f i g u r a t i o n s 1-4 collector length r o l l i n g moment about x

P axis

r o l l i n g moment c o e f f i c i e n t p i t c h i n g moment a b o u t y

B axis
F axis

p i t c h i n g moment c o e f f i c i e n t a b o u t yg a x i s p i + c h i n g moment a b o u t y

LIST OF SYMBOLS
pitching moment coefficient about yF axis pitching moment about yG axis pitching moment coefficient about yc axis pitching moment about yP axis pitching moment coefficient about yp axis yawing moment about z axis yawing moment coefficient about z axis constant pivat point reference location tunnel dynamic pressure at collector pivot point height HCL tunnel dynamic pressure at the top of the boundary layer (45 inches high) row spacing projected area of the collector, S=LC velocity wind speed at H
0

height

coordinate system at pivot point (see Figure 5) coordinate system at base of foundation (see Figure 5) pitch angle or elevation angle (see Figure 5) pitch angle where the maximum'-lift occurs kinematic viscosity air density parabolic rim angle (see Figure 2) yaw angle or azimuth angle (see Figure 5) coordinate system for definition of collector shape

1.

INTRODUCTION

S t r u c t u r e s such a s p a r a b o l i c trough s o l a r c o l l e c t o r s a r e being c o n s i d e r e d f o r power p l a n t t h e r m a l s o u r c e s .


A significant factar

i n f l u e n c i n g t h e economic v i a b i l i t y of t h e s e c o l l e c t o r s i s t h e magnitude o f t h e wind l o a d and t h e r e s u l t i n g s t r u c t u r a l r e q u i r e m e n t s . The s h a p e

o f t h e c o l l e c t o r , i t s h e i g h t above t h e g r o u n d , t h e c o l l e c t o r p i t c h a n g l e , t h e number and a r r a n g e m e n t o f c o l l e c t o r s i n a n a r r a y and t h e d i r e c t i o n o f t h e wind a r e s e v e r a l p a r a m e t e r s which can modify t h e l o a d s applied t o the collector. S i n c e an a n a l y t i c a l o r a numerical approach

c a n n o t be c o n s i d e r e d f o r s u c h a c o m p l i c a t e d geometry, a s i m u l a t i o n i n a wind t u n n e l i n which t h e a t m o s p h e r i c boundary l a y e r i s modeled was conducted a t t h e r e q u e s t o f S a n d i a L a b o r a t o r i e s ( 1 ) . The p u r p o s e o f t h i s s t u d y was t o i n v e s t i g a t e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of mean wind l o a d s produced by a i r f l o w i n and around s e v e r a l c o n f i g u r a t i o n s of p a r a b o l i c t r o u g h s o l a r c o l l e c t o r s w i t h and w i t h o u t a wind f e n c e . Four b a s i c p a r a b o l i c s h a p e s were i n v e s t i g a t e d a s s i n g l e u n i t s and one s h a p e was s t u d i e d a s p a r t o f s e v e r a l a r r a y f i e l d s . One 1 : 2 5 s c a l e model

of each p a r a b o l i c s h a p e was c o n s t r u c t e d f o r mounting on a f o r c e b a l a n c e t o measure two f o r c e s and t h r e e moments. The e f f e c t s o f s e v e r a l wind-azimuth ( o r

dominant v a r i a b l e s were i n v e s t i g a t e d i n t h i s s t u d y :

yaw), t r o u g h e l e v a t i o n ( o r p i t c h ) a n g l e , a r r a y f i e l d c o n f i g u r a t i o i i , and p r o t e c t i v e wind f e n c e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s .

A l l nicasurements were made i n a

b o u n d a r y - l a y e r f l o w d e v e l o p e d by t h e m e t e o r o l o g i c a l wind t u n n e l a t t h e F l u i d Dynamics and D i f f u s i o n L a b o r a t o r y o f Colorado S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y . The p r i m a r y c o n s i d e r a t i o n i n modeling wind f o r c e s on s t r u c t u r e s i n


a wind t u n n e l i s t h a t t h e wind c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s i n t h e t u n n e l s i m u l a t e

n a t u r a l b o u n d a r y - l a y e r winds a t t h e a c t u a l s i t e .

In general, t h i s

r e q u i r e s t h a t t h e v e r t i c a l d i s t r i b u t i o n o f mean v e l o c i t y and t u r b u l e n c e i n t h e w i n d - t u n n e l boundary l a y e r match t h o s e a t t h e s i t e and t h a t t h e Reynolds numbers o f t h e model and t h e p r o t o t y p e b e e q u a l . In addition,
A

t h e s m a l l - s c a l e n o d e l must be g e o m e t r i c a l l y s i m i l a r t o i t s p r o t o t y p e . d e t a i l e d d i s c u s s i o n o f t h e s e r e q u i r e m e n t s and t h e i r i m p l e m e n t a t i o n i n t h e w i n d - t u n n e l e n v i r o n m e n t can be found i n r e f e r e n c e s 2 , 3 , and 4 . The c o n s t r u c t i o n o f a 1:25 s c a l e model o f t h e p r o t o t y p e s t r u c t u r e and i t s immediate s u r r o u n d i n g s ( i n t h i s c a s e , a f l a t , open a r e a ) , submerged i n a t u r b u l e n t boundary l a y e r of t h e m e t e o r o l o g i c a l wind t u n n e l shown i n F i g u r e 1 , s a t i s f i e s a l l t h e above c r i t e r i a e x c e p t t h o s e of e q u a l Reynolds numbers and s i m i l a r i t y of t u r b u l e n c e i n t e n s i t y and scale. I n t h e Reynolds number the full-scale structure. UD

7 , i s t h e same f o r b o t h t h e t u n n e l and v

Because of t h i s , t h e w i n d - t u n n e l a i r s p e e d ,

U , would have t o be 25 t i m e s t h e f u l l - s c a l e v a l u e i f t h e model and p r o t o t y p e Reynolds numbers a r e t o be e q u a l . speeds i s not f e a s i b l e . 2 x 10 T e s t i n g a t s u c h h i g h wind

However, f o r Reynolds numbers l a r g e r t h a n

4 f o r s h a r p - e d g e d s t r u c t u r e s where t h e f l o w s e p a r a t i l ~ np o i n t i s

f i x e d , t h e r e i s no s i g n i f i c a n t change i n t h e v a l u e s of a e r o d y n a n i c c o e f f i c i e n t s a s t h e Reynolds number i n c r e a s e s . For flows over curved

s u r f a c e s , t h e v e l o c i t y r e q u i r e d f o r Reynolds number i n d e p e n d e n c e r a n g e s from below 10

5 t o n e a r l y l o 6 d e p e n d i n g on s u r f a c e r o u g h n e s s o f t h e
Since

c u r v e d s u r f a c e and t u r b u l e n c e s t r u c t u r e i n t h e a p p r o a c h f l o w . t y p i c a l Reynolds number v a l u e s a r e lo6-10

7 f o r high-wind, f u l l - s c a l e

f l o w and a b o u t 7 x l o 4 f o r w i n d - t u m l e l f l o w s , a c c e p t a b l e f l o w s i m i l a r i t y i s a c h i e v e d w i t h o u t e q u a l i t y o f Reynolds numbers f o r c a s e s where f l o w

3
s e p a r a t i o n i s f i x e d a t t h e e d g e o f t h e ~ a r a b o l i cc o l l e c t o r .
For cases

where f l o w s e p a r a t i o n c o u l d b e on t h e smooth c u r v a t u r e of t h e b a c k o f t h e c o l l e c t o r , a s m a l l R e y n o l d s number d e p e n d e n c e may he i n c l u d 2 d i n the simulation. Because of t h e l a r g e t u r b u l e n c e i n t e n s i t y i n t h e

s g p r o a c h f l o w , R e y n o l d s number d e p e n d e n c e i s e x p e c t e d t o b e q u i t e s m a l l .
A t a model s c a l e o f 1 : 2 5 , t h e l a r g e r s c a l e s c f t u r b u l e n c e I n t h e

atmo,pheric boundary l a y e r a r e n o t s i m u l a t e d i n t h e wind-tunnel flow. q a ~ e v e r ,b ~ c ~ g s h e f l o w a b o u t t h e p a r a b o l i c t r o u g h a p p r o x i m a t e s t h e te flow ah,ut a f l s t p l a t e a t e l e v a t i o n a n g l e s n e a r t o z e r o d e g r e e s and

b e c s u s e t h e i n t e g r i ; s c a l e o f t h e turbulence i n t h e wind t u n n e l was 2


t.c 3 t i m e s t h e l a r g e s t d i m e n s i o n o f t h e model c o l l e c t o r , t h e i n f l u e n c e

o f t h e s c a l e o f t u r b u l e n c e was n o t e x p e c t e d t o be s i g n i f i c a n t ( 5 ) . E v i d e n c e e x i s t s which d e m o n s t r a t e s some i n f l u e n c e o f t u r b u l e n c e i n t e n s i t y on d r a g o f f l a t p l a t e s (5,6,7). Because t h e t u r b u l e n c e i n t e n s i t y

d i f f e r e n c e between t h e c u r r e n t s i m u l a t i o n and a s i m u l a t i o n w i t h c o m p l e t e
similarity o f t u r b u l e n t s t r u c t u r e i s n o t l a r g e , t h e e f f e c t s due t o

t u r b u l e n c e i n t e n s i t y s h o u l d b e s m a l l ( a few p e r c e x t a t m o s t ) .

For

c a s e s where a n u p s t r e a m c o l l e c t o r d i s t u r b s t h e a p p r o a c h f l o w , t u r b u l e c c e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a r e d o m i n a t e d by t h e wake c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e u p s t r e a m o b j e c t and p o s s i b l e d i f f e r e n c e s d u e t o t u r b u l e n c e i n t e n s i t y should f u r t h e r dccrease.

2. 2.1 Wind T u n n e l

EXPERIMENTAL CONFIGURATION

The s t u d y was c o n d u c t e d i n t h e m e t e o r o l o g i c a l wind t u n n e l o f t h e F l u i d Dynamics and D i f f u s i o n L a b o r a t o r y a t C o l o r a d o S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y . T h i s l o w - s p e e d , c l o s e d - c i r c u i t wind t u n n e l ( F i g u r e 1 ) i s c h a r a c t e r i z e d by a l o n g (96 f t ) s l i g h t l y d i v e r g i n g t e s t s e c t i o n , 6 f t - 8 i n . wide ( a t t h e t u r n t a b l e ) and 6 f t h i g h t o d e v e l o p a n a p p r o p r i a t e a t m o s p h e r i c boundary l a y e r s i m u l a t i o n . The c e i l i n g i s a d j u s t a b l e t o a v o i d a p r e s s u r e T h i s f a c i l i t y i s d r i v e n by a 400 HP

gradient along the t e s t section.

v a r i a b l e p i t c h p r o p e l l e r w i t h v e l o c i t y v a r y i n g c o n t i n u o ~ ~ s lfrom 0 . 5 f p s y up t o 100 f p s . The t u r n t a b l e where t h e t e s t s were c o n d u c t e d ( 6 % f t The

d i a m e t e r ) was l o c a t e d n e a r t h e downstream end o f t h e t e s t s e c t i o n . a m b i e n t t e m p e r a t u r e was c o n t r o l l e d a t 24OC. 2.2 Flow S i m u l a t i o n The p u r p o s e . o f t h e s t u d y was t o e v a l u ~ t el o a d s on c o l l e c t o r s i n a n a t m o s p h e r i c boundary l a y e r d e v e l o p e d o v e r a n open f l a t a r e a , c h a r a c t e r i z e d by a - t h power l a w . 7
1

S i n c e i t was i r ~ p o s s i b l et o model t h e

c o m p l e t e b o u n d a r y l a y e r , t h e s i m u l a t i o n was c o n d u c t e d i n a 45 i n . d e e p b o u n d a r y l a y e r , whose mean v e l o c i t y power law e x p o n e n t was 0 . 1 5 . w e r e run w i t h a v e l o c i t y a t 45 i n . o f a b o u t 80 f p s . Tests

The v e l o c i t y arid

t u r b u l e n c e p r o f i l e s a r e shown i n F i g u r e 8 and t a b u l a t e d i n T a b l e 2 . The s h a p e o f t h e b o u n d a r y l a y e r was o b t a i n e d by means o f s e l e c t e d r o u g h n e s s on t h e w i n d - t u n n e l f l o o r u p s t r e a m o f t h e model. Forty f e e t of

t e s t s e c t i o n l e n g t h were c o v e r e d w i t h 1 i n . c u b e s f o l l o w e d by a 40 ft l e n g t h o f p e g b o a r d w i t h 0 . 2 5 i n . d i a m e t e r p e g s p r o j e c t i n g 0 . 5 i n . above
a pegboard b a s e .

I n a d d i t i o n t o t h e f l o o r roughness, four t r i a n g u l a r

s p i r e s e x t e n d i n g from t h e f l o o r t o t h e c e i l i n g were i n s t a l l e d a t t h e

t e s t s e c t i o n e n t r a n c e i n o r d e r t o g e t a t h i c k e r boundary l a y e r t h a n would o t h e r w i s e b e o b t a i n e d .

