A 30-year-old client is admitted into the hospital for shortness of breath.

An arterial blood gas (ABG) was obtained and was found to have reduced oxygenation of the arterial blood. This reduction is called: Hypoxemia Which of the following client has the highest risk for developing a pulmonary embolus (PE)? 28-year-old woman who is obese, smokes, and is on estrogen replacement therapy to prevent pregnancy A client is diagnosed with a hyperactive hormone secreting tumor affecting the adrenal cortex. Knowing that adrenal cortex secretes aldosterone, which of the following would be expected to accompany this condition? Decreases serum osmolality Hyperlipidemia and hyperglycemia can be associated best with which of the following? Hypertonic hyponatremia The body has the ability to compensate for acid-base imbalance. One way is through a buffering system. Which of the following pairs is considered the major plasma buffering system? HCO3 and H2CO3 A 20-year-old male is in acute pain due to motorcycle accident. An arterial blood gas (ABG) reveled decreased carbon dioxide (CO2) levels. Which of the following is the most likely cause of decreased CO2? Hypoventilation A 25-year-old was short of breath after running five flight of stairs during which her breathing became labored. Under most circumstances, this increased work of breathing results in which of the following? Choose the best, most logical answer. Increased oxygen consumption A client with history of cigarette smoking was complaining of having difficulty in breathing. Pulmonary function tests revealed that he was retaining too much residual volume [not able to expel adequate air]. The most likely cause of this is due to which of the following? An increase in lung compliance Which of the following conditions would decrease oncotic pressure in the capillaries? Liver disease Carbon dioxide is mainly transported in the blood in the form of bicarbonate

Which of the following would most likely result in hyperkalemia? Acute acidosis

View the values below. What is the interpretation? Normal Values patient's level pH 7.35-7.45 7.55 PaO2 80-100 84 PaCO2 35-45 40 HCO3 22-28 40
Metabolic alkalosis A 54-year-old with a history of cirrhosis of the liver and presents to the emergency room with difficulty breathing (dyspnea). On further inspection, he is noted to have severe ascites. Which of the following is the most likely cause of the ascites? Increased interstitial oncotic pressure A client is diagnosed with a hormone secreting tumor affecting the adrenal cortex. Knowing that adrenal cortex secretes aldosterone, which of the following would be expected to accompany this condition? Increased serum sodium levels

View the values below. What is the interpretation? Normal Values patient's level pH 7.35-7.45 7.20 PaO2 80-100 50 PaCO2 35-45 60 HCO3 22-28 30
Respiratory acidosis ******Just remember R.O.M.E. for questions like this Respiratory-Opposite Metabolism-Equal So..look and see if all the values are going the same way(all high/low) or are they going in different directions(high pH and low paCo2)..if its all the same way.its Metabolic.if they are opposites at all then its Respiratory. After you figure that out, then just look at either CO2(res) or HCO3(met) to determine acid or alka

1. A. B. C. D.

Blood plasma is referred to as: intracellular fluid. extracellular fluid. interstitial fluid. intravascular fluid.

2. A 35-year-old male weights 70 kg. Approximately how much of this weight is intracellular fluid? A. 5 L B. 10 L C. 28 L D. 42 L

3. Elderly individuals are at a higher risk for developing dehydration because they have: A. a higher total body water volume. B. a decreased lean body mass. C. a decreased intravascular volume. D. an increased tendency towards developing edema.

4. Which of the following conditions would decrease oncotic pressure in the capillaries? A. High protein diet B. Liver failure C. Low blood pressure D. Low blood glucose

5. Water movement between the intracellular and extracellular fluid compartments is determined by: A. osmotic forces. B. plasma oncotic pressure. C. antidiuretic hormone. D. buffer systems.

6. An experiment was designed to test the effects of the Starling forces on fluid movement. Which of the following alterations would result in fluid movement into the interstitial space? A. Increase capillary oncotic pressure B. Increase interstitial hydrostatic pressure C. Decrease capillary hydrostatic pressure D. Increase interstitial oncotic pressure

A. B. C. D.

7. Water balance is closely related to _____ balance. potassium chloride bicarbonate sodium

8. A 70-year-old male with chronic renal failure presents with edema. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this condition? A. Increased capillary oncotic pressure B. Increased interstitial oncotic pressure C. Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure D. Increased interstitial hydrostatic pressure

9. A 10-year-old male is brought to the ER because he is incoherent and semiconscious. CT scan reveals that he is suffering from cerebral edema. This type of edema is referred to as: A. localized edema. B. generalized edema. C. pitting edema. D. lymphedema. 10. Secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is stimulated by: increased serum potassium. increased plasma osmolality. decreased renal blood flow. generalized edema.

A. B. C. D.

11. A 60-year-old male with a 30-year history of smoking is diagnosed with a hormone-secreting lung tumor. Further testing indicates that the tumor secretes ADH. Which of the following would be expected to result from this condition? A. Increased urine osmolality B. Decreased blood volume C. Increased plasma osmolality D. Increased urine output

A. B. C. D.

12. Secretion of aldosterone results in: decreased plasma osmolality. increased serum potassium levels. increased blood volume. localized edema.

