Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Tourism Development in
Naga City
The report you are about to read was Planning practices depend much on
written by MA-level graduate students political institutions, guiding policies,
and submitted to the Naga City procedural rules and programs that are
Government and relevant stakeholder shaped by governance practices and
groups to partially fulfill the cultures. A studio course design
requirements in PLAN 548H – Planning optimizes the learning and teaching of
Studio Course in Participatory Planning lessons derived from the real world of
and Governance. This was a graduate planning-governance nexus. Hence, the
program course offered at the School of course was designed to be experiential,
Community and Regional Planning dialogic, interactive, and community-
(SCARP) at the University of British based. It was structured as a mutual
Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, Canada learning experiment for students and
and conducted in the summer of 2007 the Naga City planners, officials, and
in Naga City. The course offering was a residents.
first in many ways. It was the first field
studio course at SCARP offered in the Thus, the course general learning
Philippines. The course description, objectives for the twenty Canadian and
outline and schedule of activities were international graduate students were
developed with Naga City Planning to:
Division, other City officials, and the • Understand and appreciate the
Ateneo de Naga Centre for Local real world of planning challenges
Governance. It also benefited from in a developing country;
students’ feedback and assessment of • Provide meaningful inputs to
initial interests. The topics of the final Naga City planning processes and
group report assignments were decided implementation plans;
after the first class meeting with Naga • Create a new generation of
City Mayor, Hon. Jesse Robredo, who planners who bring in their
outlined his City’s strategic planning thoughtful analytical skills into
priorities and his hopes of what the creative and practical solutions.
UBC students can do as he puts it, in • Bring lessons from Naga City and
helping “reinvent City governance.” the Philippines as a whole to
places, sites and cultures in their
Why a Studio Course in Participatory future planning work.
Planning and Governance? More specifically, the students were
Professional planners-in-training need expected to be able to:
exposure and experience in the • Provide sustainable, low-cost
challenges that face many developing and effective recommendations
countries. The transnational flows of to promote good change in Naga
people, ideas, services, movements and City;
goods around the world make those • Demonstrate and apply their
challenges almost universal in interdisciplinary planning skills
character, if not in dimension and in local governance issues;
scale. Planning is inextricably and • Write thoughtful and well-
organically linked with governance. researched planning reports that
Naga City officials and staff, as Reports submitted to the City
well as community groups, can Government. The six reports are:
use in their current and future (1) Quality Universal Public
work. Education
(2) Youth Development Planning
Why a Studio Course in Naga City? (3) Urban Agriculture
Naga is a mid-size city of 150,000 (4) Investment Promotion
residents in Bicol region, central (5) Transportation, and
Philippines. It is internationally and (6) Social Housing for the Urban
nationally renowned as among the Poor
“best practices” in good local Each of these reports were developed
governance in the Philippines and in in close consultation with the course
the developing world. Naga City has instructor and the relevant City
maximised the opportunities for Officials, as the students went about
governance reform, local capacity framing their research questions,
building, and improved delivery of identifying their data needs, doing
basic services created by political interviews, leading focus groups,
decentralization under the Local collecting and analyzing data, and
Government Code. Since 1988, Naga writing the final drafts that served as
City has been creating and bases of the students’ public
implementing various mechanisms to presentations to the City on June 6 and
involve local organized groups, 7. As there are some groups that have
particularly from the marginalized more members than others, and as
sectors of society, in governing the each of the groups went about
city. Its City Government has been developing its own methodological and
working closely with the highly analytical frameworks suited to their
functional People’s Council and various topics, it is expected that there will be
other Councils, Committees, Special some variations and diversity in their
Bodies, and Task Forces to deal with final outputs. The research and writing
local governance issues – from social that went in the preparation of these
housing for the poor to creating reports spanned only a period of three
sustainable social enterprises, from weeks, from May 17 to June 7. More
addressing school board governance to time and more consultations would
using new information communication have greatly improved the quantity and
technologies in creating closer relations quality of our data and analysis. We did
between the people and the city the best that we can under the limited
government. This long history of public circumstances, and we apologise for
engagement and capable leadership any mistakes, gaps in analysis, and
continuity make Naga City an ideal and oversights that our reports may have.