2.3

The Model T h e p r o t o t y p e o f t h e s o l a r c o l l e c t o r was a 6 f t w i d e a n d 2 2 . 5 f t

l o n g p a r a b o l i c s h a p e d u n i t mounted e n d - t o - e n d

i n rows.

In order t o f i t The m o d e l s

t h e d i m e n s i o n s o f t h e t u r n t a b l e , t h e 1 :25 s c a l e was c h o s e n . were b u i l t of b r a s s .

Four d i f f e r e n t s h a p e s o f p a r a b o l i c c o l l e c t o r s were c o n s t r u c t e d v a r y i n g t h e rim a n g l e by t h e e q u a t i o n :


@

(Figure 2).

The p a r a b o l i c s h a p e w a s tlcfiricci

w h e r e t h e rim a n g l e @ i s r e l a t e d t o t h e a p e r t u r e C

The s e t o f f o u r c o l l e c t o r s , c a l l e d t h e m e t r i c u n i t s , w e r e e a c h a b l e t o b e mounted on t h e f o r c e b a l a n c e a s shown i n F i g u r e s 3 and 4 . h e i g h t and e l e v a t i o , ~a n g l e c o u l d b e v a r i e d m a n u a l l y . Their

The f o r c e b a l a r l c c

was f i x e d t o t h e w i n d - t u n n e l t u r n t a b l e s o t h a t m e a s u r e d f o r c e s a n d moments w e r e r e f e r r e d t o a c o o r d i n a t e s y s t e m f i x e d w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e t u r n t a b l e . The c o o r d i n a t e s y s t e m u s e d i s shown i n F i g u r e 5 .


A further

e x p l a n a t i o n o f t h e c h o s e n c o o r d i n a t e s y s t e m a n d n o n m e n c l n t u r e would be beneficial. I t i s common p r a c t i c e t o r e f e r t o t h e t h r e e c o m p o n e n t s o f

f o r c e r e s o l v e d i n t h e wind a x i s s y s t e m a s d r a g , c r o s s - w i n d , a c d l i f t f o r c e s a n d t o t h e c o m p o n e n t s r e s o l v e d i n t h e body a x i s s y s t e m a s a x i a l , s i d e , a n d norrnzl f o r c e s . T h i s i s l o g i c a l due t o t h e f a c t t h a t a t z e r o

yaw a n g l e a n d z e r o p i t c h a n g l e , m o s t a e r o d y n a m i c s h a p e s ( a i r p l a n e s ,

r o c k e t s , e t c . ) have t h e i r "axis" a l i g n e d w i t h t h e wind.

However, s i n c e

t h e " a x i s " o f a s o l a r c o l l e c t o r t r o u g h i s n o r m a l t o t h e wind a t z e r o

a z i m u t h a n g l e , i t was f e l t t h a t r e f e r r i n g t o a n " a x i a l " f o r c e c o u l d be misleading. Therefore, " l a t e r a l " f o r c e w i l l be used t o d e s i g n a t e t h a t

component o f f o r c e a c t i n g l a t e r a l t o t h e a x i s o f t h e c o l l e c t o r t r o u g h and " l o n g i t u d i n a l " f o r c e t h a t component a c t i n g a l o n g ( p d r a l l e l t o ) t h e a x i s of t h e trough ( s e e Figure 5 ) . L i f t f o r c e w i l l s t i l l be t h a t

component p e r p e n d i c u l a r t o t h e g r o u n d ( i . e . , t h a t f o r c e t e n d i n g t o " l i f t " the collector off i t s foundation). Elevbtion angles of t h e c o l l e c t o r could be s e t t o 1 degree while a z i m u t h p o s i t i o n i n g u s i n g t h e t u r n t a b l e was a c c u r a t e t o a b o u t 0 . 2 degrees. The f o u r m e t r i c c o l l e c t o r s , e a c h mounted a l o n e i n t h e wind

t u n n e l w e r e c a l l e d c o n f i g u r a t i o n s 1-4 ( F i g u r e 2 ) .
F i v e c o n f i g u r a t i o n s of c o l l e c t o r a r r a y s were used i n t h e s t u d y .

Each was composed o f d i f f e r e n t c o m b i n a t i o n s o f rows w i t h e a c h row b e i n g formed by t h r e e a l i g n e d c o l l e c t o r s s i m i l a r t o t h e c o l l e c t o r c o n f i g u r a t i o n 1 ( $ = 90') (Figure 6 ) . The l a r g e s t a r r a y , c o n f i g u r a t i o n 9 , c o u l d

be s e t on t h e t u r n t a b l e , s u c h t h a t a r o t a t i o n o f t h e t u r n t a b l e moved t h e

e n t i r e a r r a y , and t h e r e l a t i v e p o s i t i o n o f t h e m e t r i c c o l l e c t o r r e f e r r e d t o t h e o t h e r s remained unchanged. t u n n e l i s shown i n F i g u r e 7 .


A s t u d y o f t h e e f f e c t s o f wind b a r r i e r s on c o l l e c t o r l o a d s was

A v i e w o f t h e a r r a y f i e l d i n t h e wind

c o n d u c t e d by u s i n g 4 f e n c e s made o f p e r f o r a t e d s h e e t m e t a l , punched w i t h

0 . 3 7 5 i n . d i a m e t e r h o l e s , w h i c h p r o v i d e d a 23 p e r c e n t p o r o s i t y .
h e i g h t s of t h e s e f e n c e s were 1 , 2 , 3 and 4 i n c h e s .

The

Two 2 i n . f e n c e s

w e r e u s e d , o n e w i t h a 23 p e r c e n t p o r o s i t y and a m o d i f i e d o n e w i t h 18 percent porosity. The f e n c e s were t r i e d a t s e v e r a l d i s t a n c e s i n f r o n t

of t h e c o l l e c t o r a r r a y s .

T h r e e s o l i d berms of h e i g h t s 1, 2 , and 3 i n . were used t o d e t e r m i n e t h e i n f l u e n c e o n l o a d s o f e a r t h berms upwind. The 1 i n . berm had a The 2 i n . berm

l i n e a r slope with a base width of 2 i n . (Figure 6b).

was composed o f t h e 1 i n . berm w i t h a t r a p e z o i d a l s h a p e o f 1 i n . h e i g h t and b a s e w i d t h o f 4 i n . p l a c e d below i t . The 3 i n . berm was formcd by

~ n s e r t i n ga 1 i n . h i g h s e c t i o n b e t w e e n t h e two p o r t i o n s o f t h c 2 i n . berm ( F i g u r e 6 b ) . Since t h e p o s s i b i l i t y of c o n t r o l l i n g t h e p i t c h angle of the f u l l s c a l e p r o t o t y p e w i t h a 1 f t d i a m e t e r t o r q u e t u b e was under conslder'3t


lnrl,

t h e e f f e c t s p r o d u c e d by a 0 . 5 i n . d i a m e t e r " t o r q u e t u b e " a t t a c h ( . ( ! t o ti](.


b a c k of t h e c o l l e c t o r were me'isured.

3.
3.1

INSTRUMENTATION

Velocity Profiles To d e t e r m i n e t h e a p p r o a c h b o u n d a r y - l a y e r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , v e l o c i t y

and t u r b u l e n c e i n t e n s i t y p r o f i l e s were measured o v e r t h e t u r n t a b l e w i t h no c o l l e c t o r i n p l a c e . These t e s t s were performed w i t h U r n = 80 f p s a t

t h e t o p of t h e boundary l a y e r 43 i n . above t h e f l o o r . Data were o b t a i n e d w i t h a s i n g l e h o r i z o n t a l 0 . 0 0 1 i n . p l a t i n u m h o t film probe.


A v e r t i c a l t r a v e r s e c o n t r o l l e d d i r e c t l y by a n o n - l i n e

computer s u p p o r t e d t h e p r o b e .

The o u t p u t from a Thermo-System, I n c .

c o n s t a n t t e m p e r a t u r e anemometer was d i r e c t e d t o a d a t a a c q u i s i t i o n system c o n s i s t i n g of a H e w l e t t Packard 21

MX minicomputer, d i s k , c a r d

r e a d e r , and p r i n t e r and i n c l u d i n g a P r e s t o n S c i e n t i f i c a n a l o g - t o - d i g i t a l c o n v e r t e r , Digi-Data d i g i t a l t a p e d r i v e and T e k t r o n i x p l o t t e r . we=e a c q u i r e d and p r o c e s s e d under s o f t w a r e c o n t r o l . C a l i b r a t i o n o f t h e h o t - w i r e anemometer was performed u s i n g a Thermo-Systems c a l i b r a t o r (Model 1125). The c a l i b r a t i o n d a t a were f i t Data

t o a v a r i a b l e e x p o n e n t K i n g ' s Law r e l a t i o n s h i p o f t h e form:

E~ =

A + Bun

where E i s t h e h o t - w i r e o u t p u t v o l t a g e , U t h e v e l o c i t y and A , B , and n are coefficients selected t o f i t the data. The above r e l a t i o n s h i p was

used t o d e t e r m i n e t h e mean v e l o c i t y a t measurement p o i n t s u s i n g t h e measured mean v o l t a g e . The f l u c t u a t i n g v e l o c i t y i n t h e form Urms

( r o o t - m e a n - s q u a r e v e l o c i t y ) was o b t a i n e d from:

u rms

2 E E rms

B n

un"

where Erms i s t h e root-mean-square v o l t a g e o u t p u t from t h e anemometer. F o r i n t e r p r e t a t i o n t u r b u l e n c e measurements were d i v i d e d by t h e mean

v e l o c i t y a t t h e h e i g h t o f t h e measurement. turbulence i n t e n s i t y U

This r e s u l t is the

rms

/U.

3.2

Flow V i s u a l i z a t i o n

T t i s t s e f u l t o observe flow p a t t e r n s about t h e c o l l e c t o r s t o


d e t e r m i n e how l o a d s a r e a p p l i e d t o t h e c o l l e c t o r s o r how a n u p s t r e a m fence d e f l e c t s flow over t h e c o l l e c t o r s t o decrease l o a d s . Titanium

o x i d e smoke was r e l e a s e d from s o u r c e s w i t h i n and u p s t r e a m of t h e a r r a y f i e l d and a m o t i o n p i c t u r e r e c o r d was o b t a i n e d o f t h e f l o w p a t t e r n s . T h i s nlovie shows t h e s e p a r a t i o n a r o u n d a c o l l e c t o r , t h e t u r b u l e n t and low v e l o c i t y f l o w w i t h i n t h e a r r a y f i e l d , and t h e e f f e c t of an upwind fence. An o u t l i n e of t h e c o n t e n t o f t h e movie i s g i v e n i n T a b l e I .

3.3

F o r c e and Moment Medsurement F o r c e s and moments a p p l i e d t o e a c h m e t r i c u n i t were measured w i t h a

s i x component INCA s t r a i n g a g e b a l a n c e .

Only f i v e o f t h e s i x components Each c o l l e c t o r was f i x e d The b a l a n c e was, i n t u r n ,

(two f o r c e s and t h r e e moments) were m e a s u r e d . t o t h e b a l a n c e a s shown i n F i g u r e s 2 and 3 . attached t o the turntable.

I n t h i s way, f o r c e s and moments were

measured w i t h r e s p e c t t o a c o o r d i n a t e s y s t e m r e f e r r e d t o t h e c o l l e c t o r and n o t t o t h e f l o w d i r e c t i o n .

The s t r a i n - g a g e b r i d g e s o f t h e f o r c e b a l a n c e were m o n i t o r e d by
Honeywell Acudata 118 Gage C o n t r o l / A m p l i f i e r U n i t s , which p r o v i d e d e x c i t a t i o n t o t h e b r i d g e and a m p l i f i e d t h e b r i d g e o u t p u t . The s i g n a l s

were f i l t e r e d by a 100 Hz low p a s s f i l t e r and a n p l i f i e d by a d . c . a m p l i f i e r b e f o r e b e i n g p r o c e s s e d by t h e o n - l i n e d a t a a c q u i s i t i o n s y s t e m described previously. 100 Hz sample r a t e . Z e r o s and d a t a were r e c o r d e d f o r 3 m i n u t e s w i t h a

C a l i b r a t i o n o f t h e f o r c e b a l a n c e was performed b e f o r e and a f t e r t h e study. F o r c e s and moments were a p p l i e d t o t h e b a l a n c e by dead w e i g h t s The b a l a n c e had a l i n e a r r e s p o n s e on e a c h

hung from a k n i f e e d g e r i n g . channel.

I n t e r a c t i o n s between c h a n n e l s were s m a l l and were a c c o u n t e d


A check o f t h e c a l i b r a t i o n was performed by

for i n the calibration.

a p p l y i n g known l o a d s t o a c o l l e c t o r on t h e f o r c e b a l a n c e i n p l a c e i n t h e wind t u n n e l .

