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Preface
Gratitude to ALLAH ALMIGHTY (Azza-wa-Jal) by the grace of which we achieve success in every field of life. Second our teachers and some classmates who helped us understanding the things which we find difficult.

Acknowledgement
In the name of ALLAH the ALMIGHTY who enabled us to complete this report successfully and helped us in the difficult moments during the development of this report. The project is compiled on a student level on the behalf of possible technical data arranged from internet and from course book.

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Contents
Preface ............................................................................................................................................. 1 Acknowledgement ........................................................................................................................... 1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 3 Block Diagram .................................................................................................................................. 3 Working............................................................................................................................................ 4 Configurations: ............................................................................................................................ 4 Significance ................................................................................................................................. 5 Circuit Diagram ................................................................................................................................ 6 Component List ................................................................................................................................ 6 Microcontroller: ........................................................................................................................... 6 DC Motor: .................................................................................................................................... 6 Diode:........................................................................................................................................... 7 Transistor: .................................................................................................................................... 7 Coding .............................................................................................................................................. 7 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................................ 8

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Introduction
Our project is to design and implement a circuit which operates a DC motor controlled by the microcontroller using an Optocoupler for the isolation between the two circuits. Electronic equipment and signal and power transmission lines can be subjected to voltage surges induced by lightning, electrostatic discharge, radio frequency transmissions, switching pulses (spikes) in power supply. A circuit can also incorporate high voltages by design, in which case it needs safe, reliable means of interfacing its high-voltage components with low-voltage ones. The main function of an opto-isolator is to block such high voltages and voltage transients, so that a surge in one part of the system will not disrupt or destroy the other parts.

Block Diagram

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Working
The working of the project is very simple. A controller has been used for the operation of the dc motor, programming of the controller is done in assembly language. The dc motor is derived into one direction only. For the isolation of two circuits (i.e. controller and dc motor) an optocoupler has been used. In electronics, an opto-isolator (or optical isolator, optocoupler, photocoupler, or photoMOS) is a device that uses a short optical transmission path to transfer a signal between elements of a circuit, typically a transmitter and a receiver, while keeping them electrically isolated, since the signal goes from an electrical signal to an optical signal back to an electrical signal, electrical contact along the path is broken.

Configurations:
A common implementation involves a LED and a phototransistor, separated so that light may travel across a barrier but electrical current may not. When an electrical signal is applied to the input of the opto-isolator, its LED lights, its light sensor then activates, and a corresponding electrical signal is generated at the output. Unlike a transformer, the opto-isolator allows for DC coupling and generally provides significant protection from serious overvoltage conditions in one circuit affecting the other. It uses a beam of light to
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transfer energy from one circuit element to another, and it can handle incoming voltages of up to 7500V. With a photodiode as the detector, the output current is proportional to the amount of incident light supplied by the emitter. The diode can be used in a photovoltaic mode or a photoconductive mode. In photovoltaic mode, the diode acts like a current source in parallel with a forwardbiased diode. The output current and voltage are dependent on the load impedance and light intensity. In photoconductive mode, the diode is connected to a supply voltage, and the magnitude of the current conducted is directly proportional to the intensity of light. An opto-isolator can also be constructed using a small incandescent lamp in place of the LED; such a device, because the lamp has a much slower response time than an LED, will filter out noise or half-wave power in the input signal. In so doing, it will also filter out any audio- or higher-frequency signals in the input. It has the further disadvantage, of course, (an overwhelming disadvantage in most applications) that incandescent lamps have finite life spans. Thus, such an unconventional device is of extremely limited usefulness, suitable only for applications such as science projects. The optical path may be air or a dielectric waveguide. The transmitting and receiving elements of an optical isolator may be contained within a single compact module, for mounting, for example, on a circuit board; in this case, the module is often called an optoisolator or opto-isolator. The photo sensor may be a photocell, phototransistor, or an optically triggered SCR or Triac. Occasionally, this device will in turn operate a power relay or contactor.

Significance
The main purpose of an opto-isolator is "to prevent high voltages or rapidly changing voltages on one side of the circuit from damaging components or distorting transmissions on the other side. Optocouplers are most often used to separate two circuit elements that are operating on extremely different voltages. This prevents damage to the part working
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at a lower voltage. They also work to keep the two elements from being damaged by reverse voltage or power surges. Because of this trait, optocouplers are best utilized in associated with on/off switches and the transfer of digital data. They are commonly found between a transmitter and a receiver in an electric circuit.

Circuit Diagram

Component List
Microcontroller:
89S51 128KB RAM 4K ROM 32 I/O pins

DC Motor:
12 V

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Diode:
1N4007 1 directional current flow

Transistor:
TIP120 Darlington Increases the gain

Coding
org 00h here:setb p2.0 mov r0,#50 call delay clr p2.0 mov r0,#50 call delay sjmp here

delay:mov r1,#20 dl1:mov r2,#100 djnz r2,$ djnz r1,dl1 ret end

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Conclusion
Optocoupler play integral roles in many common household items, such as telephones, cellular phones, computer circuits, internet modems and even the entire house electrical circuit. Optocoupler have also become essential to modern televisions as the technology and complexity of digital components has grown. They are used extensively to separate the parts of the circuit that manage the cable receiver, screen performance and screen settings.