productive laboratory for examining the We provide our insights and
promises and challenges of recommendations without any strings
democratizing planning in a rapidly attaches or expectation that they will
growing and complex city environment. be adopted by the City
Leonora C. Angeles
Associate Professor
School of Community and Regional
Planning
University of British Columbia
Naga City, Philippines, June 7, 2007
Table of Contents
EXECUTIVE SUMARY
1.0 CONTEXT
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Organization of Report
1.3 Background of Problem
1.4 Goals & Objectives
1.5 Methods of data collection
1.6 Constraints & Challenges
6.0 CONCLUSIONS
7.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY
3.2 Enhancing Public Spaces and 3.3 Case Study: Oakridge Centre Mall,
Community Inclusively Through Vancouver, B.C. Canada
Collaborative Development Project (www.vancouver.ca/oakridge)
Partnerships
New development benefits the business
owners and investors but can also
benefit the greater public community.
In balancing business interests and the
public interest, City officials are often
placed in a position of mediation
between encouraging investment and
protecting the public interest. Both
private and public sectors have
distinctive, but potentially
complementary, parts to play.
Businesses main goals are to maximize
profits and to seek opportunity for
market penetration. Public sectors
(Oakridge Center Mall, Vancouver Canada) for general public consultation and
engagement. They are held in the
Oarkridge Centre Mall is a medium- community where the project will
scale commercial retail mall located be developed. The Community Open
within a residential community. The House is sponsored by the developer
owners of the mall approached the City but coordinated by the City. The
of Vancouver to seek opportunities to community is encouraged to raise
redevelop and have requested a issues and ideas for the proposed
planning program to re-examine the development. Information about
potential of the site. The City agreed the development plans is shared
to explore options to maximize the with the community. Usually visuals
potential of the site in consideration of such as models, drawings and other
a future rezoning if the developers graphic materials are used to
agreed to work towards meeting the illustrate development plans and
City's planning objectives. The City's ideas for the site. Community input
planning include: to achieve a vital is gathered through surveys and
neighborhood centre, balance questionnaires and discussions with
neighborhood and district serving staff;
commercial activities, ensure a • Follow up Workshops: Follow up
diversity of livelihood options, workshops are more in depth
integrate possible community facilities sessions to mediate conflicts or
and integrate building design to outstanding differences between
enhance the surrounding character of the developer and the community.
the neighborhood. Both staff and developer facilitate
the workshop.
At the conception of the project and
throughout the project development, The outcome of the collaborative
the community is involved in shaping process resulted in a development that
site concepts ideas. The community addressed the majority of stakeholder
collaborative consultation process gives concerns. The inclusive planning and
a change for open dialogue to discuss collective place-making resulted in the
ideas and opportunities between the developer maximizing the site's
community, the developer and their potential. The City and community
technical consultants and the City. The were able to come together to meet
developers use the community's their Vision objectives.
suggestions in designing the site.
Community input was encouraged The Developer
several ways: • The developer was allowed to
• Community meetings: Community rezone to a greater capacity than
meetings are usually small and the initial zoning laws allowed;
targeted to specific community • Development allowed a range of
members. They are hosted in the diversity of mixes on site to ensure
community and are facilitated by an expanded market niche;
City staff and developer; • Better urban design quality was
• Community Open Houses: encouraged to enhance project
Community Open Houses are used marketability
• The process created support for the residential neighborhood projects or
project vs. opposition resort development and other large-
The City scale developments. Site-specific
• Increased business means an development could be fit and be linked
increased tax base to the targeted vision of a specific area
• Improved building design and public as well the overall vision of the greater
spaces community.