By u s i n g t h e c a l i b r a t i o n m a t r i x , t h e l o a d s were

recovered within 3 percent.

3.4

F o r c e and Yoment C o e f f i c i e n t s F o r c e s and moments measured on t h e c o l l e c t o r s were c o n v e r t e d i n t o

nondimensional c o e f f i c i e n t s t o p e r m i t e a s e o f scal.ing t o f u l l - s c a l e f o r c e s and moments. follow. The d e f i n i t i o n s f o r f o r c e and moment c o e f f i c i e n t s

Moments were t r a n s f e r r e d from t h e b a l a n c e c e n t e r o f a c t i o n t o P axes a t t h e c o l l e c t o r p i v o t p o i n t o r t o t h e XB, The l a t e r a l f o r c e c o e f f i c i e n t i s

e i t h e r the Xp, Yp, Z

Y B , 2 E a x e s a t ground l e v e l .

where Fx i s t h e l a t e r a l f o r c e , q

i s t h e dynamic p r e s s u r e 0.5~u' i n t h e

a p p r o a c h flow a t t h e h e i g h t HCL ( h e i g h t o f t h e c o l l e c t o r p i v o t ) above t h e f l o o r , and S = LC i s a c h a r a c t e r i s t i c a r e a o f t h e c o l l e c t o r . i i f t force c -- o e f f i c i e n t i s The

where FL i s t h e l i f t f o r c e . The r o l l i n g moment c o e f f i c i e n t i s t h e moment c o e f f i c i e n t a b o u t t h e

axis

where M A p i s t h e d i m e n s i o n a l moment a b o u t t h e Xp a x i s .

The yawing moment c o e f f i c i e n t i s t h e moment c o e f f i c i e n t a b o u t t h e Z axis

M' "

where M '

i s t h e d i m e n s i o n a l moment a b o u t t h e Z a x i s .

The p i t c h i n g moment c o e f f i c i e n t was c a l c u l a t e d f o r t h e momenL M ' about the Yp a x i s through t h e p i v o t p o i n t

Yp

o r f o r t h e moment M '

YB

about t h e

YB a x i s a t ground l e v e l

V a l u e s o f L, C , S and s t a n d a r d h e i g h t HCL f o r e a c h c o i l e c t o r a r e o u t l i n e d below: COLLECTOR W B E R =


1

3 65 O
2.94 10.8

4
120 3.00

R i m Angle
Aperture C (inches) Length L ( i n c h e s ) Surface S (inches2) Standard Height of Collector Centerline ref. t o the floor, HCL ( i n c h e s )

90O
2.80 10.8 30.24

40 2.92 10.8

10.8
32.16

31.54

31.75

2.10

1.99

2.06

2.55

HCL/C = KI
F o c a l l e n g t h dF C e n t e r of g r a v i t y p o s i t i o n d

0.26

0.09

0.16

0.52

F o r t e s t s i n w h i c h t h e h e i g h t HCL o f t h e c o l l e c t o r above t h e g r o u n d was v a r i e d , q c f o r f o r c e and moment c o e f f i c i e n t c a l c u l a t i o n s was b a s e d on t h e v e l o c i t y a t t h e a c t u a l HCL u s e d f o r t h e t e s t .

P i t c h i n g moment c o e f f i c i e n t s w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e c e n t e r o f g r a v i t y
G and t o t h e f o c a l p o i n t F o f t h e c o l l e c t o r t r o u g h were c a l c u l a t e d .

The

n o t a t i o n s a r e r e f e r r e d t o F i g u r e 5b. w i t h t h e Xp

The f o r c e a c t i n g on t h e c o l l e c t o r

Zp p l a n e i s

11 ai

= cos

CI

I,$

= sin a

The p i t c h i n g moment a r o u n d t h e f o c a l p o i n t F w i l l be

= MI
= M'

YP YP

- lltll -

dF s i n ( a + 0 ) dF ( s i n a c o s 0 + s i n 0 c o s a )

- (FL dF cos 0 + Fx dF s i n 0 ) YP Using t h e same d e v e l o p m e n t , t h e p i t c h i n g moment around G i s :


= M'

- ( I L dG c o s 0 + Fx dG s i n 0 ) = M' YG Yp i n terms of c o e f f i c i e n t s :
M'

4.
4.1 S i n g l e C o l l e c t o r Loads

TEST RESULTS

The f o u r d i f f e r e n t s h a p e s o f c o l l e c t o r s , model c o n f i g u r a t i o n s 1-4 w i t h v a r y i n g rim a n g l e , were t e s t e d a l o n e t o d e t e r m i n e t h e e f f e c t o f c o l l e c t o r s h a p e and t o e s t a b l i s h a b a s e l i n e f o r comparison w i t h a r r a y field tests. The f i r s t s t e p was t o d e t e r m i n e a t a h e i g h t HCL/C
-

1 and

f o r a p p r o a c h a z i m u t h $I = 0 , t h e p i t c h a n g l e maxirnurn.

emax f o r

which t h e l i f t w a s

These d a t a a r e shown i n F i g u r e 9 f o r t h e f o u r c o l l e c t o r s and

a r e tabulated i n Table 3.

A t t h i s v a l u e of Bmax and a t 0 = 0 , t h e
These d a t a

h e i g h t of t h e c e n t e r l i n e o f e a c h c o l l e c t o r HCL was v a r i e d . a r e t a b u l a t e d i n T a b l e s 4 and 5 .

S e l e c t e d p o r t i o n s o f t h e s e d a t a vhere The e f f e c t of

l o a d s were l a r g e r a r e p r e s e n t e d i n F i g u r e s 10 and 1 1 .

c o l l e c t o r h e i g h t above ground i s n o t d r a m a t i c i n c o e f f i c i e n t form w i t h t h e most r a p i d changes i n c o e f f i c i e n t s o c c u r r i n g f o r s m a l l s p a c i n g from t h e ground. P i t c h i n g moment a b o u t t h e ground l e v e l was most i n f l u e n c e d

by h e i g h t e f f e c t s a s would b e e x p e c t e d .

In o r d e r t o determine t h e e f f e c t s of p i t c h angle
$

and yaw a n g l e

on t h e l o a d s , a s t a n d a r d h e i g h t o f c o l l e c t o r was s e l e c t e d ( H C L / C =

0 . 7 5 , 0 . 6 8 , 0 . 7 0 and 0 . 8 0 f o r c o l l e c t o r c o n f i g u r a t i o n s 1-4) and l o a d measurements were o b t a i n e d f o r a m a t r i x o f p i t c h and yaw a n g l e s . a n g l e $ ( a p p r o a c h wind d i r e c t i o n ) ranged from -15' angle
Yaw

t o +60 w h i l e p i t c h

ranged from -135O t o +180.

The r e s u l t s of t h e s e t e s t s a r e

l i s t e d i n Table 6 . 12 and 1 3 .

S e l e c t e d p o r t i o n s of t h e d a t a a r e p l o t t e d i n Figures The

S e v e r a l comments r e g a r d i n g t h e s e d a t a can be made.

force coefficients are relatively insensitis,

t o c o l l e c t o r shape f o r

+=

0 (Figure 12a, b ) .

P i t c h i n g moment depends somewhat on c o l l e c t o r

shape (Figure 12c, d ) , b u t t r e n d s t o i n c r e a s i n g o r d e c r e a s i n g load with

c u r v a t u r e of c o l l e c t o r a r e mixed.
t)

Yawing moments f o r v a r y i n g p i t c h a t R o l l i n g moments f o r t h e

= 0 ( F i g u r e 1 2 e ) were n e a r z c r o a s e x p e c t e d .

same c o n d i t i o n s ( F i g u r e 1 2 f ) s h o u l d b e z e r o , b u t showed moment c o e f f i c i e n t s from z e r o t o 0 . 5 dllpending on p i t c h a n g l e . Test loading

d u r i n g b a l a n c e c a l i b r a t i o n d i d n o t show t h i s b e h a v i o r i n r o l l i n g moment--the c a u s e o f t h e s e moments remains u a e x p l a i n e d . t h a t t h e y a r i s e from s m a l l i m p e r f e c t i o n s i n model s h a p e .

I t i s doubtful
L a t e r a l and

l i f t f o r c e s became more dependent on c o l l e c t o r s h a p e a t d i f f e r e n t yaw angles (Figures 13a, b , e , f ) . rim a n g l e i s shown i n F i g u r e 1 4 . The c o e f f i c i e n t s o b t a i n e d i n t h e c a s e o f one c o l l e c t o r o n l y coiild be compared w i t h t h e d r a g c o e f f i c i e n t o f a f l a t p l a t e o r a c y l i n d e r . I n T a b l e 6a ( c o n f i g u r a t i o n 1 ) Fxp = 1 . 4 2 Fxp = 1 . 0 6 a t 0 = 0' a t 0 = 180' An e x p l i c i t d i s p l a y o f t h e e f f e c t o f

The d r a g c o e f f i c i e n t f o r a f l a t p l a t e w i t h t h e l e n g t h g r e a t e r t h a n t h e width is
C

D = 1.2

i f t h e p l a t e i s of f i n i t e l e n g t h t o width r a t i o .

I n o u r c a s e , we have an i n t e r m e d i a t e c a s e where t h e boundary can have some e f f e c t s .


A t o u r r a n g e o f Reynolds number, t h e d r a g on a n i n f i n i t e l e n g t h

c y l i n d e r i s a b o u t 1 . 2 f a r from t h e ground and d e c r e a s e s somewhat f o r f i n i t e length cylinders t o about 0.8 f o r length t o diameter r a t i o s s i m i l a r t o t h e L/C r a t i o o f t h e c o l l e c t o r u s e d f o r t h i s s t u d y . 4.2 Array F i e l d Loads C o n f i g u r a t i o n 5 was formed by a d d i n g two c o l l e c t o r s i d e n t i c a l i n s h a p e t o c o l l e c t o r 1 a s shown i n F i g u r e 6 . The gap s p a c i n g G between

15
t h e c e n t e r m e t r i c c o l l e c t o r and t h e two o u t e r c o l l e c t o r s was v a r i e d i n c o n f i g u r a t i o n 5 t o f i n d t h e optimum s p a c i n g t o be u s e d f o r l o a d measurements on c o n f i g u r a t i o n s 5-9. With t h e s t a n d a r d l e g s shown i n

F i g u r e 4 , i t was n o t p o s s i b l e t o o b t a i n a gap s p a c i n g l e s s t h a n

G/C = 0.54. G/C.

A l t e r n a t e l e g s w e r e c o n s t r u c t e d which a l l o w e d a s m a l l e r

Cardboard t a p e d t o t h i s m o d i f i e d c o l l e c t o r p e r m i t t e d g a p s a s s m a l l These d a t a a r e shown i n T a b l e 7 .


The

a s G / C = 0 . 0 6 t o be o b t a i n e d .

d a t a f o r b o t h s e t s o f l e g s a r e shown i n F i g u r e 1 5 .

The d i s c o n t i n u i t y

between t h e two c o l l e c t o r t y p e s was p r o b a b l y due t o t h e i n f l u e n c e of t h e modified l e g geometry. c a n be o b s e r v e d . Very l i t t l e i n f l u e n c e o f gap s p a c i n g on l o a d s

A gap w i d t h o f 0 . 5 4 was s e l e c t e d f o r t h e s t a n d a r d gap

~ i d t h o r t h e s u b s e q u e n t c o l l e c t i o n o f l o a d d a t a on c o n f i g u r a t i o n s 5 - 9 . f I n o r d e r t o e s t a b l i s h row s p a c i n g R f o r t h e c o l l e c t o r a r r a y f i e l d s t u d i e s ( s e F i g u r e 6 ) , row s p a c i n g v a l u e s o f R / C

= 2.0, 2.5,

sad 3 . 0 i n

c o n f i g u r a t i o n 9 were used f o r s e l e c t e d d a t a a c q u i s i t i o n . presented i n Table 8.

These d a t a a r e

On t h e b a s i s of t h e s e d a t a i n c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h

e v a l u a t i o n by t h e s p o n s o r o f s p a c e r e q u i r e d f o r c o l l e c t o r a c c e s s , a r o x s p a c i n g o f R J C = 2 . 2 5 was s e l e c t e d f o r a l l f u r t h e r d a t a c o l l e c t i o n on the array field. F i g u r e 16 shows s e l e c t e d d a t a from T a b l e 8 and d a t a

from f u r t h e r t e s t s on c o n f i g u r a t i o n 9 ( T a b l e 9 ) a t a row s p a c i n g of

R/C = 2.25.
To d e t e r m i n e t h e o r i g i n o f t h e peak i n t h e l i f t c o e f f i c i e n t a t

R / C = 2 . 2 5 , = Omax shown i n F i g u r e 1 6 b , a smoke v i s u a l i z a t i o n s t u d y I


was c o n d u c t e d . The f l o w p a t t e r n s were h i g h l y v a r i a b l e w i t h t i m e ;

however t h e e s s e n t i a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e f l o w c o u l d b e o b s e r v e d and a r e shown i n F i g u r e 1 6 c . High v e l o c i t y f l o w was o b s e r v e d j u s t above In

the c o l l e c t o r s f o r a l l t h r e e row s p a c i n g s , R / C = 2 . 0 , 2 . 2 5 , 2 . 5 .

a d d i t i o n , a t e n d e n c y was o b s e r v e d f o r t h e h i g h v e l o c i t y f l o w t o remain a t t a c h e d t o t h e c u r v e d r e a r s u r f a c e and t o b e p u l l e d downward i n t e r m i t t e n t l y under t h e t r a i l i n g c o l l e c t o r . T h i s t e n d e n c y was

o b s e r v e d t o be s t r o n g e r a t R / C = 2.25 t h a n f o r e i t h e r R / C = 2 . 0 o r
R/C = 2 . 5 .

