Power System Harmonics GE

g
GE Industrial Systems
www.geindustrial.com
Power System Harmonic Overview
Practical Overview of Mine Power System Harmonics

Western Mining Electrical Association
Tucson, Arizona November 1999
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Slide 1
Harmonic Topics
What are harmonics? Where do they come from? Why worry? Standards. Solutions.
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Slide 2
What Are Power Line Harmonics?

Fundamental, 5th and 7th Harmonics
1.5
Harmonics are voltages and currents at frequencies that are multiples of utility power frequency.
Fundamental
1
0.5
5th
Sum
7th
0 0 -0.5 120 240 360
-1
-1.5
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Slide 3
Where Do Harmonics Come From?

Harmonic currents result from loads that draw power in non-sine-wave format. These are so-called non-linear loads.
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Slide 4
Some Specific Harmonic Sources

Linear load examples:
Resistance devices heaters, incandescent lamps Induction motors Capacitor banks
Non-Linear load examples:

Transformers during energization Arc welders and arc furnaces Ballasts. Rectifiers Computers, switching power supplies DC drives, AC Drives Switched cap banks
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Slide 5
Some Harmonic Producers

Harmonic Producer Transformers during energization Arc Welders and Furnaces Ballasts, electronic Harmonic 2nd Notes Gone after 0.1 sec Broad spectrum, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, Filters usually included 7th, 11th 3rd, 5th, 7th Typical 5th, 7th, 11th, 13th, etc, magnitude 1/n 3rd, 5th, 7th Typical 5th, 7th, 11th, 13th, etc, magnitude 1/n Typical 5th, 7th, 11th, 13th, etc, High frequencies, depend on system 3rd cancelled in delta transf Varies by number of pulses 3rd cancelled in delta transf Varies by number of pulses Varies by type, number of pulses, system Z Transients, induce system resonances
Plating Rectifiers Computers, switching power supplies DC Drives AC drives Switching Cap banks
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Slide 6
OR - What makes Power system Harmonics so bad?
Why Worry?
Capacitors can blow from overvoltage Drives can trip offline Transformers can overheat possibly to destruction Motors will heat more Ballasts can pop Electronics can malfunction
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A Closer Look: Capacitor Loss from Harmonic Overvoltages

Every AC distribution system has distributed inductance L & capacitance C. Adding pf correction caps anywhere in the system will produce a resonant point with system L
Harmonic Number = of Resonance
Short Circuit MVA Capacitor MVAR
IF THIS HAPPENS TO CORRESPOND TO A HARMONIC CURRENT PRESENT IN THE SYSTEM, THE RESONANCE WILL PRODUCE BIG VOLTAGES ON THE CAP BANK!
Example: PF Cap Bank in Harmonic Trouble

System KV = 12.47 Equiv. System MVAsc = 235 Capacitor Bank Mvar = 5.0
69 kV 1100 MVAsc 15 MVA, 5% 12.47 kV 5 MVAR
Harmonic Number of Resonance
Short Circuit MVA Capacitor MVAR
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT: 235 MVAsc
Approx Harmonic Resonance =
6.86 !
5 MVAR
CAP BANK AND SYSTEM Z RESONATE NEAR 7th HARMONIC! ANY DRIVE OR RECTIFIERS ON THE SYSTEM COULD CAUSE HUGE OVERVOLTAGES!
Symptoms of Capacitor Series Resonance

Voltages across caps measure higher than 10% over nameplate rating, scope shows high peaks.
Be sure to use True-RMS meter Over-voltages can come and go with operation of harmonic producing equipment.
Capacitor Cans are swollen Cap Fuses blow, cans fail

Fixing System Resonance Problems

Experiment or calculate to verify problem
Calculate using simplified approach Temporarily remove caps and observe effect.
Remove proven offending cap banks OR, Change size of bank OR, Tune the bank with inductors
wmea-harmonic-1.ppt Slide 11
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Example Power System

HV UTILITY
A
MV DISTRIB
F
CONVEYOR
C
PLANT
EXCAVATORS
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Slide 12
The P.F. Correction Dilemma

A. Harmonic producers such as drives often need power factor correction. B. Naked capacitors will likely resonate and cause problems
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Slide 13
[Also Known As Harmonic Filters]