• Enhanced public facilities and
amenities spaces such as park/open
space, daycare, seniors centre and
library
• A new road to access the site
• Ensured that the development
benefits all community members
The Community
• Opportunities for the urban poor to
enhance their livelihoods though
integration of local retail
• Ensured a diversity of shops and
services to meet the entire
community's needs
• Ensured that large-scale (The westdale Business Improvement Area: An
example of community identity)
development "fits" into their
community and that the
development contributes to 3.5 The Business Improvement Areas
improving the overall quality of life (BIA) Model:
for the surrounding community. The Business Improvement Area (BIA)
model is an economically and socially
3.4 Recommendations sustainable mechanism to improve and
Through our consultation with key enhance local business districts. A BIA
stakeholders, large-scale commercial model is a formalized mechanism for
and high-end residential neighborhood local businesses and property owners to
developments are key investment come together to promote and improve
drivers in Naga. The local zoning the commercial vitality of their
ordinances dictate the potential uses communal business area. An organized,
for designated land areas. The zoning local area business community can
provides a mechanism to organize land often work more effectively to create
use, but it does not offer the potential positive change and increase support
to maximize the development potential for business development than
in regards to best use or density. individual businesses or large scale
citywide business associations. A BIA is
The Collaborative Development Project not intended to replace existing
Partnerships concept could be used in business associations or tourism
significant commercial projects like the councils, but to complement their role
development of SM Mall, high-end in a designated targeted area. Often
these agencies will work together to • To build ongoing partnerships and
combine ideas, realize opportunities strengthen the capacity of the local
and establish creative partnerships. business community.
A BIA plays an important role in All businesses within a BIA may benefit
coordinating targeted business and from the improved local atmosphere
tourism development, area promotion, and ambiance that a successful BIA
business retention and investment. organization can help to create. BIA
Additionally, BIA’s can encourage initiated improvements and activities
public infrastructure improvements and can sustain and improve local
coordinate additional sanitation and commercial vitality. This vitality
local public enhancement projects for strengthens existing businesses and
their areas. A BIA model allows local attracts new customer markets or
business to come together to plan brings customers back to a revitalized
proactive measures to address area. This in turn, can lead to an
challenges and issues facing the area as increased demand for retail, service
well as to seek and coordinate and office space. The City also benefits
opportunities. When properly as public spaces are improved and
implemented, a BIA model empowers revitalized. The City, as a whole, is
local property owners and businesses to more marketable for new investment
independently improve the quality of and tourism opportunities. A successful
their business areas. (Briffault, R. business area can also generate more
1999) business transactions, which in turn
lead to an increase in business sales tax
The BIA model has the following key revenues. For residents, an attractive
objectives: local business area strengthens their
• To create and work towards a sense of community identity and civic
shared community vision for the pride.
area;
• To facilitate revitalization and A BIA can be implemented on any
promote economic development in a geographic scale from a few street
targeted district; blocks to entire commercial districts.
• To target and coordinate Each BIA is a separate non-profit
beautification efforts to enhance organization that has its own Vision
the local area identity and mandate and budget. BIA models work
character; by responding to and reflecting the
• To coordinate and promote local needs of individual business areas. The
services and to attract customers to boundaries of a BIA are negotiated
the targeted area; between property owners,
• To develop and implement stakeholders, business owners and
strategies to compete with larger or building tenants.
stronger markets outside the BIA
area; Stakeholders comprised of business
• To ensure opportunities for owners, property owners and tenants
information sharing and networking; work to form a volunteer board, which
and manages and organizes the BIA. If the
BIA agrees, a permanent staff position the authority to create a BIA entity and
can be hired to help coordinate the BIA to collect and allocate public money
administration and activities. This staff for BIA administration, planning and
person can be either part-time or full- implementation activities. A BIA budget
time depending on the type of projects contribution can be calculated in
the BIA wishes to undertake. A various ways depending on the local
designated City staff person is the municipal context and tax structure.
primary BIA resource and provides The BIA budget can be determined by
information and advice on the BIA calculating building square footage,
program and formation process. The assessing land value or sales tax
designated staff person plays an revenue. The funding mechanism a
ongoing role as liaison between the BIA special levy tax that is specific for the
and City Departments such as planning, targeted business improvement area.
