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Manchester code is widely-used (e.g. in Ethernet). There are more complex codes e.g.
8B/10B encoding which use less bandwidth to achieve the same data rate (but which
may be less tolerant of frequency errors and jitter in the transmitter and receiver
reference clocks).
Contents
[hide]
• 1 Features
• 2 Description
o 2.1 Manchester encoding as phase-shift keying
o 2.2 Conventions for representation of data
• 3 Shortcomings
• 4 References
• 5 Further reading
[edit] Features
Manchester code provides simple encoding with no long period without a level
transition. This helps clock recovery.
The DC component of the encoded signal is not dependent on the data and therefore
carries no information, allowing the signal to be conveyed conveniently by media (e.g.
Ethernet) which usually do not convey a DC component.
[edit] Description
An example of Manchester encoding showing both conventions
Extracting the original data from the received encoded bit (from Manchester as per
802.3):
Summary:
Manchester code always has a transition at the middle of each bit period and may
(depending on the information to be transmitted) have a transition at the start of the
period also. The direction of the mid-bit transition indicates the data. Transitions at the
period boundaries do not carry information. They exist only to place the signal in the
correct state to allow the mid-bit transition. Although this allows the signal to be self-
clocking, it doubles the bandwidth requirement compared to NRZ coding schemes (or
see also NRZI).
In the Thomas convention, the result is that the first half of a bit period matches the
information bit and the second half is its complement.
To control the bandwidth used, a filter can reduce the bandwidth to as low as 1Hz per
bit/second without loss of information in transmission. In radio transmission, the
encoded signal may also be modulated with a carrier wave; however, the property of
1Hz per bit/second is preserved.
The first of these was first published by G. E. Thomas in 1949 and is followed by
numerous authors (e.g., Tanenbaum). It specifies that for a 0 bit the signal levels will be
Low-High (assuming an amplitude physical encoding of the data) - with a low level in
the first half of the bit period, and a high level in the second half. For a 1 bit the signal
levels will be High-Low.
The second convention is also followed by numerous authors (e.g., Stallings) as well as
by IEEE 802.4 (token bus) and lower speed versions of IEEE 802.3 (Ethernet)
standards. It states that a logic 0 is represented by a High-Low signal sequence and a
logic 1 is represented by a Low-High signal sequence.
[edit] Shortcomings
Manchester code needs twice the bandwidth of asynchronous communications, and the
signal spectrum is much wider. Most high-speed communication now uses encoding
schemes with better coding performance.
Note that in some cases you will see the encoding reversed, with 0 being represented as
a 0 to 1 transition. The two definitions have co-existed for many years. The Ethernet
Blue-Book and IEEE standards (10 Mbps) describe the method in whih a Logic 0 is sent
as 0 to 1 transition, and a Logic 1 as a one to zero transition (where a zero is represented
by a less negative voltage on the cable). Note that because many physical layers employ
an inverting line driver to convert the binary digits into an electrical signal, the signal on
the wire is the exact opposite of that output by the encoder. Differential physical layer
transmission, (e.g. 10BT) does not suffer this inversion.
The following diagram shows a typical Manchester encoded signal with the
corresponding binary representation of the data (1,1,0,1,0,0) being sent.
The waveform for a Manchester encoded bit stream carrying the sequence of bits
110100.
Note that signal transitions do not always occur at the 'bit boundaries' (the division
between one bit and another), but that there is always a transition at the centre of each
bit.The encoding may be alternatively viewed as a phase encoding where each bit is
encoded by a postive 90 degree phase transition, or a negative 90 degree phase
transition. The Manchester code is therefore sometimes known as a Biphase Code.
A Manchester encoded signal contains frequent level transitions which allow the
receiver to extract the clock signal using a Digital Phase Locked Loop (DPLL) and
correctly decode the value and timing of each bit. To allow reliable operation using a
DPLL, the transmitted bit stream must contain a high density of bit transitions.
Manchester encoding ensures this, allowing the receiving DPLL to correctly extract the
clock signal.
Another more curious example is the pattern " 1 0 1 0 1 etc" which encodes to "10 01 10
01 10 " which could also be viewed as "1 00 11 00 11 0 ". Thus for a 10 Mbps Ethernet
LAN, the preamble sequence encodes to a 5 MHz square wave! (i.e., One half cycle in
each 0.1 microsecond bit period.)
http://www.erg.abdn.ac.uk/users/gorry/course/phy-pages/man.html