Naked capacitors often cause resonance problems on system Inductors and capacitors in series combinations at resonant frequency look like near zero ohms. If tuned to harmonic frequency, LC filter will act as sink for that frequency
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Tuned Capacitor Banks

L C
Res Freq = 1 2pi(LC)^.5
Delta Connected Tuned Bank
Slide 14
Tuned Capacitor Banks

Configurations
Delta Connected Tuned Bank - frequently used in LV filters. Wye Connected Tuned Bank - frequently used in MV filters.
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Slide 15
Harmonic Filters
Medium voltage or low voltage Tune to below desired trap frequency [example, 4.7th] Rising temps move up resonance Filter LC is in parallel with system z causing ANOTHER resonant point New parallel resonant point is hopefully not on critical frequencies
g
Vprim
Multipulse Rectifier Circuit Comparison

Vprim Vprim
+20 deg 0 deg -20 deg
0 deg 6-RECT BRIDGE LOAD 6-RECT BRIDGE
30 deg 6-RECT BRIDGE
6-RECT 6-RECT 6-RECT BRIDGE BRIDGE BRIDGE
LOAD
LOAD
6-PULSE RECTIFIER 5th, 7th, 11th, 13th, 17th, 19th, 23rd, 25th Etc.
12-PULSE RECTIFIER 5th, 7th 90% cancelled still have 11th, 13th, 17th, 19th, 23rd, 25th Etc.
wmea-harmonic-1.ppt
18-PULSE RECTIFIER 5th, 7th 11th, 13th 90% cancelled still have 17th, 19th 23rd, 25th Etc.
Slide 17
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Plating Rectifiers
Power range 1-10 MVA Thyristor [SCR] phase controlled Frequently 12 pulse configuration to cancel 5th and 7th harmonics Filters are on transformer primary side. Small 5th and 7th plus 11th and 13th filters.
DC Drives
Phase controlled SCR drives, phase amps in square wave blocks Usually have PF comp and Filters onboard. Typical 5th, 7th etc at 1/N magnitude. HF ringing harmonics due to switching. Switched caps on P&H individually tuned. LAG PF at stall very poor w/o caps.
DC Rectified Excavator Drive
Phase Voltage Phase Currents
Square Waves Currents
Slide 19
Switched Capacitor Banks

Contactors or SCRs can be used. Provide automatic compensation of variable PF demands Switched banks must be individually tuned. Can introduce HF ringing harmonics due to switching.
OR
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Slide 20
Power Conversion
AC Inverter
TRANSFORMATION
AC TO DC DC TO AC
UTILIZATION
LOAD
AC IND MOTOR
UTILITY SUPPLY
RECTIFICATION
SWITCHING
AC INVERTER TECHNOLOGY UP TO 97% EFFIC
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Slide 21
General Block Diagram
Inverter System
3 Ph. Input
Rectifier
DC Bus
Inverter
Motor
Reference
Regulator
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Slide 22
BASIC AC DRIVE TYPES

VARIABLE VOLTAGE INVERTER - V.V.I.
3-PHASE INPUT CONVERTER AC TO DC INVERTER DC TO V.F. AC
3 PHASE OUTPUT MOTOR
CURRENT SOURCE INVERTER - CCI

MOTOR FILTER
MOTOR 3 PHASE OUTPUT
PULSE-WIDTH MODULATED INVERTER - PWM

3 PHASE OUTPUT MOTOR
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Slide 23
AC-VFD Current Source Drives

All have phase-controlled front ends. DC Link inductors keep current continuous Inverter switches curent to the motor phases. Used for large induction or sync motors Looks like a DC drive to the power line, with similar harmonics.
g
AC Input
Load Commutated Inverter
Variable DC Bus Controlled Rectifier Inverter (SCR)
Synchronous Motor
Inverter Bridge Topology Comparison

Inverter Topology Load-commutated Current source SCR Inverter Advantages Low Parts Count Full Regen and DB possible Rugged Economical High HP Drawbacks
Requires a controlled front end High motor current THD Slow transient response Narrow motor frequency range Minimum Starting Torque Poor low speed performance Synchronous Motor
Practical Power Range Above 2 MW
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Slide 25
g
AC Input
Current Source PWM GTO Inverter
Variable DC Bus Controlled Rectifier Inverter (GTO) Motor Filter Capacitors
Induction Motor
Inverter Bridge Topology Comparison Inverter Topology

Current Source GTO PWM Inverter
Advantages
Full regen and DB possible Low parts count Low motor THD Low motor insulation stress
Drawbacks
Requires a controlled front end Poor input power factor Low switching frequency Slow transient response Narrow motor frequency range Poor multi-motor operation
Practical Power Range

2 - 15 MW
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Slide 26
Typical Large CSI Drive

PF Correction & Harmonic Filters
Vprim
Often 12 pulse AC front end is used to reduce 5th and 7th harmonic currents Poor PF at low speeds requires caps to correct Banks must be tuned. Small 5th & 7th still needed, plus 11th.
0 deg 6/12 RECT BRIDGE
30 deg 6/12-RECT 6/12BRIDGE
LOAD
12-PULSE RECTIFIER 5th, 7th 90% cancelled still have 11th, 13th, 17th, 19th, 23rd, 25th Etc.
Slide 27
AC PWM Drives
The most frequent AC drives in use today. LV or MV drives - usually use diode front ends. Create unique PF and harmonic problems.
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Slide 28
Utility Considerations
Stiffness of supply Utility power level variations Quality of power as received Restrictions on power quality effects by new installation [power factor, harmonics] Impact of new loads on existing system.
UTILITY
Drive
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Slide 29
Power Control and Protection

Medium Voltage switchgear Unique needs of drivedominated loads. Metering, monitoring, and power management.
UTILITY
Drive AC Drive
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Slide 30
Power Distribution
Harmonic effects on equipment True meaning of power factor Feeder sizing Mixture of drive and non drive loading. Transformer rating factors
UTILITY
Drive AC Drive
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Slide 31
Power Quality Issues

Power disturbances on existing system. Injection of harmonics The problem & true impact Specs, recommendations & regulations [IEEE-519 & others] Rational solutions
UTILITY
Economic tradeoffs.
Drive AC Drive
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Slide 32
PWM AC Drive Block Diagram

3 PHASE E AC POWER DC BUS RECTIFIER INVERTER
LOGIC
Motor
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Slide 33
Pulse-Width-Modulated [PWM] Wave Form

Voltage = The Average of the time the Voltage is on Plus the time the Voltage is Off.
The Motor tends to smooth the voltage wave Present designs use IGBT devices to produce smooth current waves. IGBT devices switch at rates up to 20K Hz.
PEAK VOLTAGE
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Slide 34
Low voltage PWM drive

R e c tifie d
1 .2
3 -P h a s e
0 .8
0 .6
0 .4
3 Phase Diode Bridge
PWM Motor Volts

0 5 0 1 0 0 1 5 0 2 0 0 2 5 0 3 0 0 3 5 0 4 0 0
0 .2
[+]
DC Buss Rectified Power
AC Incoming Line
T hree P h ase In p u t
1.2
Cap Bank
DBR
a
c
0.7
0.2 0 -0.3 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
-0.8
-1.3
[- ]
Motor Amps
Inverter System Power Components

PWM Drive DC Link Reactor
System Z
R e c t if ie d 3 - P h a s e
1 .2 1 0 .8 0 .6
0 .4
Line Reactor Fuses
0 .2
A Cap Bank
IGBTs M
0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Average No Load Inverter DC Bus at A
General Rule: 5% Z needed in System Z + Line Reactor OR include DC Link reactor to Prevent Fuse Blowing. Some drives have SCR in rectifier to control charging. Line reactor &/or DC reactor Improve average power factor & reduce Harmonics
Inverter System AC Line Distortion

System Z
Line Reactor Fuses
A Cap Bank
IGBTs M
LINE AMPS
Rectified 3-Phase
1.2
CAPACITOR CAN FILL ONLY WHEN PEAK LINE VOLTS AT A ARE ABOVE CAPACITOR VOLTS: * LINE AMPS CHARGE CAPS IN VERY UNEVEN BUMPS [NOT SINE WAVE!] * NON SINE WAVE CURRENT IS FULL OF HARMONICS.
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Slide 37
Displacement vs Real Power Factor

Drives are usually specified in displacement power factor, DPF DPF = cosine of phase angle between supply volts and line amps. For diode front end PWM, DPF > .95 True PF = KW / KVA True PF can be quite bad. PF =0.60 not uncommon! Depends on Line Z.
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Slide 38
Effects Line & DC Reactors on Power Line

AC Line Amps
Soft Source 30 KVA, 5.5% Zt
Base line
Input KVA Avg Inp Volts Avg Ph Amps Baseline DC Link AC Line Ac and DC Reactor Reactors Reactors
DC Link Reactor
5.9
469
5.0
467
5.0
471
5.0
468
7.2
5.0%
6.2
3.2%
6.1
2.8%
6.2
2.6%
AC Line Reactors
Input VoItageThd.. Input Current Thd Input Volts Imb
69.1%
0.1% 4.8%
31.8%
0.1% 2.4%
34.2%
0.1% 5.5%
27.8%
0.2% 0.8%
DC Link & & AC line Reactors
Input Amps Imb Input True PF

Mot Amps THD
0.81
3.5%
0.94
3.0%
0.91
3.0%
0.93
3.3%
Ref Page 12-9 & 12-10 GEZ-7984E 11/20/2003 10:26:46 PM wmea-harmonic-1.ppt Slide 39
Effects Of Line & DC Reactors on Power Line

AC Line Amps
Base line
Input KVA
Stiff Source 180 KVA, 2% Zt

Baseline DC Link Reactor AC Line Reactors Ac and DC Reactors
5.2
469
3.8
467
3.2
470
3
469
DC Link Reactor
Avg Inp Volts Avg Ph Amps Input VoItageThd.. Input Current Thd Input Volts Imb Input Amps Imb
6.2
1.70%
4.7
1.40%
4
1.20%
3.7
1.30%
AC Line Reactors
129.0% 54.7% 58.3%

0.30% 13.9% 0.30% 11.6% 0.40% 6.8%
39.4%
0.30% 4.8%
DC Link & & AC line Reactors
Input True PF Mot Amps THD
0.61
4.2%
0.85
3.3%
0.83
4.4%
0.9
4.1%
Ref Page 12-9 & 12-10 GEZ-7984E 11/20/2003 10:26:46 PM wmea-harmonic-1.ppt Slide 40
Power System Compatibility-Supply

Fast-acting current limiting AC line fuses protect input rectifiers and limit fault current. Added reactance in AC line or DC link is needed when feeder transformer kVA is >10 times drive HP to prevent fuse blowing. System reactance [native or added] GREATLY reduces line KVA and harmonic currents
Drives Pulse Number Overview

Simple full-wave drive rectifier front end has 6 diodes Each diode gives a pulse of output voltage for every peak of 3-phase voltage. Higher pulse drives use more diodes in rectifier section. Each rectifier fed from own transformer secondary
Vprim
6-DIODE RECT. INVERT.
M
6-PULSE BASIC PWM DRIVE
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Slide 42
g
Vprim
Multipulse Drives Circuit Comparison

Vprim Vprim
+20 deg 0 deg -20 deg
0 deg 6-DIODE RECT. INVERT. 6-DIODE RECT.
30 deg 6-DIODE RECT.
6-DIODE 6-DIODE 6-DIODE RECT. RECT. RECT.
INVERT.
INVERT.
M M
6-PULSE BASIC PWM DRIVE 12-PULSE BASIC PWM DRIVE
M
18-PULSE BASIC PWM DRIVE
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Slide 43
Multi-pulse LV PWM Drives

6-DIODE 6-DIODE 6-DIODE RECT. RECT. RECT.
6- PULSE WAVEFORM
1 .2 1 0 .8
0 .6
0 .4
0 .2
IGBTs M
Cap Bank
0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
12- PULSE WAVEFORM

1 .2 1 0 .8
Fuses
0 .6
0 .4
Fuses
0 .2
0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
18- PULSE WAVEFORM

1 .2 1 0 .8
Vprim
Fuses
0 .6
0 .4
0 .2
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0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Slide 44
350 400
Pulse Count Drive Comparison

Factors Cost 6 Pulse Lowest 12 Pulse More Special, Dedicated 11-17 % TDD, 90% of 5th & 7th cancel More Less 18 Pulse Most Special, Dedicated <5 % TDD, 90% of 5th to 13th cancel Most Least
None, or Transformer Simple [Can Share] Harmonics [drive only] Complexity / Parts Count Potential Reliability
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Large TDD
Simplest Most
wmea-harmonic-1.ppt
Slide 45
Multi-level Voltage Source IGBT PWM Inverter
Fixed DC Bus Diode Rectifier Inverter (IGBT)

Inverter Topology
Multi-level Voltage Source IGBT PWM Inverter
Advantages
Low motor current THD Low motor insulation stress Partial N+1 redundancy available Easy repair Fast transient response Wide motor frequency range High power factor Low power system harmonics
Drawbacks
No regen or DB possible Large parts count Reduced efficiency (many series IGBTs and diodes) Special transformer required Larger footprint in high HP

0.5 - 5 MW
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Slide 46
g
AC Input
Voltage Source Med Voltage PWM IGBT Inverter

Fixed DC Bus Diode Rectifier Inverter (IGBT)
Induction Motor

0.5 - 5 MW
Inverter Topology
Three or Five Level Voltage Source IGBT PWM Inverter
Advantages
Minimum parts count for voltage rating Full regen and DB available High efficiency Low motor current THD Low motor insulation stress Easy repair Fast transient response Wide motor frequency range Smooth low speed operation
Drawbacks
Motor termination impedance matching [3 level only] Not N+1 redundant
GE Innovation Three or Five Level Voltage Source IGBT PWM Inverter
Inverter duty motor not necessary due to 3 or 5 level switching Laminated bus which has lower parasitic inductance that allows for a snubberless design Fault current tolerance no longer an issue due to the use of IGBTs and optimized gate control. No inductor needed (di/dt limit) and no fuses (current magnitude protection) Smaller footprint due to the use of heat pipe technology that improves power density
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Slide 47
Utility Considerations
Stiffness of supply Utility power level variations Quality of power as received Restrictions on power quality effects by new installation [power factor, harmonics] Impact of new loads on existing system.
UTILITY
Drive
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Slide 48
Power Control and Protection

Medium Voltage switchgear Unique needs of drivedominated loads. Metering, monitoring, and power management.
UTILITY
Drive AC Drive
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Slide 49
Power Distribution
Harmonic effects on equipment True meaning of power factor Feeder sizing Mixture of drive and non drive loading. Transformer rating factors
UTILITY
Drive AC Drive
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Slide 50
Power Quality Issues

Power disturbances on existing system. Injection of harmonics The problem & true impact Specs, recommendations & regulations [IEEE-519 & others] Rational solutions
UTILITY
Economic tradeoffs.
Drive AC Drive
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Slide 51
IEEE 519-1992 Table 10.3 ITDD Limits

Maximum Harmonic Curent Distortion in % of I-Load
Isc to I-load h = 11 h = 17 h = 23 h = 35 TDD h < 11 Ratio to <17 to <23 to <35 & up % < 20 20 < 50 50 < 100 100 < 1000 >1000 4.0 7.0 10.0 12.0 15.0 2.0 3.5 4.5 5.5 7.0 1.5 2.5 4.0 5.0 6.0 0.6 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 0.3 0.5 0.7 1.0 1.4 5.0 8.0 12.0 15.0 20.0
I-Load [fund] I-harm
Vpcc
PCC Isc Available
Notes: Even Harmonics limited to 25% of the harmonic level TDD = Total Demand Disortion %, based on maximum demand current at the point of common coupling [PCC]. Isc = Maximum Short Circuit current or kVA at the PCC I-load = Fundamental freqency load current or kVA at the PCC
D M
Slide 52
IEEE 519-1992 Table 11.2 VTHD Limits

Voltage Distortion Limits for Individual Harmonic Number: < 3.0% Total Harmonic Voltage Distortion [ VTHD ] Limits for all harmonics: < 5.0% Voltage distortion is what is passed on to other equipment & utility. Voltage distortion depends on both injected current and source Z. THD within user system is separate concern, but not utility concern.
Vpcc
PCC Isc Available
I-Load [fund]
I-harm
D M
Slide 53
Typical Inverter Line Side % Current Harmonics

6-pulse SYSTEM WITH NO DC LINK REACTOR
500
Data source: GE FujI Drives - April 1993
6-pulse SYSTEM WITH DC LINK REACTOR

500
Data source: GE Fuji Drives - April 1993
% OF FUNDAMENTAL AMPS
200 Total Effective Current
200
Total Effective Current
100
100
5th 7th 50 13th 20 17th 10 19th 11th
50 5th 20 7th 10 13th 17th

19th 23rd
11th
23rd 25th
2 AC Source Reactance [%] ---> 1

0.02 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.5 1.0 2 5 10
25th
AC Source Reactance [%] ---> 1

0.02 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.5 1.0 2 5 10
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Slide 54
Harmonic Calculations
Consider both drives and linear loads. TDD per IEEE is a % of total kva, including PCC Isc Available Vpcc non-VFD motors Demand distortion is not instantaneous number, but based on meter kva-hours. I-harm I-Load Must define a Point of Common Coupling: [fund] where currents sum. Computer programs are available [see www.transcoil.com]. D If you ignore harmonics, then breakers, M transformers and feeders may be under-sized.
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Slide 55
Simplified AC PWM Harmonic Analysis

TCI-Analyzer
PWM VFDs with diode front ends Simple First-cut calculations. Allows rapid comparisons of drive & filter combinations Program available for purchase & download at www.transcoil.com
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Slide 56
MV Filter- Metal Enclosed

Air core or iron core inductors Oil filled capacitors L-C pairs Tuned to harmonics to be absorbed Switchgear and protection needed.
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Slide 57
Stack-Rack Filter Banks

Open Construction
Air core core inductors Oil filled capacitors L-C pairs Tuned to harmonics to be absorbed Switchgear and protection needed. 9 MVAR Bank, 12.47 KV, Tuned to 5th harmonic [5/98]
Typical Costs for MV Harmonic Banks

Fixed = $30 / KVAR, Auto = $35-60 / KVAR Not including:
Taps for iron core reactors (typically 35% adder to cost & size
Breakers Disconnect switches, fused or unfused Vacuum switches Thermal protection for reactors (CT's & relays) Unbalance/Blown Fuse detection (CT's & relays) Automatic banks (controllers, switches & reactors for each step) Ground switches Ventilation/heaters Provisions for Kirk key interlocks
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Slide 59
Typical Costs for LV Harmonic Banks

Fixed = $70 to $180 / KVAR, Auto = $85 to $150 / KVAR, 480 volt or 600 volt Including:
Iron core reactors for each step Contactors for each step Breakers Thermal protection for reactors (CT's & relays) Unbalance/Blown Fuse detection (CT's & relays) Ventilation/heaters
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Slide 60
Low Voltage Harmonic Filters

For VFD Application
Incoming MV Feed
PER DRIVE FILTER 6-PULSE PWM DRIVE 6-DIODE RECT. INVERT. MOTOR & LOAD
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Slide 61
Harmonic Correction:
Rational Approaches
Correct known problems, use consultation if needed. Local filters - at the source. System level filters. Minimize injection of currents by equipment selection & application. Maintain standards to prevent future problems.

For VFD Application
CONFIGURATION SHOWING ONE FILTER PER BUS
Incoming MV Feed
6PULSE PWM DRIVE
6PULSE PWM DRIVE
6PULSE PWM DRIVE
M
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M
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M
Slide 63

For VFD Application
CONFIGURATION USING ONE FILTER PER DRIVE
LV BUS
Incoming MV Feed
6PULSE PWM DRIVE
6PULSE PWM DRIVE
6PULSE PWM DRIVE
M
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M
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M
Slide 64
High/Med. Voltage Harmonic Filters

CONFIGURATION USING ONE FILTER BANK AT MV SYSTEM LEVEL
MV BUS
Incoming HV Feed
11 13
DRIVES PLANT LOADS
M
Power System CompatibilityFeeder Equipment

Breakers, transformers, and cable must be rated to carry full kVA. Transformers need to be drive isolation rated with proper K factor.
K 13 = 50% NL loads, K30 = 100%
Equipment size may be minimized by reducing harmonics by using:

Line & Link Reactors Filters Multipulse rectifier drives
Cable Derating Table

100 98 100
IEEE 519-1992
PERCENT CABLE DERATED CAPACITY
awg 8 awg 1
99
98
CURVES ARE BASED ON FOLLOWING HARMONIC CURRENT DISTRIBUTION h 5 7 11 13 17 19 23 25 Ih[(pu) 0.175 0.110 0.045 0.029 0.015 0.010 0.009 0.008
98
1/0 AWG 2/0 AWG 3/0 AWG
97
97 250 kcmil 350 kcmil 500 kcmil 750 kcmil 1000 kcmil 94 80 90 100 95 96
4/0 AWG
96
95
SIMPLIFIED CONCLUSION: REDUCE VFD HARMONICS TO THESE LEVELS OR LESS AND CABLE IMPACT WILL BE MINIMAL.
PERCENT HARMONIC LOAD 94 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
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Slide 67
Harmonic Solutions
Understanding Planning Studies & surveys Filters Low impact equip
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Slide 68
Harmonic Surveys
What are they? When are they needed?
Serious & widespread symptoms Starting fresh To fix utility complaints
Localized or system wide?
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Slide 69
Harmonic Surveys
Do-it-yourself Approach
Measurement locations Instrument availability, setup, calibration. Data interpretation
When do you need professional help?
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Slide 70
Example Power System

HV UTILITY
A
MV DISTRIB
F
CONVEYOR
C
PLANT
EXCAVATORS
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Slide 71
Using Harmonic Survey Results

Recognize what data means trouble, and what can be ignored. Know the industry standards. Know how to apply standards with practical results in sight at lowest cost.
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Slide 72
Summary
Use common sense approach - dont be pushed into excessive action. Recognize symptoms of harmonic problems. Use design tools to do simple calcs and planning Consult reliable systems analysis sources when help is needed.
Summary
Use common sense approach - dont be pushed into excessive action. Recognize symptoms of harmonic problems. Use design tools to do simple calcs and planning Consult reliable systems analysis sources when help is needed.

Power System Harmonics GE

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Power System Harmonics GE

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Power System Harmonic Overview

Practical Overview of Mine Power System Harmonics

Power System Harmonic Overview

Power System Harmonic Overview

What Are Power Line Harmonics?

0 0 -0.5 120 240 360

Power System Harmonic Overview

Where Do Harmonics Come From?

Power System Harmonic Overview

Some Specific Harmonic Sources

Non-Linear load examples:

Power System Harmonic Overview

Some Harmonic Producers

Power System Harmonic Overview

OR - What makes Power system Harmonics so bad?

Power System Harmonic Overview

A Closer Look: Capacitor Loss from Harmonic Overvoltages

Harmonic Number = of Resonance

Short Circuit MVA Capacitor MVAR

Power System Harmonic Overview

Example: PF Cap Bank in Harmonic Trouble

69 kV 1100 MVAsc 15 MVA, 5% 12.47 kV 5 MVAR

Harmonic Number of Resonance

Short Circuit MVA Capacitor MVAR

EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT: 235 MVAsc

Approx Harmonic Resonance =

Power System Harmonic Overview

Symptoms of Capacitor Series Resonance

Capacitor Cans are swollen Cap Fuses blow, cans fail

Power System Harmonic Overview

Fixing System Resonance Problems

Power System Harmonic Overview

Example Power System

Power System Harmonic Overview

The P.F. Correction Dilemma

Power System Harmonic Overview

[Also Known As Harmonic Filters]

Tuned Capacitor Banks

Res Freq = 1 2pi(LC)^.5

Delta Connected Tuned Bank

Power System Harmonic Overview

Tuned Capacitor Banks

Power System Harmonic Overview

Power System Harmonic Overview

Multipulse Rectifier Circuit Comparison

0 deg 6-RECT BRIDGE LOAD 6-RECT BRIDGE

30 deg 6-RECT BRIDGE

6-RECT 6-RECT 6-RECT BRIDGE BRIDGE BRIDGE

Power System Harmonic Overview

Power System Harmonic Overview

DC Rectified Excavator Drive

Phase Voltage Phase Currents

Square Waves Currents

Power System Harmonic Overview

Switched Capacitor Banks

Power System Harmonic Overview

AC INVERTER TECHNOLOGY UP TO 97% EFFIC

Power System Harmonic Overview

General Block Diagram

Power System Harmonic Overview

BASIC AC DRIVE TYPES

CURRENT SOURCE INVERTER - CCI