business promotion, livelihood Different BIAs in the same city can have
programs and engineering. The staff different levy tax rates depending on
person is also facilitating the annual their BIA budget, number of property
funding process and monitoring annual owners in the designated area and the
BIA budget spending and fiscal priority items to be addressed in the
accountability. BIA community BIA budget. The City collects the levy
members join the City in determining tax and redistributes them to the local
budgeting, development priorities and BIA. Each BIA is then responsible for
project design and implementation the financial management and
within their defined area. Every year at implementation of the funds. The
the Annual General Meeting (AGM) of special collective levy does not impact
the BIA, the Board proposes a business the existing municipal tax base but is a
promotion plan and a budget that the new funding mechanism for enhancing
BIA community members must approve. the public realm and the local
investment environment. The BIA can
A BIA is an incorporated non-profit consistently enact programs and
organization. The non-profit status activities without relying on scarce
allows the BIA the flexibility and local public funding.
autonomy to secure funds and to
administer these funds based on a 3.6 Case Study: BIA Program,
collective decision making process. In Vancouver, Canada
addition, the non-profit administration (http://vancouver.ca/commsvcs/citypl
structure will guide the annual ans/bia/index.htm)
operations agenda, promote inclusive The BIA Program in Vancouver, Canada
public participation and ensure provides an example of how BIA funding
financial transparency. can work. The local government
collects a special property tax in the
The BIA model is supported through designated BIA area. Funding is
local legislation. (see the Case Study: collected and allocated on an annual
BIA Program, Vancouver, Canada web basis, which normally coincides with
site for an example of BIA jurisdiction the collection of property taxes. The
by-laws) The City needs to establish BIA annual budget is negotiated within
local jurisdiction to enable its Council the BIA board and voted on by the BIA
constituents. Each property owner’s willing and able to undertake the
share of the annual BIA budget is necessary input data collection and to
proportionate to their share of the locate and contact every business in
total taxable value within the BIA the proposed BIA boundaries. BIA
boundaries. In other words, if a funding mechanisms also have their
property owner holds one percent of limitations. Assessments for BIAs are
the total taxable assessed property based on a set formula. This formula is
value in the defined BIA area, their not only community and context
share will be one percent of the BIA specific, but is sensitive to a number of
budget. Proportionate levying is a fair factors. Furthermore, funding can vary
way for everyone to contribute to the substantially with changes in property
BIA budget. values, fluctuations in business
revenues, or alterations in total square
In the Vancouver BIA projects include: footage for example. Furthermore,
Public projects: artistic decorative BIAs are subject to community politics,
banners, or beautification projects; special interest groups and self-
Public events: night market events, motivation. Mechanisms which work to
holiday celebrations, street parties; monitor the BIA should be implemented
Promotional tourist activities; web to ensure that the BIA model can
design, tourist package promotion, and properly work to resolve some of these
sponsored walking tours. potential challenges.
The BIA has to spend the collected Naga City is well suited to adapt a BIA
funds on public oriented projects or model in several different regions. The
events for the designated area. BIA development of a Naga City Riverwalk
funds should not be used to enhance provides a case study utilizing the BIA
individual business operations or model discussed within this report.
building infrastructure. However, a BIA
could seek matching private funding
partners if they wish to pursue "quasi –
semi" public/private type of projects
like façade improvements, storefront
window upgrades or awning projects.
The BIA can also seek additional
government funding or international
funding partnerships for large-scale
economic or community development
projects. BIAs are one of the most
valuable and effective finance tools
available to the small business
community.
