CE 573, Fundamentals of River Engineering 2008-9 Spring T 2008 9 S i Term

Scour at Downstream of Flip Buckets d Roller B k t Fli B k t and R ll Buckets Type Energy Dissipators

Berker Yaln mamolu

Energy dissipators for spillways:

1) 2) 3) 4) 5) Hydraulic jump stilling basins, Free jets and flip buckets, Roller buckets, Impact type energy dissipators, Stepped spillways. St d ill

Flip Buckets

Tarbela Hydroelectric Project, Pakistan Project

Guri Hydroelectric Project, Venezuela

Karakaya Dam and HEPP

A short review about hydraulics of flip buckets y p

Keban Dam and HEPP

Minimum radius,

Minimum height,

Trajectory angle, T j t l

Trajectory distance, j y

Impact angle,

Trajectory lenghts, based on these equations have simulated well in hydraulic models.

Scour at Downstream of Flip Buckets

The designer is concerned with the following aspects:
Computation or prediction of scour under various operating conditions, conditions Analysis to assess the likely effect of scour on the stability of structure, structure Scour control and remedial measures.

The diff Th different approaches f estimation of d th of scour t h for ti ti f depth f can be classified under four general groups:

 Indications show that the scour has a tendency to approach towards the structure, a phenomenon that has never considered to be likely in the original concept.

Relationships developed vary from those extensive parameters such as: t h

- discharge - head - bucket geometry - bed material mean particle size - downstream water depth p - rock mechanic characteristics ( joint pattern, compressive stregth, block size )

Simple relationship: - discharge -h d head - downstream depth

The use of complex relationships offer almost the same results p p as could be obtained by using very simple relationships.

Application of scour depth formula is limited to the estimation of the maximum depth of scour likely to occur during the operation of the spillway over the years.

Approach - 1 Based on the experience, Damles relationship ds = A ( q ho)0,5 (1966)

Damles equation obtained by the limited data from six prototype structures, gives reliable information on depth scour. ,g p Khatsuria re-evaluated the constant A, when more information from prototypes became available. Accordingly, the value of A is available Accordingly 0.90 instead of 0.65 corresponding to ultimate state of scour.

Approach 2 Mason (1989) demonstrated that the head drop may not directly affect the scour depth, other than by varying the amount of air entrained in the plunge pool. This in turn pool affects the force on particles of bed material.

Approach 3 For free jets spillways such as those on the crests of arch dams Modified Veronese formula (1976) :

Yldz (1994-b) suggest that for applying this formula to spillways with flip bucket it should be modified to

Impact Angle p g

Solid and Slotted Roller Buckets

When the tail water depth is too great for formation of good hydraulic jump, submerged roller buckets are suitable for energy dissipation The ground roller has a tendency to move bed material towards the bucket lip where it could be p p picked up and carried inside the bucket. The slotted p bucket aims at minimizing this tendency with the help of a bucket design combined with teeth and apron.

First solid bucket application on the 85 m high Grand Coulee Dam,USA

Scour at Downstream of Roller Buckets

Khatsuria (1975) conducted studies f the d h of maximum Kh i d d di for h depth f i scour and distance of maximum scour from the bucket lip for a typical solid roller bucket with 450 lip angle for 6 < F1<18, yp p g , 2,7<h1/R<3,0 and 1,0<h2<2,3.

Scour at Downstream of Slotted Buckets

The performance of both buckets was studied on a two dimensional model of a typical medium height spillway with the same invert elevation and tail water conditions.

Bargi Dam, India ( slotted bucket )

Tooth for Slotted Bucket

With the solid bucket, diving does not occur. In general, however, the slotted bucket is an improvement over the solid type, particularly type for lower ranges of tail water depth.

With the slotted bucket, sweepout occurs at a slightly higher tail water elevation than with the solid bucket, and if the tail water is extremely high, the flow may dive from the apron lip to scour the high channel bed, as shown:

Analysis
Since scour depth estimation by emprical relationships has limited utility, a hydraulic model is usually tested to examine the potential scour and perhaps more importantly, any interaction of scour with structure geometry and hydraulic conditions. conditions However, a physical model has its limitations too in g p g( g simulating the entire process of rock scouring (fracturingpulling out-transport)

Erosion test on Angostra Dam Spillway

Control and Protection Against Scour

The reasons for the scour to occur very near the structure are often the low flows flowing down the bucket lip or discharges passed down the spillway with unsymmetrical gate openings causing spread of the jet or return flows.

Complete elimination of scour is hardly practical since it requires prior treatment of bed rock which may involve i i t t t fb d k hi h i l filling of fissures and joints with concrete, laying of concrete raft, creation of water pool by a check dam in the downstream.

The extend and location of scour hole can be controlled either by the creation of a pre-excavated plunge pool or modifications in the bucket shape and geometry. difi ti i th b k t h d t

A concrete apron abo t 15 m about width, just downstream of the bucket would provide adequate protection.

References
1. 1 WES Hydraulic Design Criteria, 1966. Criteria 1966 2. USBR Design of Small Dams, 2006. 3. USBR Hydraulic design of stilling basins and energy dissipators, Engg Monograph No 25, 1978. 4. R.M.Khatsuria, Hydraulics of Spillways and Energy Dissipators, 2005. 5. Larry W.Mays, Hydraulic Design Handbook, 2004.