F o r R / C = 2 . 0 , l e s s q u a n t i t y o f h i g h v e l o c i t y f l o w was

o b s e r v e d t o p a s s u n d e r t h e edge o f t h e t r a i l i n g collector w h i l e f o r

R / C = 2 . 5 , t h e p e r c e n t a g e of t i m e when h i g h v e l o c i t y f l o w p a s s e d u n d e r
t h e edge of t h e t r a i l i n g c o l l e c t o r was r e d u c e d a s compared t o t h e c a s e a t R/C = 2.25. T h i s may i n d i c a t e t h a t s h o r t - d u r a t i o n l i f t l o a d s a t

R / C = 2 . 5 c o u l d be much h i g h e r t h a n t h e mean and comparable t o s h o r t duration l i f t loads a t R/C

= 2.25.

With t o r q u e t u b e s a t t a c h e d t o t h e

c o l l e c t o r s , no h i g h v e l o c i t y f l o w was p e r m i t t e d u n d e r n e a t h t h e c o l l e c t o r s - - a d i s t i n c t improvement o v e r t h e c a s e w i t h o u t t o r q u e t u b e s .
A m a t r i x o f c o n d i t i o n s v a r y i n g wind a z i m u t h

and p i t c h a n g l e 0

were used t o o b t a i n l o a d s on c o n f i g u r a t i o n s 5-9 u s i n g a gap G / C = 0 . 5 4 and row s p a c i n g R / C = 2 . 2 5 . These d a t a a r e t a b u l a t e d i n Table 9 . While

o b t a i n i n g d a t a on t h e v a r i o u s c o n f i g u r a t i o n s , f e n c e s and berms o f v a r i o u s h e i g h t s were p l a c e d i n f r o n t o f t h e f i r s t row o f t h e a r r a y a t v a r y i n g distances. T a b l e 10 shows t h e f e n c e h e i g h t s FH/C and p l a c e m e n t s FS/C,

c o l l e c t o r p i t c h a n g l e , c o l l e c t o r c o n f i g u r a t i o n and f o r c e and moment data. F o r some c a s e s , a 0 . 5 i n . t o r q u e t u b e was a t t a c h e d t o t h e back o f T a b l e 11 shows E x c e p t f o r Runs

t h e c o l l e c t o r t o d e t e r m i n e i t s i n f l u e n c e on t h e l o a d s . c o n d i t i o n s f o r t h e s t u d y o f e f f e c t s o f an upwind berm.

3 0 0 and 3 0 2 , a l l d a t a on t h e i n f l u e n c e o f f e n c e s o r berms were o b t a i n e d

vith $ = 0.

The i n f l u e n c e o f a r r a y f i e l d c o n f i g u r a t i o n and f e n c e s on These d a t a i n d i c a t e t h a t l o a d s

s e l e c t e d l o a d s i s shown i n F i g u r e 1 7 .

drop d r a m a t i c a l l y w i t h e i t h e r a s i n g l e c o l l e c t o r upstream o r with a fence upstream. The i n f l u e n c e o f f e n c e h e i g h t i s shown i n F i g u r e 1 7 d .

'The l o a d s w i t h a t o r q u e t u b e a t t a c h e d t o a s i n g l e c o l l e c t o r ( c o n f i g u r a t i o n 1) were determined f o r a range o f p i t c h a n g l e s a t ij = 0 . T h e s e d a t a a r e shown i n T a b l e 1 2 .


A comparison of s i n g l e c o l l e c t u r

l o a d s w i t h and w i t h o u t t h e t o v 4 u e t u b e i s shown i n F i g u r e 1 8 . t o r q u e t u b e had some e f f e c t on t h e l o a d s .

The

The t o r q u e t u b e on a s i n g l e bllt i n c r e a s e d

c o l l e c t o r d e c r e a s e d t h e l i f t a t 2 Omax a n d a t f3 = t 90' s l i g h t l y t h e l a t e r a l f o r c e and t h e o v e r t u r n i n g moment

Increases YB ' i n l a t e r a l f o r c e and o v e r t u r n i n g moment o c c u r r e d a t s m a l l e r v a l u e s o f

the coefficients.

Furthermore, it has been s e e n t h a t i n an a r r a y f i e ! d ,

t h e t o r q u e t u b e c r e a t e s a b l o c k a g e on t h e f i r s t row, p r o t e c t i n g t h e f o l l o w i n g row. stagnant. Then t h e f l o w between two c o l l e c t o r rows becomes

The p r e s e n c e o f t h e t o r q u e t u b e showed m o d e r a t e e f f e c t s on

a r r a y f i e l d loads (Table 10). Moments a b o u t t h e f o c a l p o i n t , F , and c e n t e r o f g r a v i t y , G , a r e compared w i t h moments a?-.~ut p o i n t s P and B i n T a b l e s 13 t o 2 1 . Because v a r i a t i o n o f t h e s e moments w i t h - ~ a r i o u si n d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e s

( 0 , f o r example) i n c l u d e s o t h e r v a r i a b l e s a s w e l l ( h e i g h t o f p o i n t F o r
G),

t h e s e d a t a were n o t p l o t t e d .

I n many c a s e s , d i f f e r e n c e s i n moments

between P , F and G a r e s m a l l . Because o f f l o w l e a k a g e i n t o t h e f o r c e b a l a n c e compartment d u r i n g t h e i n i t i a l s t a g e s o f t e s t i n g , s m a l l e r r o r s were i n t r o d u c e d i n t o t h e data. T h i s p r o b l e m was d i s c o v e r e d and c o r r e c t e d a f t e r d a t a on t h e f i r s t A c o r r e c t i o n t o t h e d a t a was d e v i s e d

f o u r c o n f i g u r a t i o n s were o b t a i n e d .

by r e r u n n i n g some d a t a on c o n f i g u r a t i o n s 1 and 4 and c a l c u l a t i n g correction factors. F i g u r e 19 g i v e s a n e x a m p l e o f t h e c o r r e c t i o n

sliowing t h e o r i g i n a l d a t a u n c o r r e c t e d , t h e o r i g i n a l d a t a w i t h t h e c o r r e c t i o n f a c t o r a p p l i e d , and t h e r e r u n d a t a w i t h t h e l e a k a g e problem fixed. T h i s f a c t o r i s b a s e d o n f o r c e a n d moments e v a l u a t e d upon t h e The

f o r c e b a l a n c e a c t i o n p o i n t which i s d i f f e r e n t from t h e p i v o t P . c o r r e c t i o n a p p e a r e d t o work well.

A l l data reported herein are

c o r r e c t e d where c o r r e c t i o n s were r e q u i r e d .

4.3

Smoke V i s u a l i z a t i o ? o - F e n c e E f f e c t f The p r e v i o u s s e c t i o n showed t h e d r a m a t i c d e c r e a s e i n l o a d s w h i c h

o c c u r s when a n upwind c o l l e c t o r o r wind f e n c e i s i n c l u d e d .

F i g u r e 20

shows f l o w v i s u a l i z a t i o n p h o t o g r a p h s w h i c h h e l p t o e x p l a i n why t h i s occurs. F i g u r e 20a shows f l o w s w e e p i n g o n t o t h e l e a d c o l l e c t o r w i t h o u t The c o l l e c t o r s e e s t h e f u l l e f f e c t o f t h e w i n d .

b e n e f i t o f a wind f e n c e .

F i g u r e 20b shows t h e low v e l o c i t y , s e p a r a t e d f l o w r e g i m e b e h i n d t h e l e a d c o l l e c t o r w h i c h p r o v i d e s p r o t e c t i o n t o d o w n s t r e a m rows f r o m t h e f u l l f o r c e of t h e wind. shown. I n F i g u r e 2 0 c , a low f e n c e c f h e i g h t FH/C = 0 . 3 6 i s

T h i s f e n c e d o e s n o t p r o v i d e s i g n i f i c a n t p r o t e c t i o n ; t h e wlnd

f l o w i s d e f l e c t e d upward s o m e w h a t , b u t s t i l l i m p i n g e s o n t h e l e a d collector. F i g u r e 20d shows a p o r o u s f e n c e o f FH/C = 0 . 7 1 . Here t h e

low v e l o c i t y r e g i o n b e h i n d t h e f e n c e i s j u s t h i g h e r t h a n t h e c o l l e c t o r , even though t h e fence h e i g h t i s s m a l l e r than t h e c o l l e c t o r h e i g h t .


As

shown I n F i g u r e 1 7 d , ttris h e i g h t f e n c e p r o v i d e s a l r o s t maxlmum d e c r e a s e in l i f t o r l a t e r a l force for zero o r negative pitch angles. For p o s i t i v e

p l t r h a n g l e s , a s l i g h t l y h i g h e r f e n c e may b e r e q u i r e d t o p r o v i d e maximum l o a d d e c r e a s e s , s i n c e t h e t o p o f t h e c o l ' e c t o r would b e a t a h i g h e r elevation.

4.4

C a l c u l a t i o n o f F u l l - S c a l e Loads The f o r c e and moment c o e f f i c i e n t s p r e s e n t e d i n t h i s r e p o r t c a n be

u s e d t o d e t e r m i n e c o r r e s p o n d i n g f o r c e s and moments on f u l l - s c a l e c o l l e c t o r s o f t h e same g e o m e t r y and f i e l d a r r a y c o n f i g u r a t i o n i n a n open-country environment. T h i s i s p o s s i b l e b e c a u s e t h e f o r c e and moment

c o e f f i c i e n t s a r e c o n s t a n t s a s l o n g a s t h e R e y n o l d s number i s s u f f i c i e n t l y high ( s e e Chapter 1 ) . F u l l - s c a l e f o r c e s and moments c a n be d e t e r m i n e d by

m u l t i p l y i n g t h e c o e f f i c i e n t s by v a l u e s o f q c , S and C a p p r o p r i a t e t o t h e f u l l - s c a l e e n v i r o n m e n t a s d e m o n s t r a t e d below by a n e x a m p l e . C o n s i d e r a s i n g l e e x p o s e d c o l l e c t o r 6 f t wide and 2 2 . 5 f t l o n g (C =

6 f t , L = 2 2 . 5 f t ) a t sea l e v e l exposed t o

q u a s i s t e a d y wind [J

30

of

30 mph a t 30 f t e l e v a t i o n i n a n open c o u n t r y e n v i r o n m e n t ( 0 . 1 4 e x p o n e n t power law p r o f i l e f o r mean v e l o c i t y ) . The s h a p e o f t h i s c o l l e c t o r i s

assumed t o be s i m i l a r t o c o n f i g u r a t i o n 1 ( 4 = 9 0 ) , w i t h a h e i g h t o f t h e c e n t e r l i n e such t h a t :

HCL/C = 0.75.

I t i s desired t o calculate the

l a t e r a l f o r c e F i n t h e X d i r e c t i o n and t h e p i t c h i n g moment

Y I'

about t h c

r o t a t i 0 1 1 p o i n t o f t h e c o l l e c t o r from t h e f o r c e c o e f f i c i e n t Fxp and moment coefficient M

Yp

f o r z e r o ? i t c h a n g l e ( 0 = 0 ) and z e r o wind a n g l e ( $ = 0 ) .

From t h e e q u a t i o n s f o r f o r c e and moment c o e f f i c i e n t s ( s e c t i o n 3 . 4 )

From T a b l e 6 , f o r c o n f i g u r a t i o n 1 , wind a z i m u t h = 0 , p i t c h a n g l e = 0 :

From t h e c o l l e c t o r s i z e :

L = 22.5 f t , C = 6 f t
S = LC = (22.5 f t ) ( 6 f t ) = 135 f t
2

HCL = 0.75 C = 0.75 (6 f t ) = 4.5 f t


To d e t e r m i n e q
C

2 9, = o'5pUHcL

(q, = 0.00256 UHCL i f UHCL i s in mph and qc is in pounds p e r s q u a r e f o o t , see r e f . 8) Using a mean v e l o c i t y p r o f i l e w i t h a 0.14 power l a w ,

Thus qc = 0.00256 (23.0) = 1.35 p s f . The f o r c e s t h e n become

The moment arm o f the force from the p i v o t point is:

where

\\?I\ =

/fl

5.

CONCLUSIONS

Wind f o r c e s a c t i n g on p a r a b o l i c t r o u g h s o l a r c o l l e c t o r s were modeled i n a b o u n d a r y - l a y e r wind t u n n e l i n which a t m o s p h e r i c winds were s i m u l a t e d Wind l o a d s were measured on f o u r c o l l e c t o r s w i t h d i f f e r e n t rim a n g l e s . Loads were a l s o o b t a i n e d on s e v e r a l a r r a y f i e l d c o n f i g u r a t i o n s i n c l u d i n g wind f e n c e s . The f o l l o w i n g c o n c l u s i o n s c a n be drawn:
1.

Maximum l i f t on a s i n g l e c o l l e c t o r o c c u r s f o r n e g a t i v e p i t c h a n g l e s ( c o l l e c t o r p o i n t e d downward) and o c c u r s a t d i f f e r e n t p i t c h a n g l e s f o r d i f f e r e n t rim a n g l e s .

2.

Maximum l a t e r a l f o r c e on a s i n g l e c o l l e c t o r o c c u r s f o r wind d i r e c t l y i n t o a c o l l e c t o r a t zero p i t c h angle.

3.

Maxil~ia i n p i t c h i n g moments on a s i n g l e c o l l e c t o r t e n d e d t o o c c u r a t more t h a n one p i t c h a n g l e .

4.

C o l l e c t o r s downwi3d o f o t h e r c o l l e c t o r s showed l a r g e d e c r e a s e s i n wind l o a d .

5.

Wind l o a d s on a c o l l e c t o r i n a n a r r a y f i e l d d i r e c t l y exposed t o winds d e c r e a s e d d r a m a t i c a l l y w i t h i n c l u s i o n o f a n a p p r o p r i a t e l y d e s i g n e d f e n c e upwind.

6.

Gap s p a c i n g between c o l l e c t o r s i n a row d i d n o t a f f e c t c o l l e c t o r loads s i g n i f i c a n t l y .

7.

Row s p a c i n g i n a n a r r a y f i e l d had a s l i g h t i n f l u e n c e on c o l l e c t o r l o a 6 s e s p e c i a l l y a t t h e p i t c h a n g l e which g i v e s maximum l i f t .

REFERENCES 1. McBride, D . P . , S t a t i c F o r c e T e s t s on P a r a b o l i c Trough S o l a r C o l l e c t o r s , P r e t e s t I n f o r m a t i o n R e p o r t - 395, S a n d i a L a b o r a t o r i e s , No.Albuquerque, New Mexico. Cermak, J . E . , Aerodynamics o f B u i l d i n g s , Annual Review - -u i d of F l Mechanics, Vol. 8 , 1976. Cermak, J . E . , L a b o r a t o r y S i m u l a t i o n o f t h e Atmospheric Boundary L a y e r , AIAA J l . , Vol. 9 , September 1971. -Cermak, J . E . , A p p l i c a t i o n s o f F l u i d Mechanics t o Wind E n g i n e e r i n g , A Freeman S c h o l a r L e c t u r e , ASME J 1 . - F l u i d s E n g i n e e r i n g , Vol. 9 7 , -of No. 1 , March 1975. Bearman, P . W . , 1978. 6. 7. Bearman, P , W . , An I n v e s t i g a t i o n o f t h e F o r c e s on F l a t P l a t e s Normal t o a T u r b u l e n t Flow, J 1 . -u i d Mechanics, Vol. 4 6 , p p . 177-198, 1971. - Fl Nakamura, Y . and Tonionari, Y . , The E f f e c t o f T u r b u l e n c e on t h e Drag of R e c t a n g u l a r P r i s m s , T r a n s a c t i o n s J a p a n S o c i e t y o f A e r o n a u t i c a l and - Space S c i e n c e , Vol. 1 9 , p p . 81-86, 1976. American N a t i o n a l S t a n d a r d s I n s t i t u t e , American N a t i o n a l S t a n d a r d for in B u i l d i n g Code Requirements - Minimum Design Loads - B u i l d i n g s and O t h e r S t r u c t u r e s . ANSI S t a n d a r d A58.1, 1 9 7 2 . T u r b u l e n c e E f f e c t s on B l u f f Body Mean Flow, T h i r d
U . S . N a t i o n a l Conference - on Wind E n g i n e e r i n g R e s e a r c h , p p . 265-272,

2.

3.

4.

5.

8.

FIGURES

R I M ANGLE

PLANE

jA I

Figure 2a.

Collector shapes for configurations 1-4

CONFIGURATION I R I M ANGLE = 90'

CONFIGURATION 2 RIM ANGLE = 40'

CONFIGURATION 3 ' RIM ANGLE 65

CONF!GURATION 4 RIM ANGLE = 120

Figure 2b.

Collector shapes for configurations 1-4.

Collector 4

Collector 1

Figure 3.

Collector mounted on force balance.

ANGLE

LATERAL

I
ROLLING MOMENT

YAWING

MOMENT

F i g u r e 5a. Coordinate system.

G =
F =

CENTER OF GRAVITY FOCAL POINT

Figure 5b.

Coordinate system.

F i g u r e 7.

A r r a y field in the wind tunnel.

() I

W J H IL 0

1
I

f
1

a
CP
N
8

8
6)
C\1

per
1
D W ~ O N

8
03

C 9

(D

6) f

CP

IH9113H

() I

! H

a >

W -I H LL 0 rY

Q W
; t

> z

0 -I W

8
(V

c3

- por

8 03
1

6)
(D

6)

v I
OW,JON

(P
(V

6)

LH913H

.
CONF. # l

b,

0
0
0

PSI
0

THETA-MAX = -65 DEG

.0u -- 1 2 0 . 0

-90.0

-30.0 PITCH ANGLE ~ c ~ / c = 1 . 0 3

-60.0

CONF. 12

0 0

PSI
0 0

0
-I .

cl

o A

THETA-MAX = -75 DEG

PITCH ANGLE HCL/C=. 99


F i g u r e 9a.

Determination of 8

max

(configurations 1-4).

PSI

PITCH ANGLE HCL/C=. 98

PITCH ANGLE HCL/C=. 96


Figure 9b. Determination of , m O (configurations 1-4).

BOX = COLL 1 1

STAR = COLL #2

2.00
tZ W H

BOX = COLL #3

STAR = COLL #4

F i g u r e 10a.

Effect of height on coefficients at 0 = 0, = 0 (.configurations 1-4).

BOX

= COLL # l

STAR = COLL 12

.OO

BOX = COLL 13

STAR = COLL #4

Figure l o b .

Effect of height on coefficients at 8 JI = 0 (configurations 1-4) .

= 0,

* B O X = COLL f l
3.00

STAR = W L L CZ
I
1

>-

Z
LL LL

*
2.00 -

0
0

Z 0 1C

*
4
1.00-

2
I -

0
H

x 0

*a
a

*%

*a

a .
.OO * .OO
1

.50

1 .OO

1.50

2.00

BOX = COLL 1 3
3.00
M > IT
LL LL
@

STAR
1

= WLL
r

#4

*o
2.00

0
0

Z 0 Z

cs,

z
0

1.00-

I
t-

n a .
.O@
.OO
Figure 10c.
I

.50

1 .OO

1.50

2.00

HCL/C
Effect of height on coefficients at 3 = 0, ' $ = 0 [configurations 1 - 4 ) .

BOX = COLL # l

STAR = COLL #2

BOX = COLL 13
2.00
I
I

STAR = COLL 1 4
I

*
LL LL W

+O

1.50-

0
0

t H

1.00-

.50
.OO

.50

1 .OO

1.50

2.00

HCL/C
rlgure 11.

E f f e c t of h e i g h t on l i f t a t ( c o n f i g u r a t i o n s 1-A;.

emax,

$ = O

BOX = C O L L # l

STAR = W L L #2
1
I

2.00

1.50

1.00

*
S

*
.50 0

0 *
tl

* tl

-1
[

0 0

*
I

*
.00 PITCH ANGLE

.OO -180.00

Ir -90.00

*
1

90.00

180.00

B O X = C O L L #3

STAR = C O L L f 4

PITCH ANGLE
Figure 12a. Variation of single collector loads with pitch angle for HCL/C=KI, $ = 0 (configurations 1-4).

BOX = COLL # I

STAR = COLL 12

2.00

-90.00

.00
PITCH ANGLE

90.80

B O X = COLL #3

STAR = COLL
r
I

14

2.00

Po

1.00 LL LL W

*#

t
Q

0
0

.OO -

*0
0

t -

G H

- 1 .OO

L
I

*0 *: 08 0 *
I

B -

-2.00-180.00

-80.00

.OO

90.00

180.00

PITCH ANGLE
Figure 12b. Variation of single collector loads with pitch angle for HCL/C=KI, $ = 0 (configurations 1 - 4 1

BOX = CULL # l 1 .OO

STAR = COLL #2

00
[ I

*
u

-.SO

- 1 .OO
-188.00

-90.00

.00 PITCH ANGLE

90.00

180.00

BOX = COLL +?
1 .OO

STAR = COLL +4

PITCH ANGLE
Figure 12c. Variation of single c o l l e c t o r loads with pitch a n g l e f o r t!CL/C=KI, JI = 0 [configurations 1-4).

BOX = COLL + 1

STAR =

COLL #2

-.sd
-180.00

-90.00

.OO
PITCH ANGLE

90.00

180.

BOX = COLL #3
.50
I

STAR =

COLL
I

+4

.25

.88-

*
0

T3
It

-.25

*
1
1

-.50
-180.00

-90.00

.OO PITCH ANGLE

90.00

180.00

Figure 12e. Variation of single collector loads with pitch angle for H C L / C = K I , $ = 0 (configurations 1-4).

BOX = COLL * 1
1 .OO

STAR = COLL +2

PITCH ANGLE
BOX = COLL #3
STAR = COLL +4

.OO

PITCH ANGLE
Figure 12f. Variation of single collector loads with pitch angle for HCL/C=KI, $ = 0 (configurations 1-4).

THETA = 0 DEG,

HCL/C =

KI

BOX = COLL + l
2.80.
tZ W H
I

STAR = WLL +2
1

0
W LL LL W 0

1.50-

*
0

* 0
1 1

0
W

1.00

0
Oi:

0
L
1

.50-

05
W

t6
1

.08 -30.00

.OO

30.00 YAW ANGLE


STAR = COLL +4

60.00

BOX = COLL #3
2.00
-t
W H
I

0
H LL LL

1.50l! !

1'

W
0

w
0

1.00-

-II
1
I

E
C> LL

1 6.
01:
W I-Q:
_I

.50

.OO .

-30.00
F i g u r e 13a.

.0a

30.08 YAW ANGLE

60.00

V a r i a t i o n . o f s i n g l e c o l l e c t o r l o a d s w i t h yaw a n g l e f o r H C L / C = K I , ( c o n f i g u r a t i o n s 1-4).

BOX = COLL # I

.08

STAR = COLL #2

.50-

*
.OO 0

Ir
0

*
0

3
1I

.50

1 1

.OO , -30.00

.OO

30.00

60.00

YAW ANGLE
BOX = COLL #3
STAR = COLL #4
1

2.00

tG W

1.50-

0
0
W 0

1.00-

141 0
G

1 4

w
t-

.50-

Q: 1

.OO -30.00

.00

30.00
YAW ANGLE

60.00

F i g u r e 13b. Variation of single collector loads with yaw angle for HCL/C=KI, (configurations 1-4).

THETA = 0 DEG,

HCL/C = K I

BOX = COLL # 1
1.00.
LL
I

STAR = W L L *2

t .

w
t-

.50

0
0

z
W

I :
0

.OO

II

C3

z
3r

-.50 - 1 .OO -30.00

a >
1
1

60.00

.OO

30.00 YAW ANGLE


STAR = COLL #4
1

BOX = COLL #3
1 .OO
LL LL
1

.50-

r
C3

.OO

I :

5 13
>
4

-.50 - 1 .OO -30.80

.OO

30.00 YAW ANGLE

60.00

Figure 13c.

Variation of singie collector loads with yaw angle for HCL/C=KI, (configurations 1-4) .

THETA
BOX

= 180 DEG,

HCL/C = KI
STAR

= COLL #l
1

= COLL 12
I

1.00I

YAW ANGLE
BOX = C O L L #3 1 .OO
t .
I

STAR = COLL 1 4
1

a 0
t-

tL w

.50 -

z W
s
I :

.OO

I
1

a
-.50
3

*
.OO
30.00
YAW ANGLE
60.00

>-

- 1 .OO -30.00
Figure 13d.

Variation of single collector loads with yaw angle for HCL/C=KI, (configurations 1-4) .

THETA = THETA-MAX,

HCL/C =

KI

BOX = COLL # 1

STAR
0

=
.

COLL #2

2.80

1.75
LL
LL W

o
LL

1.501.25 . )

t-

H 1

[I

1.00J -30.08

.OO

30.00 YAW ANGLE


STAR = COLL 1 4

60.00

BOX = COLL #3

YAW ANGLE
Figure 13e. Variation of single col,lector loads w i t h yau angle for H C L / C = K I , (configurations 1-4).

THETA =

- THETA-MAX,
a

HCLK =

KI

BOX = COLL # l
.OO

STAR = COLL #2
r

+
II

*
t . t .
W

-.50 -

0
0

I LL H 1

-1 .OO

- 1 .50
-38.00

.OO

30.00 YA'd ANGLE

60.00

BOX = C O L L 13
.OO

STAR = COLL C4
I

13

L I

-.50 -

t .
W

0
0

*
- 1 .OO

1r

I LL H 1

Ir

-1.50. -313.00

>

.OO

30.00

68.00

YAW
Figure 13f.

ANGLE

V a r i a t i o n of s i n g l e c o l l e c t o r loads w i t h yaw a n g l e f o r HCL/C=KI, ( c o n f i p ~ r a t i o n s1 - 4 ) .

YAW ANGLE
BOX = COLL #3

STAR = COLL 1 4

.50

YAW ANGLE
Figure 13g. Variation of single collector loads with yaw sngle for HCL/C=KI, [configurations 1-4).

THETA =

THETA-MAX,

HCL/C = KI

BOX = COLL * I

STAR = COLL #2

.50

.25

.OO -

1I

-.25

I
1

.OO
30.00
60.00

-.SOa

-30.00

YAW ANGLE
BOX = COLL #3
STAR = COLL # 4

.50

.OO
Figure 13h.

30.00
YAW ANGLE

Variation of single ccllector loads with yaw angle for HCL/C=KI, (configurations 1 - 4 ) .

56

THETA = THETA-MAX,

HCL/C = KI

BOX = COLL # 1 1 .@O

STAR = COLL $2

.OO -30.00

.OO

30.00 YAW ANGLE


STAR = COLL # 4

1 .@O

BOX = COLL #3

.OO -30.00
Figure 13i.

.OO

30.00 YAW ANGLE

Variation of single collector loads with yaw angle for HCL/C=KI, (configurations 1-4) .

.50 -

.25

*
-

.OO

-.25

-.50+ -30.00

.OO

30.00 YAW ANGLE


STAR = COLL # 4

60.00

.58

BOX = COLL 13
v

u *
.25

11

.OO

I
I

-.25

-.50
-30.00
Figure 13j.

.OO

30.00 YAW ANGLE

60.00

Variation of single collector loads w i t h yaw angle for HCL/C=KI, (configurations 1-4) .

BOX = THETA

= 0 DEG

STAR

= THETA =

180 DEG

2.00
-I
Z W H

0
H LL LL W

1.63

0 0

w
0
CY.

1.25

0
LL
--I

OI W

.88

l 4

COLLECTOR R I M ANGLE,PHI

F i g u r e 14a.

Effect on the rim angle loads.

on collector

THETA = THETA-MAX

2.00

z
n
U

1.75-

n
W
U

1.50-

t-

1-i

1.25-

1.00. .00

--

I I _1
180.00

45.00

90.00 135.00 COLLECTOR R I M ANGLE,PHI

THETA =

.OO t-

THETA-MAX
I

W H U

-.50 -

G G

n
W
U

0
tG
Y 1

- 1 .OO

- 1 .501 .OO

45.08
COLLECTOR

90.00

135.08

180.08

RIM ANGLE,PHI
@

F i g u r e 14b.

E f f e c t on t h e rim angle loads.

on collcctor

BOX: THETA = THETA-MAX

>-

a .
2I

.50

STAR: THETA =
1

THETA-MAX

G G
W

.25

0
U

I-

Z
0
C3

x x

.OO

-.25

I
1

I .
I H

-.so*
.0Q

45.00

90.00 135.00 COLLECTOR RIH ANGLE,PHI

180.00

BOX: THETA = 0 DEG,

STAR: THETA = 180 DEG


I I

I .50*

1 .OO -

.50

1
I
I

.OO

.00
Figure 14c.

45.00 90.00 135.00 COLLECTOR RIM ANGLE,PHI


Effect on the rim angle loads.
$

180.00

on collector

2.00
t Z W H
LL LL W 0 0

- BOX:

STANDARD LEGS, STAR: ALTERNATE LEGS

THETA = 0 DEG

1.75-

w
0 OI 0
'iL

1.50

***** * * Ir **
0 0

0 0 "

0 0

C Y
t-

a
a
I

1.25-

1 .OO .OO

1 .OO

2.00 GAP WIDTH

3.00

4.09

G/C

F i g u r e 15a.

E f f e c t of gap width on loads for configuration 5.

BOX: STANDARD LEGS,

STAR: ALTERNATE LEGS

2.50 THETA = THETA-MAX

~o o"

oO

***** * * * * *
a

1 .OO

.08

1 .OO

2.00 GAP WIDTH, G / C

3.00

4.08

BOX: STANDARD LEGS, STAR: ALTERNATE LEGS

*
-

THETA = THETA-MAX

** *

*a
0

* a
0 0
0

"

+
1

GAP WIDTH, G/C


F i g u r e 15b.

Effect of gap width on loads for configuration 5.

THETA = 0

DEG

P S I = 0 DEG

0
0
I

2.00

2.50
ROW SPACING
R/C

3.00

3.50

F i g u r e 16a.

E f f e c t o f row s p a c i n g on c o l l e c t o r l o z d s ( c o n f i g u r a t i o n 9)

THETA = -68 DEG


BOX:

1.00-

PSI 8 DEG, DELTA: PSI STAR: PSI 30 DEG


I
1

--

15 DEG

t-

Z
0

.75

W H

1
1

G G
W

.50 -

t-

LL

n
1

.25

2.50
3.00

.OO
1 .50

2.08

1
3.50
ROW SPACING

R/C

ROU SPACING
Figure 16b.

R/C

Effect of row spacing on collector loads (configuration 9) .

R/C

2.0

0 = Bmax

= Qmax

R/C

= 2.25
WITH

t3= Bmax
TORQUE TUBE

Figure 16c.

E f f e c t of the r o w s p a c i n g upon t h e flow pattern.

'2.00
t-i

BOX: THETA = 0 DEG, NO FENCE STAR: THETA = 180 DEG, NO FENCE DELTA: THETA = 0 DEG, WITH FENCE

H LL

1.5a

CONFIGURATION #
Figure 1 7 a .

Influence of ai-ray field configuration and fences on collector loads.

2.00 -

BOX: THETA = -68 DEG, NO FENCE DELTA: THETA = -60 DEG, WITH FENCE

-- 17

I -

z
H
U

1.50-

FH/C = 1.07,

FS/C-= 3 . 0

t-i
b,

1.00-

0
U

t-

LL I

.50 A A
I

.0B 4.00

-.-----

6.00

8.00

CONFIGURATION #

1
10.00

BOX: THETA = 60 DEG, NO FENCE

fG t-i
1

- 1 .50

-2.00

CONFIGURATION #
Figure 17b. I n f l u e n c e of a r r a y f i e l d c o n f i g u r a t i o n and f e n c e s on c o l l e c t o r l o a d s .

BOX: THETA = -60 DEG, DELTA: THETA = -60 DEG,

NO FENCE WITH FENCE

CONFIGURATION ,3
BOX: THETA = 0 DEG, NO FENCE STAR: THETA = 180 DEG, NO FENCE
. - ' - - - - -

I . -

--

m
>-

DELTA: THETA = 8 DEG,

WITH FENCE

1.58

Z w
0

t-

FH/C = 1.07,

FS/C = 3 . 0

z
z

1.00

r :
CI)

*
.50
.OO
A
A
Ir

t H

a .

-4.00

6.00

8.00

10.00

CONFIGURATION #
F i g u r e 17c. Illfluence o f a r r a y f i e l d c o n f i g u r a t i o n and f e n c e s on c o l l e c t o r l o a d s .

BOX: LATERAL FORCE STAR: L I F T 2.0

THETA = 0 DEG THETA = -60 DEG


I
1

PSI PSI

0 DEG

0 DEG
1

1.5tW Y

FS/C = 3.0

z
0

CONFIGURATION 6
1.0-

ti L G
W

.S -

*
0

*
0
I

Qr

.0

.5

1.0

1.5

FENCE HEIGHT, FH/C


Figure 17d. Influence of array field configuration and fences on collector loads.

2.00
tZ W H LL W

BOX: WITHOUT TORQUE TUBE STAR: WITH TORQUE TUBE


1 1

1.50-

PSI = 0
0
0

p o t
0
0

tL
0

0 rY

1.00-

o
CL

*
.50

8
0

-0
o

1 W

OL

*
0 0
I

6
I

*
0
1

t-

a
--I

.OO -

_I

PITCH ANGLE

PSI

= 0

*
0 0 0

b
0
0
d

II
. )

[3

so
0

* *
1

PITCH ANGLE
F i g u r e 18a.

E f f e c t of torque tube on c o l l e c t o r 1 l o a d s .

.
BOX: WITHOUT TOROUE TUBE STAR: WITH TOROUE TUBE
I

I
.50a . >
21

PSI

PITCH ANGLE
1C

-1
PSI

.25 -

tW

z 0 z
Z

.OO

tl)

I :

t -

-.25

a .

- .S0

-180.00

L:

-90.00

"

* 0

d'

*
0

*0
0

t!

*
-

O P
0

.OO PITCH ANGLE

90.00

180.e0

Figure 18b.

E f f e c t of torque tube on collector 1 loads.

2.0,

BOX: ORIGINAL DATA, UNCORRECTED DELTA: ORIGINAL DATA, CORRECTED STAR: CORRECT DATA, WITH NO LEAK

PITCH ANGLE

PITCH ANGLE

Figure 19.

Effect of applying correction to collertor 1.

TABLES

T a b l e 1.

MOTION PICTURE SCENE GUIDE

Table 2 .

VELOCITY AND TURBULENCE INTESS IT;

PROF I L E

79.97 S O . 53

78. 41

I.'.
rt
-1

- - . ",.>r .(., 5. t'? l

FOQ

THC

C Q U D I ~ QQOQCJLICCOLLCCTOP P

E O ~ C CU

n o n c u ~C O C F F ~ C I E N T C ~

F I LE -U~IIC

~ D C L ~ I

CONFIGURRTION

i =

; ac

lo

SO

:!;cHE;

HE!GHT

EFFECT
FXP

A T

THETA ~ A I . C D L L ~ I
FzF

F I T C ~ H C L ; ~

nx P

nY P

nzP

OR79 CONFiGURATION

FOR

THE

SRYC!9

PRl?Q99L!C

COLLECTPF
L

F:>k?CE IHtHES

433

?3?E9T

C?EFF:C!E?ii3 THETA

F ! L E - N A ~ E ' ~

2 3 2

=
3

;Q q9

3E!GH: PITCH HCL/C

Q '

?lR%.COL?t2

PITCH

HCL:~

FXP

F ZP

nx P

nv P

zP

FZP

FZP

nK P

nYP

nzp

DBTA FOR CONFIGURATION


PITCH 3

THE

SAYDIA
c =

PARRBOLIC

COLLECTO~
L

FORCE
INCHES
PITCH

D O ~ E N OEFFICIENTS ~ CT

FILE-NAME:

H D C L ~ ~

2 3 4
MXP
HSP

1 0 8 0
HZP

HEIGHT
HCL/C

EFFECT R T
FXP

THETA ~ ~ X , C O L L B ~

HCL/C

FXP

FZP

FZP

RK P

UYP

fl Z P

P I TCH

HcL;C

FXP

F 72

nxp

n ;'

nZ P

PITCH

HCL/i

FXP

FZP

n%F

nY P

n zP

T a b l e 7.

LOADS FOR V A R I O U S GAP S P A C I N G S FOR C O N F I G U W T I O N 5

OGTG
CONFIGURITION

FOR

THE

SfiNDIG
C =

PARGBOLIC

COLLECT@:

FORCE
8,)
:tlCHE5

9ND
GGP

tlOtlENT

COEFFICIEtii5

2 8 0

: i t

S T l l D t . GNE

COLLECTOR

ROU

DATA

FOR

THE

SAHDIO C =

PARASO!:C

CDLLECTOP

FODCE
SO

I H D tlOVENT C O E F F ! C I E N T S
:;OP

CONFIGURRTION
PITCH

z a a
nxp nvp

= 10

INCHES
P:TCH

STUDY

.ONE
F;

CDLLECTOR

ROU

FILE-HAHE:

9DGRP2

ALTERNATE LEGS
UYP

G/C

XP

F ZP

~ Z P

G,/C

FZP

nxp

n z p

1~t)ie \).I.