6
Note: EPA (US) Environmental education (EE)
increases public awareness and knowledge of environmental
issues and challenges. Through EE, people gain an
understanding of how their individual actions affect the
environment, acquire skills that they can use to weigh
various sides of issues, and become better equipped to
make informed decisions. EE also gives people a deeper
understanding of the environment, inspiring them to take
personal responsibility for its preservation and restoration.
http://www.epa.gov/enviroed/index.html
Before it is possible to engage this
5.0: TOURISM DEVELOPMENT discussion, it is necessary to outline the
5.1 Background meaning of health and wellness from a
This section of the report will look at tourism perspective. Currently health
strategies for Naga City to explore in and wellness in the region is defined by
regards to tourism and promotion on a concepts of retreat and relaxation,
larger scope. It is connected which include amenities like ‘spas’,
intrinsically to the above discussion of ‘retirement resorts’ and the local ‘hot-
place-making given the City’s desire to springs’. If health and wellness goals
improve Naga’s identity and to increase could be re-envisioned to better
Naga's tourism marketability. encapsulate all of the region’s assets,
Specifically, this section seeks to it would be better situated to welcome
demonstrate how Naga City can explore diverse forms of cultural and eco
the niche of cultural tourism in tourism. Cultural tourism could be
charting tourism related goals over the adapted as a form of tourism
next few years and in the attainment of investment that would work to diversify
Naga’s “Maiming Lugar” vision. There Naga City’s current tourism related
is a good niche opportunity for Naga goals.
City to consider; Naga could become a
premier cultural destination while Cultural Tourism
expanding health and wellness as key Cultural tourism can be defined as the
assets of the city. These two pillars process of discovering a mosaic of
are not mutually exclusive as cultural places, traditions, experiences,
dynamism can be interwoven within the celebrations that portray a community,
realm of health and wellness. In the its people and the diversity of its
final set of recommendations, general character. Naga City is well suited to
recommendations are made which focus on cultural-tourism as a key point
would work to improve current for expanded tourism while maintaining
strategies within Naga. interest in health and wellness. Not
only does cultural tourism generally
After meeting with key strategists, require little infrastructural
stakeholders and officials (both civil investment, it also fits nicely with the
servants and private actors) involved in Maogmang Lugar vision.
tourism and investment promotion and
planning in Naga City, it became clear The discovery and enjoyment of local
that the development of health and culture coupled with the experience of
wellness based tourism within central a community in a culturally genuine
Naga and the 1026-hectare East way is a growing trend within the
Highland Tourism Zone is an important tourism industry according to the
priority for both the city and region at- United Nations and this form of tourism
large. Stakeholders asked us to make is set to expand in the decades to come
recommendations for small-scale as travelers search for more
tourism development strategies, which independent and authentic
included health and wellness experiences. While cultural tourism can
initiatives. have significant effects on community,
it can be developed and harnessed in
such a way that minimizes negative feasts, storytelling and song, fruit
effects, while at the same time working picking and arts and crafts
to authentically represent cultural demonstrations/lessons. Hikes through
landscapes. To premise this discussion the forest and taking part in culturally
it is important to note that there is specific experiences such as sweat
currently a shift from the mass lodges or participating in the cooking of
marketing of travel vacations to a more meals situate the culture as the
customized and tailored travel destination.
“experience” that takes into account
individual consumer tastes and
interests. Today’s traveler is
increasingly searching for more
personally rewarding and unique
experiences. Furthermore, a growing
number of tourists are becoming
special interest travelers, interested in
unique aspects of place, such as
culture, history or food.
The Gitxsan Nation in Canada and the (Lax’Siik Cultural activities, with onlookers)
‘Meet the People’ initiative in Peru are
excellent case studies demonstrating The Aboriginal Tourism British
how cultural tourism can have positive Columbia Organization provides an
developmental and economic effects on overview of the development of a
local communities. The two examples strong and sustainable aboriginal
serve as points of reference for various cultural tourism industry on its
ways cultural tourism has been website, noting the benefits of the
developed in different regions and plan. In the last five years since the
within different scopes. implementation of a cultural tourism
development plan, tourism to
5.2 Case Studies: The Gitxsan Nation, aboriginal communities increased by 10
Canada and ‘Meet The People’, percent per year. Furthermore, key
Peru community members note the industry
In Canada, the Lax’Siik Clan of the is helping to “strengthen and preserve
Gitxsan Nation had successfully the cultural identity of the Aboriginal
developed a form of cultural tourism people and communities throughout
over the last 10 years in the First B.C., while creating new employment
Nation's village of itangatt, part of the and economic development
Gitwangak Reserve near Prince Rupert opportunities
in British Columbia. Rather than (www.atbc.bc.ca/blueprint).