13. A 25-year-old male is diagnosed with a hormone-secreting tumor of the adrenal cortex. Which of the following would be expected to accompany this condition? A. Decreased blood volume B. Decreased blood K+ levels C. Increased urine Na+ levels D. Increased renin secretion

A. B. C. D.

14. Natriuretic hormones affect the balance of: calcium. sodium. magnesium. potassium.

15. A 5-year-old male presents to the ER with delirium and sunken eyes. After diagnosing him with severe dehydration, the physician orders fluid replacement. The nurse administers a hypertonic IV solution. Which of the following would be expected? A. His symptoms would subside quickly B. Increased intracellular fluid volume C. Decreased extracellular fluid volume D. Intracellular dehydration

16. Which of the following conditions is the most significant risk factor for developing hypernatremia? A. Vomiting B. Diuretic use C. Dehydration D. Hypoaldosteronism

A. B. C. D.

17. The most common cause of pure water deficit is: renal water loss. hyperventilation. sodium loss. insufficient water intake.

A. B. C. D.

18. Hyperlipidemia and hyperglycemia are associated with: hypernatremia. hypertonic hyponatremia. hypokalemia. acidosis.

19. A 52-year-old diabetic male presents to the ER with lethargy, confusion, and depressed reflexes. His wife indicates that he does not follow the prescribed diet and takes his medication sporadically. Which of the following is most likely to occur? A. Hypo-osmolar hyponatremia B. Hypertonic hyponatremia C. Decreased urine formation D. Decreased extracellular fluid osmolality

A. B. C. D.

20. Hyperkalemia causes: an increase in resting membrane potential with increased excitability of cardiac muscle. a decrease in resting membrane potential with increased excitability of cardiac muscle. an increase in resting membrane potential with decreased excitability of cardiac muscle. a decrease in resting membrane potential with decreased excitability of cardiac muscle.

A. B. C. D.

21. Which of the following would most likely cause hypochloremia? Hypernatremia Hypokalemia Hypercalcemia Increased bicarbonate 22. Which of the following would result in hyperkalemia? Excess aldosterone Acute acidosis Insulin Alkalosis

A. B. C. D.

A. B. C. D.

23. Long-term potassium deficits result in damage to the: central nervous system. lungs. kidneys. gastrointestinal tract.

24. A 42-year-old female presents to her physician complaining of muscle weakness and cardiac abnormalities. Laboratory tests indicate that she is hypokalemic. Which of the following could be the cause of her condition? A. Respiratory acidosis B. Constipation C. Hypoglycemia D. Primary hyperaldosteronism 25. A 19-year-old male presents to his physician complaining of restlessness, muscle cramping, and diarrhea. Lab tests reveal that he is hyperkalemic. Which of the following could have caused his condition? A. Primary hyperaldosteronism B. Acidosis C. Insulin secretion D. Alkalosis

26. A 60-year-old female is diagnosed with hyperkalemia. Which of the following would be an expected symptom? A. Weak pulse B. Excessive thirst C. Oliguria D. Constipation 27. Which of the following buffer pairs is considered the major plasma buffering system? A. NaCl/KPO4 B. HCO3/H2CO3 C. HPO4/H2PO4 D. NH3/NH4 28. Regulation of acid-base balance through removal or retention of volatile acids is accomplished by the: A. buffer systems. B. kidneys. C. lungs. D. liver. 29. Physiologic pH is maintained around 7.4 because carbonic acid and bicarbonate exist in a ratio of: A. 20/1. B. 1/20. C. 10/2. D. 10/5. 30. One cause of metabolic alkalosis is: retention of metabolic acids. hypoaldosteronism. excessive loss of Cl-. hyperventilation.

A. B. C. D.

31. Which of the following conditions is commonly associated with hyperkalemia and metabolic acidosis? A. Hypermetabolism B. Pulmonary disorders C. Cushing syndrome D. Renal failure

A. B. C. D.

32. Acute compensation for metabolic acidosis includes: kidney excretion of H+. hyperventilation. CO2 retention. aldosterone secretion. 33. Causes of respiratory acidosis include: vomiting. hyperventilation. pneumonia. an increase in noncarbonic acids.

A. B. C. D.

34. A 54-year-old male with a long history of smoking complains of excessive tiredness, shortness of breath, and overall ill feelings. Lab results reveal decreased pH, increased CO2, and normal bicarbonate ion. The most likely diagnosis is: A. respiratory alkalosis. B. metabolic acidosis. C. respiratory acidosis. D. metabolic alkalosis. 35. Chronic compensation for respiratory acidosis includes: kidney excretion of H+. kidney excretion of HCO3-. prolonged exhalations to blow off CO2. protein buffering.

A. B. C. D.

36. A 55-year-old female presents to her physician complaining of dizziness, confusion, and tingling in the extremities. Blood tests reveal an elevated pH, decreased PCO2, and slightly decreased HCO3-. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? A. Respiratory alkalosis with renal compensation B. Respiratory acidosis with renal compensation C. Metabolic alkalosis with respiratory compensation D. Metabolic acidosis with respiratory compensation