I . ~ , I I ) Fov ~ R R A ) I I I LIP,
DATA THE

lcob,t.l(;ont~r

5-9;

FOR

SOHDlR

PARABOLIC

COLLECTOR
L

FORCE

OND

H O ~ E N TC O E F F I C I E N T S

FILE-NAME:

~ ~ B P O U

CCNF ! C U R A T I O N

C =
FXP
I 0

2 8 0

1 0 80 I N C H E S

FC"R

COLLECTOR

ROUS. R / C = 2 FZP
37

25

UIND
AL'IB
0

PITCH AHCLE
0

F ZP
29

RXP
03

RYP

nz P
- 10 - 22 - 20

MIND
AZIB
0

PITCH wNCCE
120

FXP
31 08

nx P
21

RYP

nzp

00

0 0 0

-30

0 0 0 0
0 3 0

00 30 0 0 - 4 5 00 4 5 00 - 6 0 00 6 0 00 - 7 5 00 7~ 0 0 -90 00 90 00 -120 0

06

37 21
48 36 46

26
10

32 47 15 29
14

41

13 86

31 99
21

14 23 10 12 26

23

00

25

68 38
14

16 07 08

13

24

- 23 - 23
25 33 12

06
25
26 18 13

10

17 14 12 01 11 08

01 06 10

-135 0 o 135 00 0 180 O f 15 0 0 0 1 5 - i d 00 15 CQ 00 15 130 00 30 1) 0 0 3 0 - 6 0 OG 30 C o 00 30 1 8 0 00

55 20 00 39 46 19 10 29 37 20

28 5a 26 27 71 26 23 32 69 15 33

02

3o

17

20
04 11

20 O3 26
02 24

11

08

10 09 01

35

22

14 08 1 4 00 16 15

00 08 04 06 08 07 09

04
13 23

06

DLTR

FOR

T H E SRWDIR

PARIBOLlC

CCLLECTOR L

F O R C E R H O ROREHT C O L ; r I C I E M ; S
86

FILE-NLBE:

nD9ROY

COUFICURLTlON 9

2 8 0
nxp 17 10 11 12 08 ~ Y P

= 13
NZP

INCHES
UIND

SIX

COLLECTOR

ROUS.
F P
36

R/C=2 29
HXP ~ Y
09

UIHD
AZIB

PITCH AHCLE

F XP
20
11 I 6 21 32 27 29 23

FZP

PITCH

FXP

BZP

0 0 0 -30 0 30 0 -45
0 0
45

00
00 00

00
OC 00

0 -10 00 0 6 0 03

o
0 0
0

-!?

- 9 0 00 90 00 -120 0

, . 00 ,

3o 24 22

10

12 73 03 72 03 46 1L 35

26 22 28 33

08 0s 22
19

35 07 23 02 41 08 - 20

- 20

1: 01

~2Itl H ~ G L E 0 1 2 1 ~0 0
0 0

-135

"2
11 34 00
25

- 03
25
19

- 14 - 07 - 10

- 16 - 01 - oa

ik 01

0
15
15 15 15 30 30 30
30

0 135 00 185 00 IJ 00 -6fi 0 0 6 0 00 180 00 (J 0 0 -b17 0 0 6 1 ~0 0


1
8

33 1I
51 17 20 18 34 2! 3 24 32 30

2 36

22 23 ' 5e 02 31 35 64 06 27

11 08 05 20 21 19
96

18 40 15 38 12 29

05 15

29
24 3 rj 05
16

20
23 35

- 2> - 91 - 29

I :!
- 2;
0$

14

- 23

10

11 18

DATR

FOR

THS

sanoIn

PnRatioLi:

COLLECTOR

FORCE

PND

nQ'!LdT

CCEFFI

CIEHTS
25 NXP

COnFIGVRATlON 6 YlnD AzIn. PITCH


F XP

C =
F ZP

2 8 0

L = l o SO INCHES
MY P

TWO

COLLECTOR
F XP

FOUS,P/t=Z FL'F

UXP

NZP

RWCLE

M!ND
AZIfl

PITCH UNGLE

DATh

FOR

THE

SAHDIA

PARABOLIC

COLLECTOR

FO2CE lHCHES

AND

tlONE!4T

COEFFlClEHTS

FILE-HAHE:

HD7ROU

CONFlCURATION 7
HIND

c
Fx P
F ZP

2.a0
nxp n yP

16.SO

THREE C O i L E C 7 D E E O a S ,
UIND
PITCH

Rt'C-2

25
MYP

AZIN.

PITCH

C\HCLE

HZP

A2IH

RNGLE

FXP

FZP

nx P

RZP

0~0000000000000300000~00c~ooooo
3 7 3 C 3
7.
3 0 0 0 > 3 3 0 3 0 0 c 3 0 0 C 3

3 C

C
? P I P 7 > ' J ? F ' l n 3 3 5:1 233 ar-r-mc.-id-mw s a w 1 I I--)-I PIPIPC I
I

u,
o

v ,

I
I

3CJ21C-117C I
I - I - -

t.)r8so\oohr-er?--rudmO)

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 D 0 m r J ~ l n 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 C
Inmyc)mPr"P)PCnr"VVtV'D 8 ' 0 1 D D W S . D . D < P D P D 8 D I L

90

Table 10a.

FENCE STUDY

FENCE
FH/ C

SPACE BETWEEN THE FENCE AND


FS/C

CONF IGURATION

ANGLE

TOAQUE TUBE

2
7

1 20
n

V without

2
3

-60 0

V without V without
\' w i t h o u t

-60
0

3
3 . 7 1 a l t fence

VI w i t h o u t

2 78
2 79 2 80
101

0 -60

V I without

0 . 7 1 alt fence
1.07

3
3
7

VI w i t h o u t
VI w i t h o u t

2 84

0.36

3
3

0 -60 0 -60 0 120

VI w i t h
V I without

2 86
2 87

0.36
0.36
0 . 7 1 a l t fence 0 . 7 1 a l t fence

3 3 3

VI w i t h o u t
VI with

288
2 89 290

VI with
VI w i t h

1.07

T a b l e lob.

FENCE STUDY (CONTINUED) File:

MDFNCl

RUN

FENCE HE I GHT FH/C

SPACE BETWEEN THE FENCE AND F I R S T COLL. ROW FS/C

PITCH ANGLE

CONFIGURATION KITH OR KITHOUT TORQUE TUBE VI with VI without


V I without V I without V I without

VII VII IX IX

withoat without without without

I X without ( $ = 3 0 )

m
1

7 .
LLI

93

Table lla.

BERM STUDY
File:
MDBEKM

SPACE BETWEEN

BERM HE I GHT
RUN #

THE BERM AND


F I R S T COLL. ROW FS/C
PITCH ANGLE

FH/C

CONFIGURATION

P r z * c w N t 2 - - O m N m

(D

I -

u
n . - c v r c \ p c u

01

U .
I . .
W

0
r.1

0
U

w
2

u .

n
r)

a
' C

w
X
C

l .

- I
0 2 0

CCC6OImFm6CIF

rn~owmmmwm~rn
a

a - I

Y.

- w a
3

x
m s
W

S W
UJ

Y?
I

I-U

C I I - I C - U > C - y l ~ U ~ ~ 3 0

Table 14.

EFFECT OF HEIGHT HCL ON SINGLE COLLECTOR PITCHING MOMENT COEFFICIENTS AT 8 = 0, $ = 0 (CONFIGURATIONS 1-4)
!Inn : ~ D C D H I CPIIF I C I ! F A T I O N 2
C

CONFIGLIRATION

1 L I T

FILE

FILE

NRRE : R O C O H 2

C =

2 8 0

10 8 0 TVETR=O,COLLRl

32
EFFECT HCLiC

L I T

10.80 THETI=O,COLLDZ

HEIGHT P l TCH RIlCLE

EFFECT tlCL/C

HEIGHT
MYF NYC

ilYP

MY8

PITCH HHCLE

ll Y P

MY8

MYF

ttYG

COtIFIGURITIOH 3

FILE

WORE: R D C D U 3

C O t I F l CUROT I O N 4 C = 3 0 0 L

FILE

N I H E : HDCDtl4

= 10 8 0
THETI=O.COLLN4 UYP

HEIGHT EFFECT PITCH (IllCLE HCL/C

I T
~

THETR=O,COLL#3
Y P

HE!CHT PITCH riMtLE

E F F E C T AT HCLiC

MY0

~ Y B

MYF

HYC

T a b l e 15.

EFFECT OF HEIGHT HCL O SINGLE COLLECTION PITCHING MOMENT N COEFFICIENTS AT 0 -0 , $ = 0 (CONFIGURATIONS 1 - 4 ) max
CONFICURRTIOH

2
L I T

FILE

NoM5: MDCLn2

C =

2 9 2

10

8 0 tlAX,COLL12
~ Y B
HYF

HEIGHT

EFFECT

THETR
HYP

PITCH HCL/C n~l2LE

n v t

COHFIGUQII ION

3 L OT

F I L E HAHE :tlDCLtl3
=
10.83 IHETO HIX.COLLI3 PITCH AHCLE HCL/C
MYP

2 - 4
E'FECT

HEIGHT

nYF

MYc

T a b l e 16a.

MATRIX OF S I N G L E COLLECTOR PITC.IING MOMENT C O E F F I C I E N T S AT HCL/C = KI (COIIFIGIJRATION 1)

C U I I F I C ~ J R R T I tI O

I
L =

; LE N A U F : M D I
10 8 0
ANGLE HYG

C =
OWE

2 8 0
SINGLE

COLLECTOR ,RIfl

15
1: 15

(J

113
f ~ 0
f)h

-6:
1811
- 1 ,

65 00 00 00 15 0 0 - 2 9 00 3 0 90 -45.00 4 5 00 - 6 (J ( J (1 6 0 fJ0 -6506 4 5 00 - , 5 1, 0 7 5 90 -73 ' . ' O 90 00 - 1 3 5 t.10 13500 IEO 00 0 00 - 6 5 00 65 00 10'100 0 00 - 1 5 0 0 1 5 00 -3U U o 30 00 - 4 5 00 4 5 00 - 6 0 o0 6 0 00

15
30

.?O

30 30 30 30 30 3J

30
30 30

30 10
3:'

::

30

15 45
4 5 45 60 60 4 (I

bc'

60 60

cc
J '

60

T a b l e 16b.

MATRIX O F S I N G L E COLLECTOR PITCHING MOMENT C O E F F I C I E N T S AT HCL/C = K~ (CONFIGURATION 2 )

"able 16c.

MATRIX 9F SINGLE COLLECTOR PITCHING MOMENT COEFFICIENTS AT HCL/C = KI (CONFIGURATION 3)

COtIFItVRATION
C

FILE

NAME : R D C O L 3

94

L =

10 60
fltICLE=6S

OtlE S I N G L E C O L C E t T O R , R l I I

0 00 -15.00 15.00
-30

00

3 u 00
-45.00 45.'.'C -b"O hu 60 -70.00

7 0 rjo - 7 5 00 7 5 , 00 -93 00 ' 3 1 ~ 00 . -1 35.00 13S.00 1eo.00 11 rj 0


-70
0

00
00

:0.00 103 90
-70 00 7 0 uo 100 00

Table 1Gd.

MATRIX OF SINGLE COLLECTOR PITCHING MOMENT COZFFICIENTS AT HCL/C = K I (CONFIGURATION 4)

C O I I T I ClJRfiT IOII

FILE N O M E : n D C O L 4 10.80

C =
ONE

3 v O

L =

S l ! I C L E C O L L E C T O R , R I 14 A W G L E = 1 2 0
PITCH
fly P

IIitID k;rn

ANGLE

hYB

It Y

fly C

Table 17.

PITCHING MOMENT COEFFICIENTS FOR VARIOUS GAP SPACINGS (CONFIGURATION 5)

C@tIFlCl!R~TIOW 5

FILE

HRHE : t f D l P 0 0

r; =

2 817

= 1 0 80

C ~ F T n n Y . UIIE C O L L E C T O R R O N S

'1 .

0
C'. l
J il J

0 0
$1

0
1 '.

-6 5
-65 .L5 .55
-65

-65

CONFltLlRRT1ON 5

r:

80

FlLE 10.80

HRRE : f l D S O P 2

CAP

S T U D Y t 6 L T E R H 6 T E LEGS

T a b l e 18.

PITCHING MOMENT COEFFICIENTS FOR ESTABLISHMENT OF ROW SPACING R (CONFIGURATION 9)

C O t I F l C l ~ P A TO N f I

FILE

HRflE:RDRZ . O

IIItiD
ii;

In

PITCH fitlr;LE

!lY P

my8

RYF

R O V STUDY, ROU SPRC I N C - 2


YIHO k Z l M

5+t

PITCH PNCLE

RYP

RYR

nY F

n:c .

C O t I T I C l ~ R ~ T I O9 N

FILE

t l f l f l E ~ M D R 3 .0

C =

2 0 0

L = 10 8 0
SPACIMC*3

RDU STUDY,ROU UIND k z l n PlTCH 9NCLE

O*C
RY9

HYP

HYF

MYC

Table 19a.

PITCHING MOMENT COEFFICIENTS FOR W (CONFIGURATION 5)


CDltFICURRTION 5 C L 2 8 0 L = F I L E H h H E IMDED I T 10.80

Y FIELDS

OHE ROY OF THREE C O L L E C T O R S t C / C = . 5 3 6

dIUD
AZIM

PITCH ANGLE

MYP

MY8

MYF

MY C

Table 1 9 b .

PITCHING MOMENT COEFFICIENTS FOR ARRAY FIELDS (CONFIGURATIONS 6-7)

COtIFlCfIPQT I O N 6

FILE

HRME t H D 6 R O U

1 0

10

eo
29

TUD

COLLECTOR

ROUS*R/C'2

COIIFI tlJRI2TIOH

FILE

MARE:RD7QOU

80

10 8 0

THEEE

COLLELTOR

ROUS,R/C=Z

25

Table 19c.

PITCHING MOMENT COEFFICIENTS FOR ARRAY FIELDS (CONFIGURATIONS 8-9)


F I L E NRNE :flD8ROY

COHFlGURflT IOH 8

C e

2 8 0

10.80

FOUR COLLECTOR R O U S t R / C a 2 . 2 5

COtlFl GURRTIOH 9
C =

F I L E Ht2ME I M D S R O U 10.80

2 8 0

L =

$1): C O L L E C T O R R O U S , R / C . 2
WIND

25
MY@ RYF
UYG

AZItl

PITCH UNCLE

flYP

T a b l e 20.

E F F E C T S OF FENCES AND BERMS ON ARRAY F I E L D S , PITCHISG MOMENT COEFF ICI ENTS


FILE
HfiRE:PlDFHCE

C =
FEtICE
RI! tI 4

2 9 0
STUDY

L =

10.80

HYP

HYB

HY F

ll Y C

F l LE

NiINE :RDFHC 1

C =
FENCE

2.80
STUDY

10.80

FILE

HfitlE: flDBERR

BEfil4

STUDY

Table 21.

PITCHING MOMENT COEFFICIENTS WITH A TORQUE TUBE (CONFIGURATION 1)

CPIIFI CL!f:ATION

r:

2.89
:UPE

FILE NAME:flDTORl
10.89

'PF'IVE

EFFECTS,

C D L L # l QLOtlE

VItID 2 I

PITCH rlt4GLF:

M t'P

H Y E!

If YF

/!'I

DISTRIBUTION:

S o l a r T o t a l Energy Program Amcr i c a n T e c h n o l o g i c a l U n i v e r s i t y P. 0. Box 1 4 1 6 K i l l e e n , TX 76541 Attn: B. L . Hale Arqonne N a t i o n a l L a b o r a t o r y 3700 S o u t h C a s s Avenue Argonne, I L 60439 W . W. S c h e r t z Attn: R. W i n s t o n
D r . A. Ealakrishnan Acros;>ace Systems D i v i s i o n :\cu~-cx C o r p o r a t i o n 485 C l y d e Avenue M o u n t a l n V i e w , CA 94042

J . P h i l i p Dechob. Columbia Gas S e r v i c e S17stem 1 6 0 0 D u b l i n Road C o l u m b u s , OIi 4 3 2 1 5

(3)

Danny D e f f e n k a u c h Southwest Research I n s t i t u t e 6 2 2 0 C u l e b r a Road S a n A n t o n i o , TX 7 8 2 8 4 Hans Dehne A c u r e x Corporation 485 C l y d e Avenue M o u n t a l n V i e w , CA 3 4 0 4 2 Nark Dilello G e n e r a l E l e c t r i c Company7 (Rn. ? On56 ) P . 0 . Box 8 6 6 1 P h i l a d e l p h i a , PA 1 3 1 0 1 Vince D~I)~.,..A B l d q . 11 G e n e r a l E l e c t l - i c Conpan:: P . 0 . Box 8 6 6 6 P h i l a d e l p h i a , PA 1 9 1 0 1 EPRI 3412 H i l l v i e w Avenue P a l o A l t o , CA 94303 Attr.: J . E. B i a g e r Edison E l e c t r i c I n s t i t u t e 90 P a r k Avenue lOOlG New Y o r k , N Y Attn: L. 0. E l s a e s s e r , Director o f R e s e a r c h Bernard Eldridae Jacobs-Del S o l a r Sl.stens, 2 5 1 S o u t h Lake Avenue P a s a d e n a , CA 9 1 1 0 1 Energy I n s t i t u t e 1 7 0 0 L a s Lomas A l b u q u e r q u e , NM 8 7 1 31 Attn: J. D r i t t A l b e r t Fona The B M C o r p o r a t i o n D 2 6 0 0 Yale B o u l e v a r d S E A l b u q u e r q u e , NM 87106

lie>-inan B a n k B l ( ! c . 5 3 6 , Rm. 3 4 0 Jet Propulsion Laboratory 133 North Altadena Drive P a s a d e n a , CA 9 1 1 0 3 2citte11e ?lemorlal I n s t l t u t e P a c l f l c Northwest Laboratory P . 0. Box 9 9 9 R l c k l a n d , WA 99352 Attn: K. Drumheller Joe Bogetich II\.pt'rion , I n c . 7214 V a l t e c C o u r t B o u l d e r , CO 8 0 3 0 1 Lynn B r o c k kiarrlson Radiator Division G e n e r a l Yotors C o r p o r a t i o n L o c k ~ 3 r t , NY 1 4 0 9 4 Brookhaven N a t i o n a l L a b o r a t o r y Associated Universities, Inc. U p t o n , L I , NY 11973
Grcr] Brucker Suntec Systems 2 1 0 1 ;;'addale D r i v e S t . P a u l , EI:J 55119

Inc.

D r . Jack Cherne Energy Systems Group TRW, I n c . One S p a c e P a r k R e d o n d o B e a c h , CA 90278

Mark G e l d e r l o o s H. A. Williams and A s s o c i a t e s 9 8 0 W. H e n d e r s o n C o l u m b u s , OH 4 3 2 2 0

Ceornia I n s t i t u t e o f Technology F i t l a n t a , GA 3 0 3 3 2 At-tn: J . D. Iqalton G e o r g i a P o w e r Company 270 P e a c h t r e e P . 0 . Box 4 5 4 5 , T i t l a n t & , GA 30302 Attr,: Hensley V i c e P r e s i d e n t Economics <:ervices
it!.

I. E a r l Lewis Westerx Decrelopaent Labor2to:-ics Division F o r d A e r o s p a c e G C o n ~ ~ ic?t if-':! un : ; Corporati o ; ~ 3 4 3 9 F a b i a n \\;a:.. P a l o A l t o , CA 9 4 3 0 3 L o s A l a m o s S c i e n t i f i c i , ~ b o : - ~ t . o (r ~ ~ ~ L o s A l a ~ ; l o s , :::: 8 7 5 4 5 Attn: J . D . Balcornb D . D. Ban:,:ston D. F . G r i r , n e r
' I

Ceorqc Goranson V i k ~ n qS o l a r S ~ ~ s t e m sI ,n c . 3 4 6 7 Occan Vlcw Blvd. S l e n d a l e , CA 91209 S h e l l e y Gordon Chllton Enuineering 1 5 7 0 L i n d a Way S p a r k s , NV 8 9 5 1 2 Gopal Gupta T o s t e r \ < i h e e l e r Del.relopnent C o r ? . 1 2 P e a c h T r e e H i l l Road I,l7v1nc;ston, N J 07033
Dr.

James ?iag i n n i s
Team, I n c . 1 4 0 I./. Broadb:ai9 = 4 1 T u c s o n , AZ 85701 NASA-Lewis R e s e a r c h Center C l e v e l a n d , OH 44135 Attn: R . r!yland
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(;i 1 ki~----cra D e l M a n u f a c t u r i n g Company 9 0 5 M o n t e r e y P a s s Road M o n t e r e y P a r k , CA 91754

Gus fiutchlnson Solar F:~nctlcs,Inc. 8 1 2 0 C h a n c e l l o r Row D a l i a s , TX 75247


Yr. L e o n a r d J a f f e S t o p 507-228 J c t Propulsion Laboratory 4 8 0 0 Oak G r o v e D r i v e P a s a d e n a , CA 9 1 1 0 3

Oak R i d c j e N a t l o n a l L a b o r a t o r y . P . 0 . Box Y Oak R i d c c , TS 37830 Attn: J. R. R l ~ \ ~ l n s C . V. C h e s t e r J . ; hnson o S. I . Kaplan

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O f f i c e of T e c h n o 1 o n : - A s s e s s ~ e c : U. S . C o n q r s s s L J a s h i n g t o n , D. C . 20516 Attn: D r . F. K e l l : ; PRC E n e r q l - A n a l y s i s C c . 7 6 0 0 O l d S p r i n a House Rd. McLean, V A 27102 K. T. C h e r i a n Attn: S o l a r Energy Research I n s t l t u t c 1 5 3 6 C o l e BL7:d. G o l d e n , CO 8 0 4 0 1 Attn: C. J . Blshou K . Bro!:'n B . i. R u t l e r Y. D . Cotltnn Z. Flncc:old B. P. Gupta D. K e a r n f ~ y r . 1:relth A. Rabl J. Thornton L. M r l q H. Luaffenhurqcr Library (2)

,Jet Propulsion Laboratory 4 8 0 0 Oak G r o v e D r i v e I ' ; ~ s a d c n ; l , CA 31103 At-tn: V . C. T r u s c e l l o


Lawr c n c c B e r k e l e y L a b o r a t o r y , - n i v c r s ~ t y o f California

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i X c r k e l c \ . , CA 94720 Attn: iLi. W a l l i q 1,awrcnce Llverrnore L a b o r a t o r y I ' n i \ ~ e r s l t yo f C a l l f o r n l a P . 0 . Box 8 C 8 L l v c r r n o r e , CA 9 4 5 0 0 Attn: W. C . C l c k l n s o n

[Ioward S t e e l e S t o p 507-239 Jet Propulsion Laboratory 4 8 0 0 Oak G r o v e D r i l . r e P a s a d e n a , CA 9 1 1 0 3 S . Department o f Enerqlr (6) Albuquerque Operations O f f i c e P . 0. Box 5 4 0 0 A l b u q u e r q u e , NM 8 7 1 8 5 Attn: D. L. Krenz D. Graves G. N. Pappas C . B. Q u i n n J . R . Roder J. Welsiger
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Lee E. W i l s o n Energetics Corporation 8 3 3 E . A r a p a h o Road S u i t e 202 R i c h a r d s o n , TX 7 5 0 8 1 S t a n Youngblood Acurex Corporation 485 C l y d e Avenue N o u n t a i n V i e w , CA 9 4 0 4 2 C. W i n t e r C. N. G a b r i e l S. B. M a r t i n R . S . Pinkharn G . M . Heck A. Narath J. H. S c o t t G. E . B r a n d v o l d B . W. P l a r s h a l l R. P . S t r o m b e r s R. H . B r a a s c h n. G. S c h u e l e r H. N . P o s t V . L. Dugan J . V. O t t s J. F. Banas R. L. Champlon S. Thunborg W . P. S c h i m r n e l J. A. Leonard D. E. R a n d a l l ( 2 5 ) K. Kally J. K. Galt F. L . Vook 0 . E. J o n e s H . C. H a r d e e R . C. R e u t e r , J r . D. E. S h u s t e r A. A. L i e b e r M . M. Newsom R . C. Maydew H. I?. V a u g h n C. K . P e t e r s o n S . McAlees, J r . D . D . McBr l d e ( 1 0 ) R. E. T a t e Pi. R. B a r t o n J. K. C o l e G. J. Sin~mons R. S . C l a a s s e n M. J. Davis H. J . S a x t o n F . P. G e r s t l e E. A . Aas W. G. Wilson T . L. W e r n e r ( 4 ) W . L. G a r n e r ( 3 ) F o r DOE/TIC (Unlimited Release)

S. Department o f Energy D l v l s ~ o no f E n e r g y S t o r a a e Syr;tems kiashlngton, D. C. 20545 A t t n : J. Cahlmer


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S. Department o f Energy D l v l s l o n of S o l a r T h c r m a l Cncr(;l7 S y s t e m s l i l a s h l n q t o n , D . C. 20545 :it t ! :~ R . fi. A n n a n G . W. Braun >I.U. G u t s t e i n J . E. K a n n e l s . 1711e r ,J. D o l l a r d
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350 S . ' C l q c u r o a S t r e e t , Suite 2 8 5 L o s t \ n g e l e s , CA 9 0 0 7 1 Attn: Fred Glaski


U. S . De?artment o f E n e r g y San r r a n c i s c o O p e r a t i o n s O f f i c e 1 33 3 Eoradway , W e 1 i s F a r q o B l d g .

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I l n l v p r s i t y o f Dcl a w a r e r n s t 1 t u t e of F : n e r s l 9 C o n v e r s i o n N e w a r k , Dl: 13711 Attn: K . W . BDer I j n l v e r s i t y o f New M e x i c o ( 2 ) D e p a r t m e n t o f M e c h a n i c a l Eng Alt ~ q u c r q u e , NM 87113 W. A . C r o s s Attn: M . F:. W i l d e n R o b e r t W. bleaver Jet Propulsion Laboratory 4 8 0 0 Oak G r o v e D r i v e P a s a d e n a , CA 3 1 1 0 3

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