traveling to the area to view certain The Aboriginal Tourism Association of
big-ticket features such as museums or BC document ‘Blueprint Strategy:
beaches, travelers have the Market Literature Review Final Report’
opportunity to experience rich cultural outline how the industry has been
beauty, wildlife and be immersed in developed over the last ten years with
Gitxsan culture through greetings, significant community dialogue and
input. The study notes that 86% of outlines the present state of tourism
aboriginal community member’s development in Peru as well as key
respondents felt that the majority of areas for growth and change
the local community supports and recognizing some of the negative
approves the interpretation of the effects that large-scale tourism has had
culture and local community in the on the biodiversity and culture on Peru.
context of cultural tourism To curb this degradation, Peru’s ‘meet
(www.aboriginal the people’ tours provide an example
tourism.ca/downloads). The benefits worth observing within the national
of cultural tourism within the context.
community have been diverse. Not only
have unemployment rates dropped but
cultural heritage and culturally
important buildings have been
preserved through income raised via
tourism initiatives.
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and adapted from The Architects Handbook of Professional Practice. The American
Institute of Architects. 2005.
Duany, Andres. Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk and Jeff Speck, Suburban Nation: The Rise of
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Europa Nostra. “Position Paper on the Encouragement of Cultural Tourism and the
Mitigation of its Effects”. November 2006. Available online at
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8.0 LIST OF APPENDICES
Barcillano, Malu. Director, The Center for Local Governance, Ateneo University
In larger public-private partnership, the developer may build a new road for the City
in return to ensure access to their new development?.
Are there opportunities for the urban poor to also benefit from the new opportunities
your development brings to the community?
Have some progressive developers have built in ideas about corporate responsibility?
Are there any efforts to coordinate tourist promotion packages for both local and
international guests?
In building upon the "wholesome" tourist industry, has there been any thoughts given
to capitalize on local arts and culture?
How do you envision the connection between tourism and health and wellness?
How do you with together with the Investment Board and Tourism Board?
1.3 Recommendations
1.3.1 Activities
(a) While office uses will predominate in this area innovative combination of uses
should be encouraged in new and converted buildings wherever possible;
(b) Where “some ground floor retail” is required, pedestrian interest should be
provided through the provision of retail and similar uses. Building frontages that do
not include retail or similar uses should maintain pedestrian interest through
attractive and highly visible building entrances, windows, displays, public art,
landscaping where appropriate, and other amenities.
2.3 Recommendations
2.3.1 Activities
(a) Retail continuity along Hastings should be preserved, retaining the small-scale
aspect of theoutlets wherever possible;
(b) Where “some ground floor retail” is required, pedestrian interest should be
provided through the provision of retail and similar uses. Building frontages that do
not include retail or similar uses should maintain pedestrian interest through
attractive and highly visible building entrances, windows, displays, public art,
landscaping where appropriate, and other amenities;
(c) Office uses in existing buildings on the upper levels are encouraged particularly
where it involves the renovation of interesting or unique structures. This applies only
to those structures that at present do not contain residential uses;
(d) Existing residential and hotel buildings should be preserved. Conversions of any
building or parts of buildings into residential uses are encouraged wherever possible.
3.3 Recommendations
3.3.1 Activities
(a) Residential uses above street level, should be encouraged throughout the area;
(b) Retail and entertainment uses at or near street level and mixed office/residential
uses aboveshould be encouraged to expand westward with a view to establishing
stronger links with the downtown core and the waterfront interchange.
4.3 Recommendation
4.3.1 Activities
(a) Uses similar to the present ones at and above grade should be extended:
• to Hastings between Carrall and Gore Streets;
• to Keefer between Main and Gore Streets;
• along Main between Hastings and Union Streets; and
• south towards False Creek roughly following a corridor between Columbia and
Carrall
Streets.
