Home Work 2

Applications for 1 d.o.f. Structures

Requirements for the Work no. 2 Obtain the seismic spectral response and the seismic response according to Earthquake Engineering Code P100-2006 response (expressed as axial forces diagrams, shear forces diagrams and bending moment diagrams) for the next structures: a) Structures, common to all students, conforming to Appendix II. b) Structures, different from student to student, conforming to Appendix IIIa and Appendix IIIb. Notes: - The data for the work for each student is chosen from the data models in any allowable combination. Other values or relations might be imposed. - All the students must solve a number (usually five) of the structures in Appendix II using the data given by the classroom coordinator. The structures to be solved are imposed also by the coordinator. - For the first three problems, the influence of shear forces and axial forces will be taken into account. For the rest of the problems, only the influence of the bending moment will be accounted. - Each student must solve at least one problem from Appendix IIIa and/or from Appendix IIIb using the data given by the classroom coordinator. The choice of the problem is usually depending of the number n. For this work (Work no. 2), the mass notated with m2 will be removed and the mass notated with m1 will be notated simpler m. - Always use the international system of units (i.e. N, kg, m, s). In the case there is data given in different units, please transform it into the international system. - More or different structures might be imposed by your classroom coordinator. - The work is normally given during the first week of the semester. The time to solve the work is eight weeks. Data for each student: n current number in the list of the group of students (usually from 1 to 30). E Youngs modulus (modulus of elasticity, elastic modulus, tensile modulus, longitudinal modulus of elasticity) of structural members. E = 2.1106 daN/cm2, or E = 2.9105 daN/cm2, or E = 2.65105 daN/cm2. G shear modulus (transversal modulus of elasticity) of structural members. G = 0.4 E

I moment of inertia of structural members. Version 1: I = 104 cm4, or I = 5104 cm4, or I = 75103 cm4 etc. Version 2: I = (10+n) 103 cm4, or I = (10+2n) 103 cm4 etc. A sectional area of structural members. Version 1: Supposing a square section with edge b for structural members and knowing that = then = 2 = 12 . 12 Version 2: Be a rectangular section with edges b and h for structural members. Knowing that =
3 12 4

and considering, for example, = 40 cm, or

3

= 50 cm, or = 60 cm then = = 122 . A reduced sectional area of structural members. A = A / 1.2 l length of a span or of a structural member. Version 1: l = 3 m, or l = 4 m, or l = 5 m etc. Version 2: l = (3+0.1n) m, or l = (4+0.05n) m, or l = (6-0.1n) m etc. h height of a level/structure or of a structural member. Version 1: h = 3 m, or h = 4 m, or h = 5 m etc. Version 2: h = (3+0.1n) m, or h = (4+0.05n) m, or h = (6-0.1n) m etc. m the lamped mass of the structure Version 1: m = 105 kg, or m = 5105 kg, or m = 106 kg etc. Version 2: m = (10+n) 104 kg, or m = (10+2n) 104 kg etc.

Figure 2.1. Peak ground acceleration, with 100 years return period (P100-2006)

ag peak ground acceleration, with 100 years return period, conforming to the Romanian Earthquake Engineering Code P100-2006, depending on structures location (see Figure 2.1)

ag = 0.08g or 0.12g or 0.16g or 0.20g or 0.24g or 0.28g or 0.32g where g = 9.81 m/s2 is the gravity acceleration. I class of importance of the structure I = 0.8 or 1.0 or 1.2 or 1.4

Figure 2.2. Corner period (P100-2006)

TC corner period of the design response spectrum, conforming P100-2006 (see Figure 2.2) TC = 0.7s or 1.0s or 1.6s TB corner period of the design response spectrum, conforming P100-2006 TB = 0.1 TC TD corner period of the design response spectrum, conforming P100-2006 TD = 3s or 2s A relation between the corner (or control) periods is given in Table 2.1.
Table 2.1. Relation between the corner periods (P100-2006) Corner periods values (s) TB TC TD 0.07 0.7 3 0.1 1.0 3 0.16 1.6 2

(T) normalized elastic spectrum, defined as follows (P100-2006):

0 < <

= 1 + = 0 = 0

0 1

< = 0 2 The above relations can be graphically represented for the three different sets of corner periods (P100-2006), see Figures 2.3, 2.4, 2.5 and 2.6. Se the elastic acceleration response spectrum (P100-2006) for 5% structural damping Se = ag (T)

Figure 2.3. Normalized elastic spectrum for TC = 0.7s

Figure 2.4. Normalized elastic spectrum for TC = 1.0s

Figure 2.5. Normalized elastic spectrum for TC = 1.6s

Figure 2.6. Normalized elastic spectrum for TC = 0.7s in Banat areas with ag=0.16g or 0.20g

Sd the design inelastic acceleration response spectrum (P100-2006) 0 1 0 = 1 + q is the structures behavior factor (P100-2006). It depends on the structural system, the number of stories, ductility class etc. Version 1: q = 4, or q = 5 or q = 6 etc. Version 2: q = 4 or q = 5 , and = 1 or = 1.15 or = 1.35 etc. < = correction factor that shows the importance of the first mode of vibration = 1 (applies to 1 d.o.f. structure) or = 0.85 (for structures with more than one span and one level)
1 1 1 1 1

Fb shear force at the base of the structure (P100-2006) that is statically applied along the degree of freedom in order to obtain the response. = For obtaining a spectral elastic response, the next relation should be applied = where FS is the seismic force statically applied along the degree of freedom. S(T) is the value corresponding to T (period of vibration) from an acceleration response spectrum of a past earthquake. See Figures 2.7, 2.8 and 2.9. Usualy the 5% curves are employed. m is the mass of the structure. Because the use of logarithmic graphical representations is relatively difficult to handle, an example is shown bellow, referring to Figure 2.8:
Be the period of vibration T = 2.737 s. In order to obtain the spectral value from El-Centro NS earthquake, corresponding to T, S(T), a first problem is to obtain the position on the horizontal axis for this period. Therefore a measurement of one of the closest points on the horizontal axis must be performed. In Figure 2.8, the point of period equal to 100 s (1 s) was chosen as reference point. Measuring the distance to the origin, it was obtained a = 66.2 mm. Now the next relation could be written log 100 log 102 a = log log 102 x From the relation above results x = 80.7 mm. The vertical (dotted line) on this point was raised until it intersected the El-Centro NS spectral curve. Then the horizontal (dotted line) was drawn to meet the vertical axis. The measurement y was 43.4 mm while for the spectral value 100 m/s2 (1 m/s2) it was b = 47.2 mm. Therefore the next is true: log 100 log 102 b = log () log 102 y This lead to S(T) = 0.692 m/s2 = 69.2 gal.

An example of solving a 1 d.o.f structure is presented next.

Figure 2.7. E/W, N/S, and U/D acceleration response spectra (5% damping) for Vrancea 1977 earthquake

Figure 2.8. Comparison between Kobe NS and El-Centro acceleration response spectra

Figure 2.9. Acceleration spectra for different values of damping for Vrancea NS 1977 earthquake

EXAMPLE OF SOLVING A 1 D.O.F. STRUCTURE

Be the structure from Figure 2.10. The requirements are those shown at the beginning of the Work no.2, page 23. m C 2EI D EI B 3 4 4

3EI A

Figure 2.10. The 1 d.o.f. structure to be solved

Data:

E = 2.1106 daN/cm2 = 2.11011 N/m2 I = 105 cm4 = 10-3 m4 m = 106 kg I = 1, q = 5 TC = 0.7 s = 1. In order to solve the structure, three main steps must be followed: A. To obtain the dynamic characteristics of the structure. B. To calculate the seismic forces. C. To obtain the seismic response (bending moments diagrams).

A. Dynamic characteristics
The dynamic characteristics for a 1 d.o.f. structure are: Circular frequency Period of vibration Frequency (s) (rad/s)

where k the stiffness, defined as the force along the degree of freedom that is imposing a displacement equal to one along that degree of freedom. the flexibility, defined as the displacement along the degree of freedom due to a force equal to one acting along that degree of freedom. The flexibility is the inverse of the stiffness, i.e.

Based on definition, to calculate the flexibility, a force equal to one is applied along the degree of freedom, Figure 2.11.
1

Figure 2.11. The principle of the flexibility

Due to the state of load, a bending moment diagram like that in Figure 2.12 will be obtained. The force is notated first without a bar above (to show real action) and a second time with a bar above (to show a virtual action).

Figure 2.12. Bending moment diagrams obtained due to the force equal to one

The Mohr-Maxweel formula can be applied to obtain the flexibility

where M is the bending moment, Q is the shear force and N is the axial force; the three dots are showing the possibility to take into account the influence of other forces components to the flexibility. For this example, only the bending moment is

taken into account. The actual integration is not performed as instead the Vereshchagins diagrams multiplication rule is used. This rule is stating that being given two diagrams of the same beam in two loading cases, the result of the integral from Mohr-Maxwell relation is equal to the area of the first diagram multiplied by the value in the second diagram corresponding to the center of gravity from the first diagram. Therefore the next goal is to solve (obtain the bending moment diagram) of the structure under the loading from Figure 2.12. For this goal, the next nine steps must be followed. 1. Degree of indeterminacy:

where is the number of external links; number of beams. 2. Choice of a basic system:

is the number of internal links;

is the

Four basic systems (statically determined) are shown in Figure 2.13.

1 1

BS

BS

X1 X2

X1

X2

X2 X1 1 1 X2 X1 BS BS X2

X1

Figure 2.13. Four possible basic systems

The upper right second basic system from the Figure 2.13 has been selected for this example.

3. Writing the system of equations:

where and i direction (degree of freedom) of the displacement to be calculated j direction (degree of freedom) of the applied force (equal to one) p is showing a relation to external force. 4. Diagrams needed for calculation of systems coefficients from the above step: Bending moments diagrams for unknowns equal to one and for external actions are shown in Figures 2.14, 2.15 and 2.16.
4/7

5 4

11/14

VA=1/7

VB=1/7

Figure 2.14. Action, reactions and bending moment diagram for X 1 = 1

4 4

5 4

Figure 2.15. Action, reactions and bending moment diagram for X 2 = 1

1
8/7

16/7

VA=4/7

VB=4/7

Figure 2.16. External action, reactions and bending moment diagram

5. Calculation of coefficients from the system of equations:

6. Solving the system of equations:

The system is written

and solutions are

7. Drawing the final diagram of bending moments: Firstly the reactions to the unknowns and external force acting on the basic system are determined, conforming to Figure 2.16.
1

X1=1.26300

HA=0.866154

X2=0.13385

VA=0.39100

VB=0.39100

Figure 2.16. Reactions to the unknowns and external force acting on the basic system

Based on the above actions and reactions the final bending moment diagram is drawn. 1.028614 0.535385

0.11719

1.26300
Figure 2.17. The final bending moment diagram

8. Verifications on the final bending moment diagram:

9. Calculation of the flexibility:

1.663768

m/N.

It is known from Statics that, in calculation of flexibility involving two statically undetermined structures, the result is unchanged if one of the diagrams is that from the determined structure (the basic system). Therefore the flexibility calculated above can be also obtained as follows.

1.663768

m/N.

Because the flexibility has been determined, the dynamic characteristics can be calculated. rad/s s

Hz

B. Calculate the seismic forces

B.1. For obtaining a spectral elastic response, the next relation should be applied (see details at the beginning of Part II of this book) The spectral value (for T = 0.559 s) is determined from the spectrum ElCentro in Figure 2.8. To obtain the position on the horizontal axis for this period

and from it, x = 57.8 mm was obtained. Then, the height y = 60.5 mm to the graphic of El-Centro was measured. After that the spectral value is calculated from

Finally, S(T) = 3.6607 m/s2 was determined. Therefore Fs = 3.6607 106 N = 3661 kN. B.2. The shear force at the base of the structure (P100-2006)

Because the period of vibration is T = 0.559 s, then from Figure 2.3. showing the normalized elastic spectrum for TC = 0.7s, it results (T) = 0 = 2.75. Then, the elastic spectral value is Se = ag (T) = 0.2 9.81 2.75 = 5.3955 m/s2. The inelastic spectral value Sd(T) = Se / q =5.3955 /5 = 1.0791 m/s2. The force at the base becomes Fb = I Sd(T) m = 1 1.0791 106 1 = 1.0791106 N = 1079 kN.

C. Seismic response (bending moments diagrams)

C.1. Seimic response using a spectrum from an earthquake The bending moment diagram for Fs = 3661 kN will be identical to the diagram acted by a force equal to one and multiplied by 3661, as shown in Figure 2.18.

3661 kN
429

3766

1960

kNm
4623
Figure 2.18. Bending moment diagram of the structure loaded with the seismic force calculated from El-Centro N-S 1940 acceleration response spectrum 5%

C.2. Seismic response conforming P100-2006 The bending moment diagram for Fb = 1079 kN will be identical to the diagram acted by a force equal to one and multiplied by 1079, as shown in Figure 2.19. 578

1079 kN
126

1110

kNm
1363
Figure 2.19. Bending moment diagram of the structure loaded with the seismic force calculated conforming to P100-2006, Romanian Earthquake Engineering Code