(b) Residential uses should be encouraged in the upper levels of buildings and in any
nearby redevelopment schemes on False Creek lands.
The Ten Principles During the visioning process, consensus emerged regarding ten
principles to guide public policy, development practice, urban planning and design:
7. Raise the quality of the public realm with civic structures and spaces.
Goals:
• Civic buildings and spaces that reinforce a sense of civic pride;
• Locations that are significant sites in complementary rela-tionships;
• Connections to the city network by means of vistas, streets, and greenways;
• Civic buildings and spaces that set high standards for the design of the city at large.
8. Integrate public art into the design of the city, its build-ings, public works and
parks.
10. Infuse visual order into the city by strengthening sight-lines to and from civic
landmarks and natural features.
Goals:
• View corridors to and from significant landmarks, especially the State Capitol.
• View corridors and vistas of all types, from small and inti-mate to sweeping and
grand.
THE GENERAL CONFERENCE of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural
Organization meeting in Paris from 17 October to 21 November 1972, at its seventeenth
session,
Noting that the cultural heritage and the natural heritage are increasingly threatened with
destruction not only by the traditional causes of decay, but also by changing social and
economic conditions which aggravate the situation with even more formidable phenomena of
damage or destruction,
Considering that protection of this heritage at the national level often remains incomplete
because of the scale of the resources which it requires and of the insufficient economic,
scientific, and technological resources of the country where the property to be protected is
situated,
Recalling that the Constitution of the Organization provides that it will maintain, increase,
and diffuse knowledge, by assuring the conservation and protection of the world's heritage,
and recommending to the nations concerned the necessary international conventions,
Considering that parts of the cultural or natural heritage are of outstanding interest and
therefore need to be preserved as part of the world heritage of mankind as a whole,
Considering that, in view of the magnitude and gravity of the new dangers threatening them,
it is incumbent on the international community as a whole to participate in the protection of
the cultural and natural heritage of outstanding universal value, by the granting of collective
assistance which, although not taking the place of action by the State concerned, will serve
as an efficient complement thereto,
Considering that it is essential for this purpose to adopt new provisions in the form of a
convention establishing an effective system of collective protection of the cultural and
natural heritage of outstanding universal value, organized on a permanent basis and in
accordance with modern scientific methods,
Having decided, at its sixteenth session, that this question should be made the subject of an
international convention,
Adopts this sixteenth day of November 1972 this Convention.
Article 1
For the purposes of this Convention, the following shall be considered as "cultural heritage":
sites: works of man or the combined works of nature and man, and areas including
archaeological sites which are of outstanding universal value from the historical, aesthetic,
ethnological or anthropological point of view.
Article 2
For the purposes of this Convention, the following shall be considered as "natural heritage":
natural features consisting of physical and biological formations or groups of such formations,
which are of outstanding universal value from the aesthetic or scientific point of view;
geological and physiographical formations and precisely delineated areas which constitute the
habitat of threatened species of animals and plants of outstanding universal value from the
point of view of science or conservation;
natural sites or precisely delineated natural areas of outstanding universal value from the
point of view of science, conservation or natural beauty.
Article 3
It is for each State Party to this Convention to identify and delineate the different properties
situated on its territory mentioned in Articles 1 and 2 above.
II. NATIONAL PROTECTION AND INTERNATIONAL PROTECTION OF THE CULTURAL AND NATURAL
HERITAGE
Article 4
Each State Party to this Convention recognizes that the duty of ensuring the identification,
protection, conservation, presentation and transmission to future generations of the cultural
and natural heritage referred to in Articles 1 and 2 and situated on its territory, belongs
primarily to that State. It will do all it can to this end, to the utmost of its own resources and,
where appropriate, with any international assistance and co-operation, in particular,
financial, artistic, scientific and technical, which it may be able to obtain.
Article 5
To ensure that effective and active measures are taken for the protection, conservation and
presentation of the cultural and natural heritage situated on its territory, each State Party to
this Convention shall endeavor, in so far as possible, and as appropriate for each country: