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Russia
30 Jan 1705 - 11 Jun 1858 Merchant Flag; 11 Jun 1858 - 19 Nov 1914 Civil Ensign 19 Nov 1914 - 14 Sep 1917
7 May 1883 - 19 Nov 1914 State Flag;
14 Sep 1917 - 14 Apr 1918 (de facto)
14 Apr 1918 - 19 Jul 1918 19 Jul 1918 - 6 Jul 1923 6 Jul 1923 - 12 Nov 1923
http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Russia.htm 25/11/2007
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12 Nov 1923 - 18 Apr 1924 18 Apr 1924 - 25 Dec 1991 Re-adopted 21 Aug 1991
Map of Russia Hear National Anthem Hear Former Anthem

---------------------------- "Gimn Rossiyskoy Federatsii" "Patriotiskaya Pesnya" Constitution
Map of Administrative (Hymn of the Russian Federation) (The Patriotic Song) (12 Dec 1993)
Divisions Adopted 1 Jan 2001 (Nov 1990-2001)
Currency: Russian Ruble National Holiday: 12 June (1990)
Capital: Moscow Population: 141,377,752 (2007)
(RUR) Russia Day
Ethnic groups: Russian 79.82%, Tatar 3.83%, Ukrainian 2.03%,
Bashkir 1.15%, Chuvash 1.13%, Chechen 0.94%,
Exports: $317.6 billion (2006) Armenian 0.78%, Mordvin 0.58%, Belarusian 0.56%, Avar
GDP: $1.746 trillion (2006)
Imports: $171.5 billion (2006) (Dagestani) 0.52%, Kazakh 0.45%, Udmurt 0.44%,
Azerbaijani 0.43%, Mari 0.42%, German 0.41%,
Kabardinian 0.36%, Ossetian 0.35%, other 5.8% (2002)
Religions: Christian 57.4% (of which Orthodox 49.7%,
Total Armed Forces: 1,212,700 (2004)
Protestant 6.2%, Roman Catholic 1%, other Christian 0.5%),
Declared Nuclear Power (1949): est.13,000 weapons (2002)
Muslim 7.6%, traditional beliefs 0.8%, Jewish 0.7%, Hindu 0.5%,
Merchant marine: 1,178 ships (2006)
Buddhist 0.4%, non-religious 27.4%, atheist 5.2% (2000)
International Organizations/Treaties: AC, ANT, APEC, ARF, ASEAN (dialogue partner), BIS, BSEC, BTWC, CBSS, CE, CIS, CTBT,
EAEC, EAPC, EBRD, ENMOD, FAO, G-8, GCTU, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt (signatory), ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF,
IMO, IMSO, Interpol, Intersputnik, IOC, IOM (observer), IPU, ISESCO (observer), ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, KP, LAIA (observer), MIGA,
MTCR, NAM (guest), NPT, NSG, NTBT, OAS (observer), OIC (observer), OPCW, OPEC (observer), OSCE, PCA, PFP, SCO, UN, UN
Security Council, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFCC, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
(observer), ZC
Russia Index Chronology
Russia 862 - 1240 Grand Principality of Kiev Rus'.
(since 1991) 28 May 1136 - 15 Jan 1480 Republic of Novgorod (under suzerainty of Moscow
from Aug 1478, annexed 15 Jan 1480).
Administrative
28 Mar 1147 Moscow first mentioned.
Divisions
from 1991 1157 - 1327 Grand Principality of Vladimir-Suzdal'
(from 1327 Moscow).
1271 - 1318 First use of style of "Grand Prince of all Rus'"
Civil War by Mikhail Yaroslav.
Polities 1362 Kiev annexed to Lithuania.

(1917-1921) 1240 - 1480 Russian principalities under Mongol suzerainty
Russian Empire (Ryazan and Vladimir from 1238).
(1462-1917) 1327 Grand Principality of Vladimir and Moscow.
1348 - 24 Jan 1510 Pskov Republic independent (annexed by Moscow
Occupations 24 Jan 1510).
of Moscow 1493 Style "Grand Prince, by the grce of God, Lord
(1610-1612, 1812) of All Rus'" adopted by Ivan III.
16 Jan 1547 Russian Tsardom
Alternative "White" 2 Oct 1552 Kazan Khanate annexed by Russia.
Government 2 Jun 1554 Astrakhan Khanate occupied, annexed 1557.
(1918-1920)
26 Oct 1582 Sibir Khanate (near Tobolsk) occupied.
27 Sep 1610 - 4 Nov 1612 Polish-Lithuanian occupation of Moscow.
Soviet Union 2 Nov 1721 Russian Empire
(1922-1991)
29 Mar 1809 - 6 Dec 1917 Personal union with Finland (formally from
17 Sep 1809).
Russian SFSR
(1917-1991) 14 Sep 1812 - 23 Oct 1812 French under occupy Moscow.
9 Jun 1815 - 5 Nov 1916 Personal union with Poland.
Russian SFSR 18 Oct 1867 Russian America (Alaska) sold to the U.S.
Admin. Divisions 7 May 1875 Sakhalin Island, northern Kurile Islands annexed.
5 Sep 1905 - 25 Aug 1945 Southern Sakhalin Island and northern Kurile
Far Eastern
Islands annexed by Japan.
Republic
15 Mar 1917 Russia (abdication of Nikolay II; imperial style
(1920-1922)
dropped) no official style adopted; various
styles were in use: Russia (after 15 Mar 1917),
Ingria Russian Republic (after 14 Sep 1917), Russian
(Ingermanland) Soviet Republic (after 8 Nov 1917), etc.
(1601-1703, 1919-
20) 28 Jan 1918 Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic
30 Dec 1922 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Soviet
Inner Horde Union) including Russia, Ukraine, Belorussia,
(1801-1876) and Transcaucasia (Armenia, Azerbaijan, and
Georgia).
Kalmyk Khanate 13 May 1925 Accession of Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan.
(1670-1771) 5 Dec 1929 Accession of Tadzhikistan.
5 Dec 1936 Accession of Kazakhstan and Kirgiziya.
Karafuto 31 Mar 1940 - 16 Jul 1956 Accession of Finno-Karelia.
(1905-1945) 2 Aug 1940 Accession of Moldavia.
3 Aug 1940 Accession of Lithuania.

Tannu Tuva 5 Aug 1940 Accession of Latvia.
(1911-1944)
6 Aug 1940 Accession of Estonia.
Chechnya 11 Oct 1944 Incorporation of Tannu Tuva.
(1822-1861, 1991-) 6 Sep 1991 Recognition of Estonian, Latvian, and Lithuanian
independence.
Map of Soviet 1 Nov 1991 - Independence declared by Republic of Chechnya
Nationalities
(not recognized).
(1982)
12 Dec 1991 Russian S.F.S.R. Supreme Council passes a
resolution denouncing the Union Treaty of 1922.
Russian Orthodox 25 Dec 1991 Final dissolution of the U.S.S.R.; Russian S.F.S.R.
Church becomes Russian Federation.
Russian Empire
11 Jun 1858 - 19 Nov 1914 Civil Ensign 19 Nov 1914 - 14 Sep 1917 1699 - 15 Mar 1917
Flag of the Tsar
Hear Provisional Anthems

Hear National Anthem (Mar 1917-1922)
"Bozhe, Tsarya Khrani" ---------------------------- Fundamental Law
Map of Russian Empire
(God Save the Tsar) Former Anthem (1816-1833) (23 Apr 1906-23 Mar 1917)
(Dec 1833 - Mar 1917) "Molitva Russkikh"
(The Prayer of the Russians)
Capital: St. Petersburg National Holiday: 6 May
Currency: Russian Ruble
(Petrograd from 1914; (1868) Population: 91,500,000 (1914)
(RUES)
Moscow to 1710) Birthday of Czar Nicholas II
Ethnic groups: Russian, Polish, Finnish, Ukrainian, Tatar,
Exports: $348,959,000 (1914) Belarusian, German, Jewish, Latvian, Estonian, Lithuanian,
GNP: $N/A
Imports: $365,709,000 (1914) Georgian, Armenian, Azeri, Kazakh, Turkmen, Uzbek, Romanian,
Tajik, Eskimo
Total Armed Forces: 1,300,000 (1914) Religions: Russian Orthodox, Roman Catholic, Muslim,
Merchant marine: 906 (1908) Protestant, Jewish, Buddhist, Shamanist, non-religious
International Organizations/Treaties to 1922: ICRM, IOC, IMO, IPU, ITU, PCA, UIBPIP, UPU
Grand Princes
5 Apr 1462 - 6 Nov 1505 Ivan III (b. 1440 - d. 1505)
6 Nov 1505 - 13 Dec 1533 Vasily IV (b. 1479 - d. 1533)
13 Dec 1533 - 26 Jan 1547 Ivan IV "Grozny" (b. 1530 - d. 1584)
(Ivan IV "the Terrible")
1533 - 1534 Mikhail L'vovch Glinsky -Regent
13 Dec 1533 - 13 Apr 1538 Yelena Glinskaya (f) -Regent (b. 1506/07 - d. 1538)
1534 - 21 Apr 1538 Prince Ivan Fyodorovich Ovchina- (d. 1539)
Telepnyov-Obolensky -Regent
13 Apr 1538 - 26 Jan 1547 Regency disputed:
- Prince Vasily Vasilyevich (d. 1538)
Shuisky
(13 Apr 1538 - Nov 1538)
- Prince Ivan Vasilyevich Shuisky (d. 1542)
(Oct 1538 - 1540 and 1542 - 24 May 1542)
- Prince Ivan Fyodorovich Belsky (d. 1542)
(Jul 1540 - Jan 1542)
- Ioasaf, Archbishop of Moscow (d. 1555)
(1540 - 13 Jan 1542)
- Andrey Mikhailovich Shuisky (d. 1543)
(1542 - 8 Jan 1544)
- Ivan Ivanovich Kubensky (d. 1546)
(1544 and 1545 - 1546)
- Fyodor Semyonovich Vorontsov (d. 1546)
(1543 - 31 Jul 1546)
- Mikhail Vasilyevich Glinsky (d. 1559)
(1546 - 26 Jan 1547)
- Yury Vasilyevich Glinsky (d. 1547)
(1543 - 26 Jan 1547)
Tsars¹
26 Jan 1547 - 28 Mar 1584 Ivan IV "Grozny" (s.a.)
28 Mar 1584 - 17 Jan 1598 Fyodor I (Theodor I) (b. 1557 - d. 1598)

28 Mar 1584 - 16 Jan 1598 Regents
- Prince Ivan Petrovich Shuisky (d. 1588)
(to 1587)
- Prince Ivan Fyodorovich (b. c.1529 - d. 1586)
Mstislavsky (to 1585)
- Nikita Romanovich Yuryev (b. 153. - d. 1585)
(to Aug 1584)
- Boris Fyodorovich Godunov (b. 1552 - d. 1605)
- Bogdan Yakovlevich Belsky (d. 1611)
(to Apr 1584)
17 Jan 1598 - 3 Mar 1598 Irina Fyodorovna (b. 1557 - d. 1603)
Godunova (f) -Regent
3 Mar 1598 - 23 Apr 1605 Boris Godunov (s.a.)
23 Apr 1605 - 11 Jun 1605 Fyodor II (b. 1589 - d. 1605)
25 Apr 1605 - 11 Jun 1605 Mariya Grigoryevna (b. 156. - d. 1605)
Skuratova (f) -Regent
30 Jun 1605 - 27 May 1606 Dmitry I (b. 1581 - d. 1606)
(first "false" Dmitry; claimed to
be Dmitry [d. 1591], son of Ivan IV)
27 May 1606 - 27 Jul 1610 Vasily V Shuisky (b. 1522 - d. 1612)
(coronated 1 Jun 1606)
Aug 1607 - 21 Dec 1610 Dmitry (in rebellion) (d. 1610)
(second "false" Dmitry real name
unknown; claimed to be first false Dmitry)
27 Jul 1610 - 4 Nov 1612 Council of Seven Boyars
(from 6 Sep 1610 for absent Vladislav)
- Prince Fyodor Ivanovich (d. 1624)
Mstislavsky
- Prince Ivan Mikhailovich (d. 1627)
Vorotynsky (to Mar 1611)
- Mikhail Fyodorovich Nagoy (d. 1612)
(from Mar 1611)
- Prince Andrey Vasilyevich (b. 156. - d. 1612)
Trubetskoy
- Prince Vasily Vasilyevich (b. 155. - d. 1611)
Golitsyn (to 8 Apr 1611)

- Ivan Simeyonovich Kurakin (d. 1632)
(from 8 Apr 1611)
- Prince Boris Mikhailovich Lykov- (b. 1576 - d. 1646)
Obolenskiy
- Ivan Nikitich Romanov (b. 156. - d. 1640)
- Fyodor Ivanovich Sheremetev (d. 1649/50)
6 Sep 1610 - 4 Nov 1612 Vladislav (Wladyslaw) (b. 1595 - d. 1648)
(remained in Poland)
17 Apr 1611 - 26 Jul 1613 Council of All the Land
(in opposition to the Poles and Vladislav)
- Prokopy Petrovich Lyapunov (d. 1611)
(to 1 Aug 1611)
- Prince Dmitry Timofeyevich (b. 157. - d. 1625)
Trubetskoy
- Ivan Martynovich Zarutsky (d. 1614)
(to 7 Aug 1612)
21 Jul 1613 - 23 Jul 1645 Mikhail III (Michael III) (b. 1591 - d. 1645)
21 Jul 1613 - 4 Jul 1619 Princess Kseniya Ivanovna (d. 1637)
Shestova (f) -Regent
4 Jul 1619 - 11 Oct 1633 Filaret, Patriarch of (b. 1554 - d. 1633)
Moscow -Regent
23 Jul 1645 - 7 Feb 1676 Aleksey (Alexis) (b. 1629 - d. 1676)
23 Jul 1645 - 28 Jul 1645 Evdokiya Lukyanovna (b. 1608 - d. 1645)
Streshneva (f) -Regent
7 Feb 1676 - 7 May 1682 Fyodor III (b. 1661 - d. 1682)
7 May 1682 - 2 Nov 1721 Pyotr I (Peter I) (b. 1672 - d. 1725)
- jointly with -
2 Jun 1682 - 8 Feb 1696 Ivan V (b. 1666 - d. 1696)
(specified to be First Tsar 4 Jun 1682)
7 May 1682 - 8 Jun 1682 Natalya Kirillovna (b. 1651 - d. 1694)
Naryshkina (f) -Regent (1st time)
5 Jun 1682 - 9 Jul 1682 Mariya Ilyinichna (b. 1626 - d. 1699)
Miloslavskaya (f) -Regent
8 Jun 1682 - 22 Sep 1689 Sofiya Alekseyevna (b. 1657 - d. 1704)
Romanova (f) -Regent
(from 1686, styled Grand Princess and Autocrat)

22 Sep 1689 - 4 Feb 1694 Natalya Kirillovna (s.a.)
Naryshkina (f) -Regent (2nd time)
8 Feb 1696 - 1697 Prince Boris Alekseyevich (b. 1641 - d. 1714)
Golitsyn -Regent
20 Mar 1697 - 4 Sep 1698 Regency
- Prince Fyodor Yuryevich (b. 1640 - d. 1717)
Romodanovsky
- Lev Kirillovich Naryshkin (b. 1668 - d. 1705)
- Prince Pyotr Ivanovich (d. c.1717)
Prozorovsky
- Tikhon Nikitich Streshnev (b. 1644 - d. 1719)
Emperors¹ (also 1809-1917 Grand Dukes of Finland; and 1815-1915 Kings of Poland)²
2 Nov 1721 - 8 Feb 1725 Pyotr I "Veliky" (s.a.)
(Peter I "the Great")
8 Feb 1725 - 17 May 1727 Yekaterina I -Empress (Catherine I)(b. 1684 - d. 1727)
18 May 1727 - 30 Jan 1730 Pyotr II (Peter II) (b. 1715 - d. 1730)
30 Jan 1730 - 13 Feb 1730 Supreme Privy Council
- Prince Dmitry Mikhailovich (b. 1665 - d. 1737)
Golitsyn
- Prince Vasily Lukich Dolgoruky (b. c.1670 - d. 1739)
- Prince Aleksey Grigoryevich (d. 1734)
Dolgoruky
- Prince Mikhail Vladimirovich (b. 1667 - d. 1750)
Dolgoruky
- Gavril Ivanovich Graf Golovkin (b. 1660 - d. 1734)
- Baron Andrey Ivanovich Osterman (b. 1686 - d. 1747)
(Heinrich Johann Friedrich Ostermann)
- Prince Mikhail Mikhailovich (b. 1675 - d. 1730)
Golitsyn
- Prince Vasily Vladimirovich (b. 1667 - d. 1746)
Dolgoruky
13 Feb 1730 - 28 Oct 1740 Anna -Empress (b. 1693 - d. 1740)
28 Oct 1740 - 6 Dec 1741 Ivan VI (official style Ivan III) (b. 1740 - d. 1764)
28 Oct 1740 - 20 Nov 1740 Ernest Johann Biron -Regent (b. 1690 - d. 1772)
20 Nov 1740 - 6 Dec 1741 Anna Leopoldovna (f) -Regent (b. 1718 - d. 1746)
6 Dec 1741 - 5 Jan 1762 Yelizaveta -Empress (Elizabeth) (b. 1709 - d. 1762)
5 Jan 1762 - 9 Jul 1762 Pyotr III (Peter III) (b. 1728 - d. 1762)
9 Jul 1762 - 17 Nov 1796 Yekaterina II "Velikaya" -Empress (b. 1729 - d. 1796)
(Catherine II "the Great")
5 Oct 1773 - 15 Sep 1774 Emelyan Ivanovich Pugachev (b. c.1742 - d. 1775)
(in rebellion [from 1774 claimed to be Peter III])
17 Nov 1796-23/24 Mar 1801 Pavel I (Paul I) (b. 1754 - d. 1801)
24 Mar 1801 - 1 Dec 1825 Aleksandr I (b. 1777 - d. 1825)
(Alexander I "the Blessed")
1 Dec 1825 - 26 Dec 1825 Konstantin (Constantine) (b. 1779 - d. 1831)
(proclaimed, but did not accept)
26 Dec 1825 - 2 Mar 1855 Nikolay I (Nicholas I) (b. 1796 - d. 1855)
2 Mar 1855 - 13 Mar 1881 Aleksandr II (b. 1818 - d. 1881)
(Alexander II "the Liberator")
13 Mar 1881 - 1 Nov 1894 Aleksandr III (b. 1845 - d. 1894)
(Alexander III "the Peace-maker")
1 Nov 1894 - 15 Mar 1917 Nikolay II (Nicholas II)³ (b. 1868 - d. 1918)
Acting heads of state
15 Mar 1917 - 8 Nov 1917 the heads of government
Chairmen of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee
9 Nov 1917 - 21 Nov 1917 Lev Borisovich Kamenev (b. 1883 - d. 1936) RSDLP-B
21 Nov 1917 - 16 Mar 1919 Yakov Mikhailovich Sverdlov (b. 1885 - d. 1919) RSDLP-B/RCP
16 Mar 1919 - 30 Mar 1919 Mikhail Fyodorovich Vladimirsky (b. 1874 - d. 1951) RCP
(acting)
30 Mar 1919 - 15 Jul 1938 Mikhail Ivanovich Kalinin (b. 1875 - d. 1946) RCP
Chief Advisers
1699 - 1706 Count Fyodor Aleksyevich Golovkin (b. 1650 - d. 1706)
1706 - 1709 Count Gavril Ivanovich Golovkin (s.a.)
State Chancellors
1709 - 31 Jan 1734 Count Gavril Ivanovich Golovkin (b. 1660 - d. 1734)
(from 21 Nov 1731, also First Cabinet Minister)
31 Jan 1734 - 21 Nov 1740 Baron Heinrich Johann Friedrich (s.a.)
von Ostermann -First cabinet minister
21 Nov 1740 - 15 Nov 1742 Prince Aleksey Mikhailovich (b. 1680 - d. 1742)
Cherkassky
15 Nov 1742 - 26 Feb 1758 Count Aleksey Petrovich Bestuzhev- (b. 1693 - d. 1766)
Ryumin (acting to 15 Jul 1744)
26 Feb 1758 - Mar 1765 Count Mikhail Illarionovich (b. 1714 - d. 1767)
Vorontsov (acting to 23 Nov 1758)
Mar 1765 - 9 Mar 1775 Prince Aleksandr Mikhailovich (b. 1723 - d. 1807)
Golitsyn (acting)
9 Mar 1775 - 13 Apr 1775 Count Nikita Ivanovich Panin (b. 1718 - d. 1783)
(acting)
13 Apr 1775 - 2 May 1797 Count Ivan Andreyevich Ostermann (b. 1725 - d. 1811)
(acting to 20 Nov 1796)
2 May 1797 - 17 Apr 1799 Count Aleksandr Andreyevich (b. 1747 - d. 1799)
Bezborodko
17 Apr 1799 - 6 Oct 1799 Viktor Pavlovich Kochubey (acting) (b. 1768 - d. 1834)
6 Oct 1799 - 18 Nov 1800 Count Nikita Petrovich Panin (b. 1770 - d. 1837)
(acting)
18 Nov 1800 - 4 Mar 1801 Stepan Alekseyevich Kolychev (b. 1746 - d. 1805)
(acting)
4 Mar 1801 - 20 Sep 1802 Prince Aleksandr Borisovich (b. 1752 - d. 1818)
Kurakin (acting)
20 Sep 1802 - 28 Jan 1804 Count Aleksandr Romanovich (b. 1741 - d. 1805)
Vorontsov
Foreign ministers
28 Jan 1804 - 29 Jun 1806 Prince Adam Jerzy Czartoryski (b. 1770 - d. 1861)
29 Jun 1806 - 11 Sep 1807 Andreas Eberhard Baron Budberg, (b. 1750 - d. 1812)
gen. von Bönninghausen
11 Sep 1807 - 13 Jan 1810 Nikolay Petrovich Rumyantsev (b. 1751 - d. 1826)
Chairpersons at the Joint Meetings of the State Council,
Chairpersons in the Committee of Ministers
(the Emperors were the Chairmen, but never used the style)
13 Jan 1810 - 1 Apr 1812 Count Nikolay Petrovich Rumyantsev (s.a.)
10 Apr 1812 - 28 May 1816 Count Nikolay Ivanovich Saltykov (b. 1736 - d. 1816)
(from 1814, Prince Nikolay
Ivanovich Saltykov)
6 Jun 1816 - 18 Apr 1827 Prince Pyotr Vasilyevich Lopukhin (b. 1753 - d. 1827)
11 May 1827 - 15 Jun 1834 Count Viktor Pavlovich Kochubey (s.a.)
20 Jul 1834 - 20 Apr 1838 Count Nikolay Nikolayevich (b. 1761 - d. 1838)
Novosiltsov
21 Apr 1838 - 5 Mar 1847 Ilarion Vasilyevich Vasilchikov (b. 1777 - d. 1847)
(from 1839, Prince Ilarion
Vasilyevich Vasilchikov)
21 Jan 1848 - 5 Oct 1848 Vasily Vasilyevich, Graf Levashov (b. 1783 - d. 1848)
13 Nov 1848 - 17 Apr 1856 Aleksandr Ivanovich Chernyshov (b. 1785 - d. 1857)
(from 1849, Prince Aleksandr
Ivanovich Chernyshov)
17 Apr 1856 - 20 Jan 1861 Aleksey Fyodorovich Orlov (b. 1786 - d. 1861)
(from 1856, Prince Aleksey
Fyodorovich Orlov)
20 Jan 1861 - 2 Mar 1864 Count Dmitry Nikolayevich Bludov (b. 1785 - d. 1864)
Chairmen of the Committee of Ministers
7 Mar 1864 - 4 Mar 1872 Pavel Pavlovich Gagarin (b. 1789 - d. 1872)
9 Mar 1872 - 1 Jan 1880 Pavel Nikolayevich Ignatyev (b. 1797 - d. 1880)
(from 24 Dec 1877, Count Pavel
Nikolayevich Ignatyev)
6 Jan 1880 - 16 Oct 1881 Pyotr Aleksandrovich Valuyev (b. 1815 - d. 1890)
(from 2 Mar 1880, Count Pyotr
Aleksandrovich Valuyev)
16 Oct 1881 - 11 Jan 1887 Mikhail Khristoforovich Reytern (b. 1820 - d. 1890)
(Mikhail von Reutern)
13 Jan 1887 - 15 Jun 1895 Nikolay Khristianovich Bunge (b. 1823 - d. 1895)
27 Oct 1895 - 11 Jun 1903 Ivan Nikolayevich Durnovo (b. 1834 - d. 1903) Non-party
29 Aug 1903 - 5 May 1906 Sergey Yulyevich Witte (b. 1849 - d. 1915) Non-party
(from 1 Oct 1905, Count Sergey Yulyevich Witte)
Prime ministers (Chairmen of the Council of Ministers)
6 Nov 1905 - 5 May 1906 Count Sergey Yulyevich Witte (s.a.) Non-party
5 May 1906 - 21 Jul 1906 Ivan Logginovich Goremykin (b. 1839 - d. 1917) Non-party
(1st time)
21 Jul 1906 - 18 Sep 1911 Pyotr Arkadyevich Stolypin (b. 1862 - d. 1911) Non-party
16 Sep 1911 - 12 Feb 1914 Vladimir Nikolayevich Kokovtsov (b. 1853 - d. 1943) Non-party
(acting to 22 Sep 1911 [for Stolypin to 18 Sep 1911])
12 Feb 1914 - 2 Feb 1916 Ivan Logginovich Goremykin (s.a.) Non-party
(2nd time)
2 Feb 1916 - 23 Nov 1916 Boris Vladimirovich Shtyurmer (b. 1848 - d. 1917) Non-party
23 Nov 1916 - 9 Jan 1917 Aleksandr Fyodorovich Trepov (b. 1862 - d. 1928) Non-party
9 Jan 1917 - 12 Mar 1917 Prince Nikolay Dmitriyevich (b. 1850 - d. 1925) Non-party
Golitsyn
15 Mar 1917 - 23 Mar 1917 Prince Georgy Yevgenyevich Lvov (b. 1861 - d. 1925) KDP
Minister-chairmen of the Provisional Government
23 Mar 1917 - 21 Jul 1917 Prince Georgy Yevgenyevich Lvov (s.a.) KDP
21 Jul 1917 - 8 Nov 1917 Aleksandr Fyodorovich Kerensky (b. 1881 - d. 1970) SRP
(in opposition until 18 Nov 1917)
18 Nov 1917 - 2 Dec 1917 Sergey Nikolayevich Prokopovich (b. 1871 - d. 1955) SRP
(acting [for Kerensky] in opposition)
Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars
8 Nov 1917 - 21 Jan 1924 Vladimir Ilich Lenin (b. 1870 - d. 1924) RSDLP-B/
(Vladimir Ilich Ulyanov) RCP
Occupations of Moscow
Polish-Lithuanian Commanders
27 Sep 1610 - Oct 1610 Stanislaw Zólkiewski (b. 1547 - d. 1620)
Oct 1610 - 1612 Aleksander Korwin Gosiewski (d. 1639)
1612 - 4 Sep 1612 Jan Karol Chodkiewicz (b. 1560 - d. 1621)
4 Sep 1612 - 4 Nov 1612 Mikolaj Strus (acting) (d. 1627)
French Governor
14 Sep 1812 - 23 Oct 1812 Adolphe Édouard Casimir Joseph (b. 1768 - d. 1835)
Mortier
Alternative "White" Governments
Chairmen of the Provisional All-Russian Government (PARG)("Ufa Directory")

23 Sep 1918 - 5 Nov 1918 Nikolay Dmitriyevich Avksentyev (b. 1878 - d. 1943) SRP
(in Ufa to 8 Oct 1918, then in Omsk)
7 Nov 1918 - 12 Nov 1918 Vasily Georgiyevich Boldyrev (b. 1875-d. af.1932) Mil
(in Omsk)
Supreme Governor
18 Nov 1919 Pyotr Vasilyevich Vologodsky (b. 1863 - d. 1928) SRP
(temporary head of state)
18 Nov 1918 - 15 Jan 1920 Aleksandr Vasilyevich Kolchak (b. 1874 - d. 1920) Mil
(to 12 Nov 1919 in Omsk, then Nizhneudinsk)
Commanders-in-chief of the Armed Forces of the South Russia
15 Jan 1920 - 4 Apr 1920 Anton Ivanovich Denikin (b. 1872 - d. 1947) Mil
(to Mar 1920 in Novorossiysk, then Sevastopol)
4 Apr 1920 - 16 Nov 1920 Baron Pyotr Nikolayevich Vrangel (b. 1878 - d. 1928) Mil
(from 11 Apr 1920 styled Governor and Commander-in-Chief of
the Armed Forces in the South of Russia; from 19 Aug 1920
Governor of the South of Russia and Commander-in-Chief of
the Russian Army)(in Sevastopol)
Chairmen of the Council of Ministers

4 Nov 1918 - 22 Nov 1919 Pyotr Vasilyevich Vologodsky (s.a.) SRP
(appointed by the PARG; discharged by Kolchak)
23 Nov 1919 - 15 Jan 1920 Viktor Nikolayevich Pepelyayev (b. 1885 - d. 1920)
(appointed by Kolchak; arrested 15 Jan 1920)
Chairman of the Government of the South of Russia
19 Aug 1920 - 11 Nov 1920 Aleksandr Vasilyevich Krivoshein (b. 1857 - d. 1921) Non-party
(in Sevastopol)
¹The full style of the ruler was:

(a) 16 Jan 1547 - 22 Nov 1721: Bozhiyeyu Milostiyu Velikiy/Velikaya Gosudar'/Gosudarynya
Tsar'/Tsaritsa i Velikiy/Velikaya Knyaz'/Knyaginya N.N. vseya Rossiy Samodyerzhets ("By the
Grace of God Great Sovereign Tsar/Tsarina and Grand Prince/Princess, N.N., of All Russia,
Autocrat");
(b) from 22 Nov 1721: Bozhiyeyu milostiyu, N.N., Imperator/Imperatritsa i
Samodyerzhets/Samodyerzhitsa Vserossiysky/Vserossiyskaya, Moskovskiy, Kiyevskiy, Vladimirskiy,
Novgorodskiy; Tsar'Tsar'/Tsaritsa Kazanskiy, Tsar'/Tsaritsa Astrakhanskiy, Tsar'/Tsaritsa
Sibirskiy, Gosudar'/Gosudarynya Pskovskiy i Velikiy/Velikaya Knyaz'/Knyaginya Smolenskiy;
Knyaz'/Knyaginya Estlyandskiy, Liflyandskiy, Koryel'skiy, Tverskiy, Yugorskiy, Permskiy,
Vyatskiy, Bolgarskiy i inykh; Gosudar'/Gosudarynya i Velikiy/Velikaya Knyaz'/Knyaginya
Novagoroda nizovskiya zemli, Chernigorskiy, Ryazanskiy, Rostovskiy, Yaroslavskiy,
Byelozerskiy, Udorskiy, Obdorskiy, Kondiyskiy i vseya severnyya strany Povelitel'; i
Gosudar'/Gosudarynya Iverskiya zemli i Kartalinskikh i Gruzinskikh Tsarey/Tsarina; i
Kabardinskiya zemli, Cherkasskikh i Gorskikh Knyazey/Knyaginya i inykh Naslednyy
Gosudar'/Gosudarynya i Obladatel'. ("by the grace of God, N.N., All-Russian Emperor/Empress

and Autocrat of Moscow, of Kiev, Vladimir, Novgorod; King/Queen of Kazan, King/Queen of
Astrakhan, King/Queen of Siberia; Lord/Lady of Pskov; Grand Prince/Princess of Smolensk;
Prince/Princess of Estonia, Livonia, Courland, Tver, Yongoria, Perm, Vlatsk, [Volga] Bulgaria,
and of other lands; Lord/Lady and Grand Prince/Princess of Lower Novgorod, Chernigov, Ryazan,
Rostov, Yaroslav, Byelozersk, Oudoria, Obdoria, Kondia, and all the Northern Region; Lord/Lady
and Sovereign of the lands of Imeretia, Kartlia, Kabardinia; Lord/Lady of the Circassian and
Mountain princes and of other lands");
(c) Style from 6 May 1906: Bozhiyeyu pospeshestvuyushcheyu milostiyu, N.N., Imperator i
Samodyerzhets Vserossiysky, Moskovskiy, Kiyevskiy, Vladimirskiy, Novgorodskiy; Tsar'
Kazanskiy, Tsar' Astrakhanskiy, Tsar' Pol'skiy, Tsar' Sibirskiy, Tsar' Khersonisa
Tavricheskogo, Tsar' Gruzinskiy; Gosudar' Pskovskiy i Velikiy Knyaz' Smolenskiy, Litovskiy,
Volynskiy, Podol'skiy i Finlyandskiy; Knyaz' Estlyandskiy, Liflyandskiy, Kurlyandskiy i
Semigal'skiy, Samogitskiy, Byelostokskiy, Koryel'skiy, Tverskiy, Yugorskiy, Permskiy,
Vyatskiy, Bolgarskiy i inykh; Gosudar' i Velikiy Knyaz' Novagoroda nizovskiya zemli,
Chernigorskiy, Ryazanskiy, Polotskiy, Rostovskiy, Yaroslavskiy, Byelozerskiy, Udorskiy,
Obdorskiy, Kondiyskiy, Vitebskiy, Mstislavskiy i vseya severnyya strany Povelitel'; i Gosudar'
Iverskiya, Kartalinskiya i Kabardinskiya zemli i oblasti Armenskiya; Cherkasskikh i Gorskikh
Knyazey i inykh Naslednyy Gosudar' i Obladatel'; Gosudar' Turkestanskiy; Naslednik
Norvezhskiy, Gertsog Shlesvig-Golstinskiy, Stormarnskiy, Ditmarsenskiy i Oldenburgskiy i
prochaya, i prochaya, i prochaya. ("by the grace of God, N.N., All-Russian Emperor and
Autocrat of Moscow, Kiev, Vladimir, Novgorod; King of Kazan, King/Queen of Astrakhan, King of
Poland, King of Siberia, King of the Chersonnese Taurics, and King of Georgia; Lord of Pskov;
Grand Prince of Smolensk, Lithuania, Volhynia, Podolia and Finland; Prince of Estonia,
Livonia, Courland and Semigallia, Samogitia, Bialystok, Karelia, Tver, Yongoria, Perm, Vlatks,
[Volga] Bulgaria, and of other lands; Lord and Grand Duke of Lower Novgorod, Chernigov,
Ryazan, Polotsk, Rostov, Yaroslav, Byelozersk, Oudoria, Obdoria, Kondia, Vitebsk, Mstislav,
and all the Northern Region; Lord and Sovereign of the lands of Imeretia, Kartlia, Kabardinia
and the provinces of Armenia; Lord of the Circassian and Mountain princes; Lord of Turkestan;
Heir of Norway; Duke of Schleswig-Holstein, Stormarn, Ditmarschen and Oldenburg, and of other
lands");
- The shortened style was: Bozhiyeyu pospeshestvuyushcheyu milostiyu, N.N.,
Imperator i Samodyerzhets Vserossiysky, Tsar' Pol'skiy, Velikiy Knyaz' Finlyandskiy, i
prochaya, i prochaya, i prochaya. ("by the grace of God, N.N., All-Russian Emperor/Empress
and Autocrat, King of Poland, Grand Duke of Finland, and of other lands").
²The colloquial use of the term "tsar" for the emperor is strictly incorrect. Since 2 Nov 1721
the correct style was Bozhiyeyu milostiyu, N.N., Imperator/Imperatritsa i
Samodyerzhets/Samodyerzhitsa Vserossiysky/Vserossiyskaya ("By the Grace of God, N.N., All-
Russian Emperor/Empress and Autocrat"); the term tsar was used in the full style for
subsidiary (and partially imaginary) polities; in particular, it was used to mean "king" with
regard to Poland.
³Nicholas II abdicated for himself and the Tsarevich, Alexis 15 Mar 1917, in favor of his
brother Grand Duke Mikhail Alexandrovich Romanov (b. 1878 - d. 1918), who in manifesto on 17
Mar 1917 neither accepted nor rejected the crown as Emperor Mikhail II.
Noble Titles: Grand Prince/Princess = Velikiy/Velikaya Knyaz'/Knyaginya; Prince/Princess =

Knyaz/Knyaginya; Count = Graf; and Baron = Baron.
Party abbreviations: KDP = Konstitutsionno Demokraticheskaya Partia (Constitutional Democrat

Party "Cadets", nationalist, social-democratic, 1905-1921); RCP = Russian Communist Party of
Bolsheviks; RSDLP-B = Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (est.1903 from RSDLP [est.1898],
"Bolsheviks" [majority], Marxist, internationalist; from 1918 RCP); RSDLP-M = Russian Social
Democratic Labor Party (est.1903 from RSDLP, "Mensheviks" [minority], Marxist, center-leftist,
Russian nationalist, parliamentary socialists); SRP = Socialist Revolutionary Party ("SRs",
socialist, est.1906 -split 1917 with Left Socialist Revolutionary Party); Mil = Military
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
6 Jul 1923 - 12 Nov 1923 12 Nov 1923 - 18 Apr 1924 18 Apr 1924 - 25 Dec 1991
Hear National Anthem

Hear Former Anthem
"Gimn Sovetskovo Soyuza"
"Internationale" Constitution
Map of the U.S.S.R (Hymn of the Soviet Union)
(The Internationale) (7 Oct 1977)
1953-1977 without lyrics
(1922-1944)
Adopted 1944
National Holiday: 7-8 Nov
Currency: Soviet Ruble
Capital: Moscow (1917) Population: 293,047,571 (1991)
(SUR)
October Revolution Day
Ethnic groups: Russian 50.78%, Ukrainian 15.45%,
Exports: $109.3 billion (1989) Uzbek 5.84%, Belorussian (Byelorussian) 3.51%,
GNP: $2,660 billion (1990) Kazakh 2.85%, Azeri 2.38%, Armenian 1.62%,
Imports: $114.7 billion (1989)
Tajik 1.48%, Georgian 1.39%, Moldovan 1.17%,
Lithuanian 1.07%, Turkmen 0.95%, Kirghiz 0.89%,
Latvian 0.51%, Estonian 0.36%, other 9.75%

Religions: atheist 60%, Russian Orthodox 20%,
Total Armed Forces: 3,750,000 (1989)
Muslim 10%, Protestant, Georgian Orthodox,
Declared Nuclear Power (1949): 28,595 weapons (1991)
Armenian Orthodox, and Roman Catholic 7%,
Merchant marine: 1,565 ships (1990)
Jewish less than 1% Note: State was officially atheist
International Organizations/Treaties: ANT, BTWC, CCC, Comecon, CSCE, EBRD, ENMOD, IAEA, IBEC, ICAO, ICFTU, IIB,
ILO, IMO, Inmarsat, Intelsat, Interpol, Intersputnik, IOC, IPU, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NPT, NTBT, OPNAL, PCA, UN, UNCTAD,
UNESCO, UNIDO, UN Security Council, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WP, WToO
Soviet Republics
30 Dec 1922 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Soviet Union) including

Russia, Ukraine, Belorussia, and Transcaucasia (TSFSR).
13 May 1925 Accession of Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan.
5 Dec 1929 Accession of Tadzhikistan.
5 Dec 1936 Accession of Kazakhstan and Kirgiziya; TSFSR dissolved,
Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan become full union republics.
2 Aug 1940 Accession of Moldavia
3 Aug 1940 Accession of Lithuania.
5 Aug 1940 Accession of Latvia.
6 Aug 1940 Accession of Estonia.
6 Sep 1991 Recognition of Estonian, Latvian, and Lithuanian independence.
25 Dec 1991 Final dissolution of the U.S.S.R.; R.S.F.S.R. independent
as Russia.
De facto Leader¹
30 Dec 1922 - 10 Mar 1923 Vladimir Ilich Lenin (b. 1870 - d. 1924) RCP
General Secretaries of the Central Committee of the Communist Party

3 Apr 1922 - 5 Mar 1953 Josef Vissarionovich Stalin (b. 1878 - d. 1953)
(Iosef Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili)
5 Mar 1953 - 14 Mar 1953 Georgy Maksimilianovich Malenkov (b. 1902 - d. 1988)
(senior secretary)
14 Mar 1953 - 14 Oct 1964 Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev (b. 1894 - d. 1971)
(senior secretary to 13 Sep 1953,
then first secretary)
14 Oct 1964 - 10 Nov 1982 Leonid Ilich Brezhnev (b. 1906 - d. 1982)
(first secretary to 29 Mar 1966, then
from 8 Apr 1966 general secretary)

12 Nov 1982 - 9 Feb 1984 Yury Vladimirovich Andropov (b. 1914 - d. 1984)
9 Feb 1984 - 10 Mar 1985 Konstantin Ustinovich Chernenko (b. 1911 - d. 1985)
11 Mar 1985 - 24 Aug 1991 Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev (b. 1931)
("leading role" of party abolished 13 Mar 1990)
Chairmen of the Central Executive Committee (jointly)²

30 Dec 1922 - 12 Jan 1938 Mikhail Ivanovich Kalinin (b. 1875 - d. 1946) RCP/AUCP
(Russian RSFSR)
30 Dec 1922 - 12 Jan 1938 Grigory Ivanovich Petrovsky (b. 1878 - d. 1958) AUCP
(Ukrainian SSR)
30 Dec 1922 - 16 Jun 1937 Aleksandr Grigoryevich Chervyakov (b. 1892 - d. 1937) AUCP
(Byelorussian SSR)
30 Dec 1922 - 19 Mar 1925 Nariman Kerbalay Nadzhaf-ogly (b. 1870 - d. 1925) AUCP
Narimanov (Transcaucasian SFSR)
21 May 1925 - Jun 1937 Gazanfar Makhmud-ogly Musabekov (b. 1888 - d. 1938) AUCP
(Transcaucasian SFSR)
21 May 1925 - 21 Jul 1937 Nedirbay Aytakov (Turkmen SSR) (b. 1894 - d. 1938) AUCP
21 May 1925 - 17 Jun 1937 Fayzulla Ubaydullayevich (b. 1896 - d. 1938) AUCP
Khodzhayev (Uzbek SSR)
18 Mar 1931 - 4 Jan 1934 Nusratulla Maksum Lutfullayev (b. 1881 - d. 1938) AUCP
(Tadjik SSR)
4 Jan 1934 - Sep 1937 Abdullo Rakhimbayevich Rakhimbayev (b. 1896 - d. 1938) AUCP
(Tadjik SSR)
Chairmen of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet
17 Jan 1938 - 19 Mar 1946 Mikhail Ivanovich Kalinin (s.a.) AUCP
19 Mar 1946 - 15 Mar 1953 Nikolay Mikhailovich Shvernik (b. 1888 - d. 1970) AUCP/CPSU
15 Mar 1953 - 7 May 1960 Kliment Yefremovich Voroshilov (b. 1881 - d. 1969) CPSU
7 May 1960 - 15 Jul 1964 Leonid Ilich Brezhnev (1st time) (s.a.) CPSU
15 Jul 1964 - 9 Dec 1965 Anastas Ivanovich Mikoyan (b. 1895 - d. 1978) CPSU
9 Dec 1965 - 16 Jun 1977 Nikolay Viktorovich Podgorny (b. 1903 - d. 1983) CPSU
16 Jun 1977 - 10 Nov 1982 Leonid Ilich Brezhnev (2nd time) (s.a.) CPSU
10 Nov 1982 - 16 Jun 1983 Vasily Vasilyevich Kuznetsov (b. 1901 - d. 1990) CPSU
(1st time)(acting)
16 Jun 1983 - 9 Feb 1984 Yury Vladimirovich Andropov (s.a.) CPSU
9 Feb 1984 - 11 Apr 1984 Vasily Vasilyevich Kuznetsov (s.a.) CPSU
(2nd time)(acting)
11 Apr 1984 - 10 Mar 1985 Konstantin Ustinovich Chernenko (s.a.) CPSU
10 Mar 1985 - 2 Jul 1985 Vasily Vasilyevich Kuznetsov (s.a.) CPSU
(3rd time)(acting)
2 Jul 1985 - 1 Oct 1988 Andrey Andreyevich Gromyko (b. 1909 - d. 1989) CPSU
1 Oct 1988 - 25 May 1989 Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev (s.a.) CPSU
Chairman of the Supreme Soviet
25 May 1989 - 15 Mar 1990 Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev (s.a.) CPSU
President
15 Mar 1990 - 25 Dec 1991 Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev (s.a.) CPSU;
(suspended 19 Aug 1991-21 Aug 1991) 24 Aug 1991 Non-party
19 Aug 1991 - 21 Aug 1991³ Gennady Ivanovich Yanayev (b. 1937) CPSU
(acting; in rebellion)
Chairmen of the Council of People's Commissars

6 Jul 1923 - 21 Jan 1924 Vladimir Ilich Lenin (s.a.) RCP
23 Jan 1924 - 19 Dec 1930 Aleksey Ivanovich Rykov (b. 1881 - d. 1938) RCP/AUCP
19 Dec 1930 - 6 May 1941 Vyacheslav Mikhailovich Molotov (b. 1890 - d. 1986) AUCP
6 May 1941 - 15 Mar 1946 Josef Vissarionovich Stalin (s.a.) AUCP
15 Mar 1946 - 5 Mar 1953 Josef Vissarionovich Stalin (s.a.) AUCP
6 Mar 1953 - 8 Feb 1955 Georgy Maksimilianovich Malenkov (s.a.) CPSU
8 Feb 1955 - 27 Mar 1958 Nikolay Aleksandrovich Bulganin (b. 1895 - d. 1975) CPSU
27 Mar 1958 - 15 Oct 1964 Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev (s.a.) CPSU
15 Oct 1964 - 23 Oct 1980 Aleksey Nikolayevich Kosygin (b. 1904 - d. 1980) CPSU
23 Oct 1980 - 27 Sep 1985 Nikolay Aleksandrovich Tikhonov (b. 1905 - d. 1997) CPSU
27 Sep 1985 - 14 Jan 1991 Nikolay Ivanovich Ryzhkov (b. 1929) CPSU
Prime minister
14 Jan 1991 - 22 Aug 1991 Valentin Sergeyevich Pavlov (b. 1937 - d. 2003) CPSU
Chairman of the Committee on Operative Management of the National Economy (from 20 Sep
1991 also Chairman of the Interrepublican Economic Committee; from 14 Nov 1991 Chairman
of the Interstate Economic Committee - Prime Minister of the Economic Commonwealth)
6 Sep 1991 - 25 Dec 1991 Ivan Stepanovich Silayev (b. 1930) Non-party
¹In Mar 1919, the 8th communist party congress reinstated the Politburo (Political Bureau)
that briefly existed on the eve of the 1917 Bolshevik coup, to provide effective leadership
during the revolution. The immense authority of Vladimir Lenin (s.a.), who himself maintained
the vague idea of party equality, gave enough basis for effective decision making without
electing a formal chairman. Lenin retained only the post of a member of the Central Committee
and that of the Politburo. On 3 Apr 1922, the Central Committee elected Josef Stalin (s.a.)
to the new post of General Secretary (with Valerian Kuybyshev and Vyacheslav Molotov as
secretaries), this post was not considered to be party chairman at that time. The party
charter adopted by the 12th party conference in Aug 1922 prescribed to elect the Secretariat
of three members, but it did not include a clause on post of General Secretary. The complex
structure of higher party bodies by the time of Stalin's death was complicated with creation
of a new body, the Presidium, in place of the Politburo, at the 19th party congress (Oct
1952). The new party charter adopted by this congress was immediately violated by creating the
Bureau (buro) of the Presidium that was never meant to be set up according to the charter. The
complexity of this structure probably influenced the decisions of the joint session of the
Central Committee, the Council of Ministers and the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet, which two
hours prior to Stalin's death appointed Georgy Malenkov (s.a.) as his successor in the office
of the Chairman of the Council of Ministers, but never debated the election of the General
Secretary. The plenum put Nikita Khrushchev (s.a.) in charge of the secretariat assigning him
to preside at the secretariat meetings, his title was not officially changed until 7 Sep 1953,
when the Central Committee elected him First Secretary. Khrushchev used this title to
consolidate his power and by 1957 it was clear that the post became crucial in the party top
leadership. After an attempted party coup, (by Malenkov, Kaganovich and Molotov) 18-29 Jun
1957, Khrushchev retained the office and turned it into a post equal to party president. At
that time the appointment of Leonid Brezhnev to the post of First Secretary, that post had
already been seen as the highest office of the party. The 23rd party congress (1966) changed
the party charter, reinstating the Politburo and the post of General Secretary which became
the official post of the party head. The Communist Party was suspended 29 Aug 1991 following
the attempted coup against Gorbachev (s.a.).
From resignation of General Secretary Gorbachev on 24 Aug 1991 to the suspension of the CPSU
on 29 Aug 1991, Vladimir Antonovich Ivashko (b. 1932 - d. 1994) who was the Deputy General
Secretary did not accept the office of or act as General Secretary.
²Chairmen of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR (CECUSSR) was a collective body
comprised by several chairmen, in principle one of each constituent SSR, although Kalinin
(from Russian SFSR) was often viewed as the single chairman.
³The State Council for the State of Emergency (SCSE) took the power on 19 August 1991, the
failed coup and was disbanded two days after. The paramount Soviet leaders comprised it: Vice-
President Gennady Ivanovich Yanayev (s.a.); Prime Minister Valentin Sergeyevich Pavlov (s.a.);
KGB chairman Vladimir Kryuchkov (b. 1924); Defense Minister Dmitry Yazov (b. 1923); Home
Minister Boris Karlovich Pugo (b. 1937 - d. 1991); Deputy chairman of the Defense Council Oleg
Baklanov (b. 1932); Chairman of the Peasants' Union Vasiliy Starodubtsev (b. 1931); and
Chairman of the Association of State Enterprises Aleksandr Tiziakov (b. 1926).
Territorial Disputes: Bilateral negotiations are under way to resolve disputed sections of the
boundary with China; U.S. Government has not recognized the incorporation of Estonia, Latvia,
and Lithuania into the Soviet Union; Etorofu, Kunashiri, and Shikotan Islands and the Habomai
island group occupied by Soviet Union since 1945, claimed by Japan; maritime dispute with
Norway over portion of Barents Sea; has made no territorial claim in Antarctica (but has
reserved the right to do so) and does not recognize the claims of any other nation; Kurdish
question among Iran, Iraq, Syria, Turkey, and the U.S.S.R.
Party abbreviation: CPSU = Communist Party of the Soviet Union (communist, Marxist-Lennist,
authoritarian: From 1898-1918 the Communist Party of the Soviet Union [CPSU] was known as
Russian Social Democratic Workers' Party-Bolsheviks [RSDLP-B]; from 1918-1925 as Russian
Communist Party of Bolsheviks [RCP]; from 1925-1952 as All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks
[AUCP] -only legal party 1922 - 7 Feb 1990; party suspended from 29 Aug 1991)
Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
18 Nov 1917 - 14 Apr 1918 (Unofficial) 14 Apr 1918 - 19 Jul 1918 14 Apr 1918 - 19 Jul 1918 Official Variant
19 Jul 1918 - 21 Jan 1937 21 Jan 1937 - 9 Jan 1954 9 Jan 1954 - 21 Aug 1991
Hear Local Anthem Constitution Population: 137,551,000

Capital: Moscow
(None; same as USSR) (19 Jul 1918) (1980)
R.S.F.S.R.
Admin. Divisions
18 Nov 1917 No official style adopted; various styles used: Russian Soviet
Republic, Russian Republic, etc.
19 Jul 1918 Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
30 Dec 1922 Part of Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Soviet Union).
12 Jun 1991 Declaration of state sovereignty adopted.
25 Dec 1991 U.S.S.R. dissolved; Russian S.F.S.R. independent as Russia.
Chairmen of the Bureau of the Central Committee of the CPSU for Russian S.F.S.R.
27 Feb 1956 - 16 Nov 1964 Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev (b. 1894 - d. 1971)
16 Nov 1964 - 8 Apr 1966 Leonid Ilich Brezhnev (b. 1906 - d. 1982)
8 Apr 1966 - 9 Dec 1989 disbanded
Chairman of the Russian Bureau of the Central Committee of the CPSU
9 Dec 1989 - 19 Jun 1990 Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev (b. 1931)
First Secretaries of the Central Committee of Communist Party of Russian S.F.S.R.
23 Jun 1990 - 6 Aug 1991 Ivan Kuzmich Polozkov (b. 1935)
6 Aug 1991 - 23 Aug 1991 Valentin Aleksandrovich Kuptsov (b. 1937)
Chairmen of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee

9 Nov 1917 - 21 Nov 1917 Lev Borisovich Kamenev (b. 1883 - d. 1936) RSDLP-B/RCP
21 Nov 1917 - 16 Mar 1919 Yakov Mikhailovich Sverdlov (b. 1885 - d. 1919) RSDLP-B/RCP
16 Mar 1919 - 30 Mar 1919 Mikhail Fyodorovich Vladimirsky (b. 1874 - d. 1951) RCP
(acting)
30 Mar 1919 - 15 Jul 1938 Mikhail Ivanovich Kalinin (b. 1875 - d. 1946) RCP/AUCP
15 Jul 1938 - 19 Jul 1938 Andrey Aleksandrovich Zhdanov (b. 1896 - d. 1948) AUCP
Chairmen of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet
19 Jul 1938 - 4 Mar 1944 Aleksey Yegorovich Badayev (b. 1883 - d. 1951) AUCP
9 Apr 1943 - 4 Mar 1944 Ivan Alekseyevich Vlasov (b. 1903 - d. 1969) AUCP
(acting for Badayev)
4 Mar 1944 - 25 Jun 1946 Nikolay Mikhailovich Shvernik (b. 1888 - d. 1970) AUCP
25 Jun 1946 - 7 Jul 1950 Ivan Alekseyevich Vlasov (s.a.) AUCP
7 Jul 1950 - 16 Apr 1959 Mikhail Petrovich Tarasov (b. 1899 - d. 1970) AUCP/CPSU
16 Apr 1959 - 26 Nov 1959 Nikolay Grigoryevich Ignatov (b. 1901 - d. 1966) CPSU
(1st time)
26 Nov 1959 - 20 Dec 1962 Nikolay Nikolayevich Organov (b. 1901 - d. 1982) CPSU
20 Dec 1962 - 14 Nov 1966 Nikolay Grigoryevich Ignatov (s.a.) CPSU
(2nd time)
23 Dec 1966 - 26 Mar 1985 Mikhail Alekseyevich Yasnov (b. 1906 - d. 1991) CPSU
26 Mar 1985 - 3 Oct 1988 Vladimir Pavlovich Orlov (b. 1921 - d. 1999) CPSU
3 Oct 1988 - 29 May 1990 Vitaly Ivanovich Vorotnikov (b. 1926) CPSU
29 May 1990 - 10 Jul 1991 Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin (b. 1931 - d. 2007) CPSU:12 Jul
1990 Non-party
Chairmen of the Council of People's Commissars ("Sovnarkom")

8 Nov 1917 - 21 Jan 1924 Vladimir Ilich Lenin (b. 1870 - d. 1924) RSDLP-B/RCP
2 Feb 1924 - 18 May 1929 Aleksey Ivanovich Rykov (b. 1881 - d. 1938) RCP/AUCP
18 May 1929 - 3 Nov 1930 Sergey Ivanovich Syrtsov (b. 1893 - d. 1937) AUCP
3 Nov 1930 - 22 Jul 1937 Danil Yegorovich Sulimov (b. 1890 - d. 1937) AUCP
(arrested 27 Jun 1937)
22 Jul 1937 - 17 Sep 1938 Nikolay Aleksandrovich Bulganin (b. 1895 - d. 1975) AUCP
17 Sep 1938 - 2 Jun 1940 Vasily Vasilyevich Vakhrushev (b. 1902 - d. 1947) AUCP
(acting to 29 Jul 1939)
2 Jun 1940 - 23 Jun 1943 Ivan Sergeyevich Khokhlov (b. 1895 - d. 1973) AUCP
5 May 1942 - 2 May 1943 Konstantin Dmitriyevich Pamfilov (b. 1901 - d. 1943) AUCP
(acting for Khokhlov)
23 Jun 1943 - 23 Mar 1946 Aleksey Nikolayevich Kosygin (b. 1904 - d. 1980) AUCP
23 Mar 1946 Aleksey Nikolayevich Kosygin (s.a.) AUCP
23 Mar 1946 - 9 Mar 1949 Mikhail Nikolayevich Rodionov (b. 1907 - d. 1950) AUCP
9 Mar 1949 - 20 Oct 1952 Boris Nikolayevich Chernousov (b. 1908 - d. 1978) AUCP
20 Oct 1952 - 24 Jan 1956 Aleksandr Mikhailovich Puzanov (b. 1906 - d. 1998) CPSU
24 Jan 1956 - 19 Dec 1957 Mikhail Alekseyevich Yasnov (s.a.) CPSU
19 Dec 1957 - 27 Feb 1958 Frol Stepanovich Kozlov (b. 1908 - d. 1965) CPSU
31 Mar 1958 - 23 Nov 1962 Dmitry Stepanovich Polyansky (b. 1917 - d. 2001) CPSU
23 Nov 1962 - 23 Jul 1971 Gennady Ivanovich Voronov (b. 1910 - d. 1994) CPSU
23 Jul 1971 - 28 Jul 1971 Aleksey Mikhailovich Shkolnikov (b. 1914 - d. 2003) CPSU
+ Nikolay Fyodorovich Vasilyev CPSU
(acting)
28 Jul 1971 - 24 Jun 1983 Mikhail Sergeyevich Solomentsev (b. 1913) CPSU
24 Jun 1983 - 3 Oct 1988 Vitaly Ivanovich Vorotnikov (s.a.) CPSU
3 Oct 1988 - 15 Jun 1990 Aleksandr Vladimirovich Vlasov (b. 1932 - d. 2002) CPSU
15 Jun 1990 - 26 Sep 1991 Ivan Stepanovich Silayev (b. 1930) Non-party
Party abbreviation: CPSU = Communist Party of the Soviet Union (communist, Marxist-Lennist,
authoritarian: From 1898-1918 the Communist Party of the Soviet Union [CPSU] was known as
Russian Social Democratic Workers' Party-Bolsheviks [RSDLP-B]; from 1918-1925 as Russian
Communist Party of Bolsheviks [RCP]; from 1925-1952 as All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks
[AUCP] -only legal party 1922 - 7 Feb 1990, suspended 29 Aug 1991 [Communist Party of Russian
S.F.S.R est. 23 Jun 1990, suspended from 23 Aug 1991, dissolved 6 Nov 1991])
Republics of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
Note: Although the U.S.S.R. was "Soviet Socialist" from its founding, all the republics began
as "Socialist Soviet" and did not change to the other order until various dates in 1937. In
addition, in the national languages of several republics the word "Council/Conciliar" in the
respective language was only quite late changed to an adaptation of the Russian "Soviet" - and
never in others, e.g., Ukraine.
For the individual Soviet Socialist Republics of the Soviet Union see individual listings:
Armenian S.S.R. Azerbaidzhan S.S.R. Byelorussian S.S.R.

Karelo-Finnish S.S.R.
Estonian S.S.R. Georgian S.S.R.
(1940-1956)
Kazakh S.S.R. Kirghiz S.S.R. Latvian S.S.R.
Lithuanian S.S.R. Moldavian S.S.R. Russian S.F.S.R.
Tadzikh S.S.R. Transcaucasian S.F.S.R. Turkestan S.S.R.
(1922-1936) (1922-1924)
Turkmen S.S.R. Ukrainian S.S.R. Uzbek S.S.R.
Russian Federation
Re-adopted 21 Aug 1991
12 Jun 1991 Russian S.F.S.R. adopts a declaration of state sovereignty.

12 Dec 1991 Russian S.F.S.R. Supreme Council passes a
resolution denouncing the Union Treaty of 1922.
25 Dec 1991 Russian S.F.S.R. independent as Russia Federation (Russia)
(style not endorsed constitutionally until 21 Apr 1992).
Presidents
10 Jul 1991 - 31 Dec 1999 Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin (b. 1931 - d. 2007) Non-party
22 Sep 1993 - 4 Oct 1993 Aleksandr Vladimirovich Rutskoy (b. 1945)
(acting; in opposition)
5 Nov 1996 - 6 Nov 1996 Viktor Stepanovich Chernomyrdin (b. 1938) NDR
(acting for Yeltsin)
31 Dec 1999 - Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin (b. 1952) Non-party
(acting to 7 May 2000)
Prime ministers
26 Sep 1991 - 6 Nov 1991 Oleg Ivanovich Lobov (acting) (b. 1937) Non-party
6 Nov 1991 - 15 Jun 1992 Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin (s.a.) Non-party
15 Jun 1992 - 14 Dec 1992 Yegor Timurovich Gaidar (acting) (b. 1956) YA
14 Dec 1992 - 23 Mar 1998 Viktor Stepanovich Chernomyrdin (s.a.) NDR
(1st time)
23 Mar 1998 (hours) Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin (acting)(s.a.) Non-party
23 Mar 1998 - 23 Aug 1998 Sergey Vladilenovich Kiriyenko (b. 1962) Non-party
(acting to 24 Apr 1998)
23 Aug 1998 - 11 Sep 1998 Viktor Stepanovich Chernomyrdin (s.a.) NDR
(2nd time)(acting)
11 Sep 1998 - 12 May 1999 Yevgeny Maksimovich Primakov (b. 1929) Non-party
12 May 1999 - 9 Aug 1999 Sergey Vladimirovich Stepashin (b. 1952) Non-party
9 Aug 1999 - 7 May 2000 Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin (s.a.) Non-party

(acting to 16 Aug 1999)
7 May 2000 - 24 Feb 2004 Mikhail Mikhailovich Kasyanov (b. 1957) Non-party
24 Feb 2004 - 5 Mar 2004 Viktor Borisovich Khristenko (b. 1957) Non-party
(acting)
5 Mar 2004 - 14 Sep 2007 Mikhail Yefimovich Fradkov (b. 1950) Non-party
(acting 7-12 May 2004, from 12 Sep 2007)
14 Sep 2007 - Viktor Alekseyevich Zubkov (b. 1941) Non-party
Territorial Disputes: China and Russia have demarcated the once disputed islands at the Amur
and Ussuri confluence and in the Argun River in accordance with the 2004 Agreement, ending
their centuries-long border disputes; the sovereignty dispute over the islands of Etorofu,
Kunashiri, Shikotan, and the Habomai group, known in Japan as the "Northern Territories" and
in Russia as the "Southern Kurils," occupied by the Soviet Union in 1945, now administered by
Russia, and claimed by Japan, remains the primary sticking point to signing a peace treaty
formally ending World War II hostilities; Russia and Georgia agree on delimiting all but
small, strategic segments of the land boundary and the maritime boundary; OSCE observers
monitor volatile areas such as the Pankisi Gorge in the Akhmeti region and the Kodori Gorge in
Abkhazia; Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, and Russia signed equidistance boundaries in the Caspian
seabed but the littoral states have no consensus on dividing the water column; Russia and
Norway dispute their maritime limits in the Barents Sea and Russia's fishing rights beyond
Svalbard's territorial limits within the Svalbard Treaty zone; various groups in Finland
advocate restoration of Karelia (Kareliya) and other areas ceded to the Soviet Union following
the Second World War but the Finnish Government asserts no territorial demands; in May 2005,
Russia recalled its signatures to the 1996 border agreements with Estonia (1996) and Latvia
(1997), when the two Baltic states announced issuance of unilateral declarations referencing
Soviet occupation and ensuing territorial losses; Russia demands better treatment of ethnic
Russians in Estonia and Latvia; Estonian citizen groups continue to press for realignment of
the boundary based on the 1920 Tartu Peace Treaty that would bring the now divided ethnic Setu
people and parts of the Narva region within Estonia; Lithuania and Russia committed to
demarcating their boundary in 2006 in accordance with the land and maritime treaty ratified by
Russia in May 2003 and by Lithuania in 1999; Lithuania operates a simplified transit regime
for Russian nationals traveling from the Kaliningrad coastal exclave into Russia, while still
conforming, as an EU member state with an EU external border, where strict Schengen border
rules apply; preparations for the demarcation delimitation of land boundary with Ukraine have
commenced; the dispute over the boundary between Russia and Ukraine through the Kerch Strait
and Sea of Azov remains unresolved despite a Dec 2003 framework agreement and on-going expert-
level discussions; Kazakhstan and Russia boundary delimitation was ratified on Nov 2005 and
field demarcation should commence in 2007; Russian Duma has not yet ratified 1990 Bering Sea
Maritime Boundary Agreement with the US; Russia has made no territorial claim in Antarctica
(but has reserved the right to do so) and does not recognize the claims of any other nation.
Party abbreviations: KPRF = Kommunisticheskaya Partiya Rossiiskoi Federatsii (Communist Party

of the Russian Federation, communist); NDR = Nash dom Rossiya (Our Home is Russia, centerist,
reformist, 1995- ); OVR = Otecestvo - Vsja Rossija (Fatherland - All Russia, centrist, est.
1999); YA = Jabloko Alliance (Apple alliance, liberal)
Far Eastern Republic
11 Nov 1920 - 15 Nov 1922
Constitution
Map of Far Eastern Republic Hear National Anthem Text of Anthem
(1920)
Capital: Chita
Currency: Far Eastern National Holiday: 6 Apr (1920) Population: 1,500,000
(Verkhneudinsk
Republic Ruble (DBRR) Independence Day (1920 est.)
7 Mar 1920-22 Oct 1920)
Exports: $N/A Ethnic groups: Russian, Ukrainian, Mongol,
GDP: $N/A
Imports: $N/A Eskimo, Korean, Chinese, Yakut, Chukchi
Total Armed Forces: N/A Religions: Russian Orthodox, Buddhist,
Merchant marine: N/A Shamanist, non-religious
International Organizations/Treaties: None
7 Mar 1920 Provisional Government of Pribaikalia proclaimed at

Verkhneudinsk in part of the Lake Baikal area.
6 Apr 1920 Independence declared (Far Eastern Republic).
Aug 1920 Amur and Khabarovsk regions added to Far Eastern Republic
Nov 1920 Remainder of the Baikal area annexed.
Dec 1920 Chukotka and Kamchatka ceded to the Russian S.F.S.R.
12 Dec 1920 - 26 May 1921 Primorye (Vladivostok) part of the Far Eastern Republic.
25 Oct 1922 Primorye re-incorporated into Far Eastern Republic.
15 Nov 1922 Incorporated into the Russian S.F.S.R. (see Russian SFSR admin.)
Chairmen of the Government (Heads of State)

7 Mar 1920 - Dec 1921 Aleksandr Mikhailovich Krasnoshchekov (b. 1880 - d. 1937) RSDLP
(provisional to 6 Apr 1920)
Dec 1921 - 15 Nov 1922 Nikolay Mikhailovich Matveyev (b. 1877 - d. 1951) RSDLP
Chairmen of the Council of Ministers (Prime ministers)

6 Apr 1920 - Nov 1920 Aleksandr Mikhailovich Krasnoshchekov (s.a.) RSDLP
Nov 1920 - Apr 1921 Boris Zakharovich Shumyatsky (b. 1886 - d. 1938) RSDLP
8 May 1921 - Dec 1921 Pyotr Mikhailovich Nikiforov (b. 1882 - d. 1974) RSDLP
Dec 1921 - 14 Nov 1922 Nikolay Mikhailovich Matveyev (s.a.) RSDLP
14 Nov 1922 - 15 Nov 1922 Pyotr Alekseyevich Kobozev (b. 1878 - d. 1941) RSDLP
Party abbreviation: RSDLP = Russian Social Democratic Workers' Party (communist)
Ingria (Ingermanland)
1583 - 1595; 1611 - 1703 1920 North Ingermanland
1069 Part of Novgorod.

1478 Part of Russia.
Aug 1583 - 28 May 1595 Provisionally ceded to Sweden.
1611 Occupied by Sweden.
9 Mar 1617 Ceded by Russia to Sweden in Treaty of Stolbovo; includes the
provinces of Ingria and Karelia (Kexholm). The kings of
Sweden styled "Dukes of Karelians and Lords over Ingria."
12 May 1703 Occupied by Russia; city of St. Petersburg founded on 27 May.
10 Sep 1721 Formally ceded to Russia by Sweden in Treaty of Nystad.
23 Jan 1920 - 5 Dec 1920 North Ingermanland declares itself independent.
Governors of Ingermanland
1601 - 1607 Samuel Nilsson till Hässle
1607 - 1613 Filip Scheiding
1613 - 1615 Evert Horn
1615 - 1617 Anders Eriksson Hästehufvud
1617 - 1620 Carl Carlsson friherre Gyllenhielm (b. 1574 - d. 1650)
1620 - 1622 Henrik Claesson Fleming (b. 1584 - d. 1650)
1622 - 1626 Anders Eriksson Hästehufvud (b. 1577 - d. 1641)
1626 - 1629 Nils Assarsson Mannersköld
1629 Henrik Mattias greve von Thurn (b. 1580 - d. 1640)
Governors-general of Ingermanland and Livland
29 Nov 1629 - 1634 Johann Bengtson Schroderus friherre (b. 1577 - d. 1645)
Skytte af Duderhof
16 Oct 1634 - 1642 Bengt Bengtsson friherre (b. 1591 - d. 1643)
Oxenstierna af Eka och Lindö
Governors-general of Ingermanland and County of Kexholm
1642 - 1645 Erik Carlsson friherre (b. 1602 - d. 1657)
Gyllenstierna af Lundholm
1645 - 1651 Carl friherre Mörner (b. 1605 - d. 1665)
1651 - 1654 Erik greve Stenbock (b. 1612 - d. 1659)
1654 - 1657 Gustaf Evertsson friherre Horn (b. 1614 - d. 1666)
af Marienborg
1657 - 1659 Christer Claesson friherre Horn (b. 1622 - d. 1692)
af Amyne
1659 - 1664 Simon Grundel Hjelmfelt (1st time)
1664 - 1668 Jacob Johan Justusson friherre (b. 1624/38 - d. 1695)
Taube af Kudding (1st time)
1668 - 1673 Simon Grundel Hjelmfelt (2nd time)
1673 - 1678 Jacob Johan Justusson friherre (s.a.)
Taube af Kudding (2nd time)
1678 Gustaf Adam greve Banér (b. 1624 - d. 1681)
1678 - 1681 Jacob Johan Justusson friherre (s.a.)
Taube af Kudding (3rd time)
Governors
1681 - 1682 Martin Schultz von Ascheraden (b. 1660 - d. 1730)
1682 - 1683 Hans friherre von Fersen (b. 1625 - d. 1684)
1683 - 1687 Göran greve Sperling (b. 1630 - d. 1691)

Governors-general
1687 - 1691 Göran greve Sperling (s.a.)
1691 - 1698 Otto Wilhelm, friherre von Fersen (b. 1623 - d. 1703)
4 Jul 1698 - 1703? Otto greve Wellingk (b. 1649 - d. 1708)
Chairmen of governing council (in Kirjasalo)
9 Jul 1919 - Sep 1919 Santeri Termonen
14 Sep 1919 - Nov 1919 Juho Pekka Kokko (b. 1865 - d. 1939)
16 Nov 1919 - May 1920 Georg (Yrjö) Elfvengren (b. 1889 - d. 1927)
Jun 1920 - 5 Dec 1920 Jukka Tirranen
Swedish Noble titles: greve = Count; friherre = Baron.
Inner Horde (Buqei Horde)
1801 The Inner Horde (also called Buqei Horde) a nomadic state
(under Russian suzerainty) founded in 1801 in territory between
Volga and Yaik (Ural) rivers (to the North from Caspian sea)
where 5,000 families of Kazakhs from Younger Kazakh Zhuz tribe
settled.
1812 Khanate of the Inner Horde.
1845 Post of Khan was abolished and khanate was ruled by Provisional
Council which consisted of Russian government officials.
1876 Incorporated into Astrakhan province of the Russian Empire.
Sultan
1801 - 1812 Buqei (d. 1812)
Khans
1812 - 1815 Buqei (s.a.)
1815 - 1823 Shighai (d. 1823)
1823 - 1845 Jangher (d. 1845)
1836 - 1837 Isatai Tamanov
(in rebellion)
Provisional Council
1845 - 1876 Russian officials
Kalmyk Khanate
c.1632 The Torghut branch (known as the Kalmyks) of the Mongolian Oirats
settled along the lower Volga River (in modern day Russia and
Kazakhstan).
1664 Under Russian suzerainty.
4 Jan 1771 Ubashi and a majority of the Kalmyks return to Dzungaria.
19 Oct 1771 Incorporated into Astrakhan province of Russian Empire.
Khans
1670 - 1713 Ayuka (1st time) (b. 1642 - d. 1724)
1713 - 171. Chadurdzab
171. - 1724 Ayuka (2nd time)
20 Sep 1724 - 17 Mar 1735 Cheren Donduk
1724 - 1737 Dharmapala (f) -Regent
3 Mar 1737 - 21 Mar 1741 Donduk Ombu (d. 1741)
1741 Kandul I (d. 1781)
1741 Gan (f) -Regent
1741 - 21 Jan 1761 Donduk Ta'lshi (d. 1761)
1761 - 4 Jan 1771 Ubashi
Karafuto
Capital: Toyohara Currency: Japanese Yen Population: 415,000

Map of Karafuto
(Vladimirsk 1905-1908) (JPY) (1940 est.)
1287 - 131. Mongols garrison Sakhalin.

1616 Ming dynasty China sends troops to the islands.
1644 Claimed as a Japanese vassal by Lord Matsumae,
named Kita Ezo (North Hokkaido).
1679 Japanese establish trading post at Ootomari (Korsakov).
2 Aug 1689 Chinese sovereignty confirmed by Treaty of Nerchnishk.
1 Aug 1850 Russia claims Sakhalin Island.
3 Oct 1853 Northern Sakhalin claimed for Russia.
1865 Claimed by Japan.
7 Feb 1867 Sakhalin a joint condominium of Japan and Russia.
7 May 1875 Sakhalin incorporated into the Russia.
24 Jun 1905 Southern Sakhalin occupied by Japan (Russian
forces surrender 16 Jul 1905).
5 Sep 1905 Karafuto (southern Sakhalin Island) ceded to Japan
(formally from 25 Nov 1905).
15 Mar 1907 Karafuto prefecture (effective 1 Apr 1907).
22 Apr 1920 - 14 May 1925 Northern Sakhalin (Sakhalinskaya oblast) occupied by Japan.
25 Aug 1945 Soviet occupation.
2 Feb 1946 Incorporation into U.S.S.R. (part of Khabarovsk kray
as Southern Sakhalin oblast).
2 Jan 1947 Part of Sakhalin oblast (see Russian SFSR Admin.).
Military governor
24 Jun 1905 - 31 Mar 1907 Haraguchi Kanenari
Civil governor
28 Jul 1905 - 31 Mar 1907 Kiichiro Kumagai
Governors
1 Apr 1907 - 24 Apr 1908 Sachihiko Kususe (b. 1858 - d. 1927)
24 Apr 1908 - 12 Jun 1908 Takejiro Tokonami (b. 1866 - d. 1935)
12 Jun 1908 - 5 Jun 1914 Sadataro Hiraoka (b. 1863 - d. 19..)
5 Jun 1914 - 9 Oct 1916 Bunji Okada
13 Oct 1916 - 17 Apr 1919 Akira Sakaya (1st time)
17 Apr 1919 - 11 Jun 1924 Kinjiro Nagai (b. 1873? - d. 1927)
11 Jun 1924 - 5 Aug 1926 Akira Sakaya (2nd time)
5 Aug 1926 - 27 Jul 1927 Katsuzo Toyoda (b. 1882 - d. 1939)
27 Jul 1927 - 9 Jul 1929 Koji Kita (b. 1878 - d. 1934)
9 Jul 1929 - 17 Dec 1931 Shinobu Agata (b. 1880? - d. 1942)

17 Dec 1931 - 5 Jul 1932 Masao Kishimoto
5 Jul 1932 - 7 May 1938 Takeshi Imamura
7 May 1938 - 9 Apr 1940 Shun'ichi Munesue
9 Apr 1940 - 1 Jul 1943 Masayoshi Ogawa
1 Jul 1943 - 25 Aug 1945 Toshio Otsu (b. 1892 - d. ....)
Military governors
25 Aug 1945 - 194. I. Alimov
194. - 1946 Maksim Alekseyevich Purkayev (b. 1894 - d. 1953)
Head of Civil Administration Department of South Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands
Sep 1945 - 2 Feb 1946 Dmitry Nikolayevich Kryukov (b. 1899 - d. 19..)
Tannu Tuva
1918 - c.1921 c.1921 - 24 Nov 1926 24 Nov 1926 - 28 Jun 1930
18 Oct 1930 - 1933 1933 - 25 Jun 1941 25 Jun 1941 - 8 Sep 1943
8 Sep 1943 - 11 Oct 1944
Hear National Anthem Text of National Anthem Constitution

Map of Tannu Tuva
"Tuvan Internationale" (1921-1944) (25 Jun 1941)
Currency: Aksha
Capital: Kyzyl National Holiday: 14 Aug
(TVAA) 1936-44; Tugrik Population: 95,000 (1941)
(Khem-Beldyr 1918-1926; (1921)
1934-36; Russian/Soviet 64,000 (1913)
Byelotsarsk 1914-1918) Independence Day
Ruble 1914-1934
Exports: $N/A Ethnic groups: Tuvin 90%, Russian 10%,
GDP: $N/A
Imports: $N/A Chinese and Mongol 5%
Total Armed Forces: N/A
Religions: Buddhist, Shamanist, Russian Orthodox
Merchant marine: None
International Organizations/Treaties 1914-1944: None?; from 1996: UNPO
1207 Mongol rule.

1400's Khanate of Tuva
end 16th-early 17th cent. Most of the Tuvinian tribes under the dominion of Sholoy
Ubashi-huntaiji, the first Altyn-Khan ("the Golden Khan").
Oct 1616 - 1688 Russian protectorate.
1688 Under the Dörben Oryiad (Dzungarian Kalmyks).
27 Oct 1727 Chinese sovereignty recognized by Russia in Treaty of Bura.
Mar 1756 Annexed to China (Tang-nu Wulianghai).
Jan 1912 A congress of clan chiefs declares the territory of several
districts "independent" and "under Russian protectorate", but
this does not lead to emergence of a polity or a central
authority.
15 Feb 1912 Paramount chief formally requests Russian protection, which
is rejected by Russia.
Mar 1913 Declared to be part of Mongolia.
17 Apr 1914 Declared a Russian 'protected' area (Uryanhay [Urjanhaj] kray).
16 Mar 1918 Recognizes Soviet rule.
5 Jul 1918 - 15 Jul 1919 Occupied by Kolchak's "White" Russian troops.
Autumn 1918 South-western part occupied by Chinese troops; southern part
occupied by Mongolian troops led by Khatan Bator Maksarzhab.
Jul 1919 - Feb 1920 Red Army enters to Tuva.
19 Feb 1920 - Jun 1921 Re-incorporated into China.
14 Aug 1921 Independence declared (People's Republic of Tannu Tuva)

under Soviet protectorate (the Russian population of Tannu Tuva
was declared as "Russian Soviet autonomous colony").
9 Sep 1921 Soviet Russia declares and end to its protectorate.
1926 Independence recognized by Mongolia in the Mongolian-Soviet
Treaty of Friendship.
24 Nov 1926 Tuvinian People's Republic
11 Oct 1944 Incorporated into the U.S.S.R. (confirmed 1 Nov 1944).
10 Oct 1961 Tuvinian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic within R.S.F.S.R.
(see R.S.F.S.R. admin.)
General Secretaries of the Tuva People's Revolutionary Party

1921 - 1923 Nimachyan (Nimazhav, Nimazhap)
1923 Lobsang-Osur
9 Jul 1923 - 15 Mar 1924 Oyun Kursedy (president)
First Secretaries of the Tuva People's Revolutionary Party
Apr 1924 - Jan 1926 Shagdyr (secretary-general)
Jan 1926 - Feb 1927 Mongush Buyan-Badyrgy (b. 1892 - d. 1932)
Feb 1927 - Jan 1929 Sodnam Balchir Ambyn-noyon
Jan 1929 - Mar 1932 Irgit Shagdyrzhap (d. 1932)
6 Mar 1932 - 11 Oct 1944 Salchak Kolbakkhorekovich Toka (b. 1901 - d. 1973)
Paramount chiefs (title Ambyn-noyon)

(from 1729, subordinated to the Chinese military governors at Uliastuai)
1686 - 1696 Gendun Dayishin Altan Khan
1696 - 1703 Sanchin Senge Altan Khan
1717 - 1720 Qurulmei
c.1720 Erinchin
c.1722 Lobsang Shirap
c.1754 Chilun
1754 - 1757 Tsengumchab
1757 - 17.. .... (3 names not known)
17.. - 1789 Dazhi
1789 - 1794 Danzin
1794 - 1807 Sedenbal
1807 - 1826 Badizhap
1826 - 1861 Lamazhap
1861 - 1862 Shindazin
1862 - 1868 Olzey-Ochur
1868 - 1912 Kombu-Dorzhu (Gombodorchzhy)
1912 - 1913 Agbaan-Demchy
1914 - 1921 Sodnam Balchir (d. 1924)
Chinese Military governors in Uliasutai

1729 - 1733 Prince Xibao Shucheng
1733 - 1750 Prince Tsereng Chaoyang
1750 - 1754 Prince Cenggu Jabu Chaoyang
(1st time)
1754 - 1754 Bandi
1754 - 1756 Monadzab
1756 - 1771 Prince Cenggu Jabu Chaoyang
(2nd time)
1771 - 1780 Prince Lavan Dorji Chaoyang
1780 - 1781 Qinggui (1st time)
1781 - 1789 ....
1789 - 1791 Qinggui (2nd time)
1791 - 1795 ....
1795 - 1800 Yongkun
179. - 1801 Tusang'a
1801 - 1803 ....
1803 - 1807 Chengkuan
1808 - 1810 Dalu
1810 - 1811 Changling
1812 - 1814 Yunting
1814 - 1818 ....
1818 - 1828 Teyshunbao
1828 - 1863 ....
1863 - 1865 Li Tangjie
1865 - 18.. ....
18.. - 1886 Dukar
1886 - 1890 Yianglin
1890 - 1892 Chonghuan
1892 - 189. Yongde
189. - 1911 ....
Russian Commissioners for the Affairs of Urjanhai Kray
1914 - 1915 A.P. Cererin (Tsererin)
1915 - 1917 Yu.V. Grigoryev
Commissar of the Provisional Government
Oct 1917 - 16 Mar 1918 Aleksey Aleksandrovich Turchaninov (d. 1919)
Chairmen of the Executive Committee
18 Mar 1918 - 2 May 1918 S.K. Bespalov
7 May 1918 - 7 Jul 1918 M.M. Terentyev
"White" Russian Governor
5 Jul 1918 - 15 Jul 1919 Pyotr Ivanovich Turchanynov
Leader of the Siberian-Soviet Partisan Army
Jul 1919 - Feb 1920 Aleksey Aleksandrovich Turchaninov (s.a.)
Chinese Governor
Jan 1920 - Jun 1921 Yan Shichao (Yan Shi-chao)

Chairman of the Constituent Khural
14 Aug 1921 - 15 Aug 1921 Mongush Buyan-Badyrgy (s.a.)
Chairmen of the Presidium of the Little Hural
18 Sep 1924 - 4 Feb 1929 Nimachyan (Nimazhav) TPRP
5 Feb 1929 - 5 Nov 1936 Chuldum Lopsakovi TPRP
6 Nov 1936 - Feb 1938 Adyg-Tulush Khemchik-ool (b. 1893 - d. 1938) TPRP
2 Mar 1938 - 4 Apr 1940 Oyun Polat (b. 1906 - d. 1992) TPRP
6 Apr 1940 - 11 Oct 1944 Khertek Amyrbitovna Anchimaa- (b. 1912) TPRP
Toka (f)
Chairman of the Central Council

15 Aug 1921 - 28 Feb 1922 Sodnam Balchir Ambyn-noyon (s.a.)
1 Mar 1922 - 15 Aug 1922 Lobsang-Osur TPRP
15 Aug 1922 - 19 Sep 1923 Idam-Syurun (Sürun) TPRP
20 Sep 1923 - 18 Sep 1924 Mongush Buyan-Badyrgy (s.a.) TPRP
18 Sep 1924 - 1925 Soyan Oruygu (b. 1876 - d. 19..) TPRP
1925 - Jan 1929 Kuular Donduk (b. 1888 - d. 1932) TPRP
Jan 1929 - 6 Nov 1936 Adyg-Tulush Khemchik-ool (s.a.) TPRP
6 Nov 1936 - Feb 1938 Sat Churmit-Dazhi (b. 1894 - d. 1938) TPRP
1938 - 1940 Bair Ondar (b. 1904 - d. 1986) TPRP
(Aleksey Shirinmeyevich Bair)
6 Apr 1940 - 11 Oct 1944 Saryg-Dongak Chymba (b. 1906) TPRP
(Aleksandr Mangeyevich Chimba)
Party abbreviation: TPRP = Tuvan People's Revolutionary Party (communist, 1921-1944 only legal
party)
Chechnya (Chechen Republic of Ichkeria)
Adopted 1 Nov 1991
Hear National Anthem Text of National Anthem Constitution

Map of Chechnya
"Death or Freedom" Adopted 12 Mar 1992 (12 Mar 1992)
Capital: Grozny National Holiday: 31 Dec
(Suyuchkala 1917; Currency: Russian (1996)
Ruble (RUR); Population: 1,103,686 (2002)
Vedeno 1834-1859, Day of Liberation of the
1917-1920) Nakhar (not issued) Motherland
Exports: $N/A
GDP: $N/A Ethnic groups: Chechen, Ingush, Nogy, Russian
Imports: $N/A
Total Armed Forces: 2,000 (2002)
Russian Forces: 10-100,000 (2002) Religions: Muslim, Orthodox Christian
Merchant marine: None
International Organizations/Treaties Chechen-Ichkeria: UNPO (from 1991)
12 Oct 1813 Sovereignty ceded by Iran to Russia by Treaty of Gulistan.

1818 Grozny founded by the Russians.
1834 Imamate of Ichkeria (capital Vedeno)
1859 Annexed by Russia.
2 Dec 1917 Independence declared (Emirate of Chechenia).
11 May 1918 - 7 Mar 1920 Part of Republic of North Caucasus Federation
(from Sep 1919, North Caucasian Emirate).
4 Feb 1919 - 7 Mar 1920 Grozny occupied by "White" Russian army under Denikin.
7 Mar 1920 Part of Russian S.F.S.R.
1921 Part of Mountain People's Republic.
30 Nov 1922 Chechen autonomous oblast within R.S.F.S.R.
(not including Grozny)(see R.S.F.S.R. admin.).
1929 Grozny added to the Chechen A.O.
15 Jan 1934 Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Region.
5 Dec 1936 Checheno-Ingush A.S.S.R.
1940 - 1944 Chechen nationalist Khasan Israilov forms an anti-Soviet
Caucasus Provisional Revolutionary People's Government
in rebellion.
7 Mar 1944 Abolished (Grozny oblast).
5 Jan 1957 Checheno-Ingush A.S.S.R. re-established.
27 Nov 1990 Declaration of state sovereignty.
15 Sep 1991 Ingushetia approves declaration on formation of
Ingush Republic within the R.S.F.S.R.
1 Nov 1991 Independence declared (Republic of Chechnya)
(not recognized).
1 Dec 1991 Referendum approves creation of an Ingush Republic
within Russia.
10 Dec 1992 Checheno-Ingush A.S.S.R. formally abolished by Russia.
16 Jan 1994 Chechen Republic of Ichkeria
19 Jan 1995 - 6 Aug 1996 Capital Grozny occupied by Russian forces.
12 May 1997 Peace Treaty signed with Russia; Russians withdraw.
30 Sep 1999 Russia begins re-occupation.
6 Feb 2000 Grozny again captured by Russian forces.
Rulers
1822 - 1829 Kadir Abdul
+ Beibulat Tamazov (from 1825)
1830 - 1832 Gazimulla (Ghazi Muhammed)
1832 - 1834 Hamzad Bei (Hamza Beg)
1834 - 1838 Hadzhi Tasho
1838 - 1840 Bulat Mirza
Imam
1834 - 1859 Shamil bin Muhammed
1859 - 1861 Boiskhar Beno -Commander
Emir
2 Dec 1917 - Mar 1920 Sheikh Uzum Hadji (d. 1920)
Mar 1990 - 15 Sep 1991 Doku Gapurovich Zavgayev (b. 1940)
Chairman of the Supreme Provisional Council
15 Sep 1991 - 17 Sep 1991 Lecha Dobachevich Magomadov (b. 1938 - d. 2005)
Chairman of the Provisional Council of Chechen Republic
17 Sep 1991 - 5 Oct 1991 Huseyn Saydaliyevich Akhmadov (b. 1950)
Chairman of the Executive Committee of the All-National Congress of the Chechen People
5 Oct 1991 - 7 Oct 1991 Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudayev (b. 1944 - d. 1996)
(1st time)
Chairman of the Supreme Provisional Council of the Chechen-Ingush Republic
7 Oct 1991 - 2 Nov 1991 Bagauddin Bakhmadov
(in opposition from 8 Oct 1991)
Chairman of the Executive Committee of the All-National Congress of the Chechen People
8 Oct 1991 - 9 Nov 1991 Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudayev (s.a.)

(2nd time)
Presidents
9 Nov 1991 - 21 Apr 1996 Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudayev (s.a.)
21 Apr 1996 - 12 Feb 1997 Zelimkhan Abdumuslimovich (b. 1952 - d. 2004)
Yandarbiyev
12 Feb 1997 - 8 Mar 2005 Aslan Alievich Maskhadov (b. 1951 - d. 2005)
(abandoned Grozny 1 Feb 2000)
9 Mar 2005 - 17 Jun 2006 Abdul-Khalim Abu-Salamovich (b. 1967 - d. 2006)
Sadulayev
17 Jun 2006 - Doku Khamadovich Umarov (b. 1964)
Prime ministers (chairmen of the cabinet of ministers)

Sep 1991 - 22 Nov 1991 Sergey Mazhitovich Bekov (b. 1939)
Nov 1991 - 16 Jan 1992 Yaragy Mamodayev (b. 1953)
(chairman of the Committee on
Operative Management of the National
Economy of the Chechen Republic)
16 Jan 1992 - 17 Apr 1993 Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudayev (s.a.)
17 Apr 1993 - 16 Oct 1996 Post abolished
16 Oct 1996 - 1 Jan 1997 Aslan Alievich Maskhadov (1st time)(s.a.)
1 Jan 1998 - 3 Jul 1998 Shamil Salmanovich Basayev (b. 1965 - d. 2006)
(acting)
3 Jul 1998 - 8 Mar 2005 Aslan Alievich Maskhadov (2nd time)(s.a.)
23 Aug 2005 - 17 Jun 2006 Abdul-Khalim Abu-Salamovich (s.a.)
Sadulayev
Pro-Moscow Leaders: Republic of Chechnya
29 Jun 2000 - 25 May 2004
3 Jan 1995 - 23 Oct 1996 25 May 2004 - 18 Aug 2004 Adopted 18 Aug 2004
Chairman of the Provisional Soviet

3 Jun 1994 - Jan 1995 Umar Avturkhanov
Chairman of the Government of National Revival
3 Jan 1995 - 23 Oct 1995 Salambek Khadzhiyev (b. 1941)
Head of State
24 Oct 1995 - 9 Dec 1996 Doku Gapurovich Zavgayev (s.a.)
Representative of the Federal Government in Chechnya
15 Oct 1999 - 28 Jun 2000 Nikolay Pavlovich Koshman (b. 1944)
Head of the Administration
20 Jun 2000 - 27 Mar 2003 Akhmat Abdulhamidovich Kadyrov (b. 1951 - d. 2004)
Presidents
27 Mar 2003 - 9 May 2004 Akhmat Abdulhamidovich Kadyrov (s.a.)
(acting to 19 Oct 2003)
5 Aug 2003 - 18 Oct 2003 Anatoly Aleksandrovich Popov (b. 1960)
(acting for Kadyrov)
9 May 2004 - 5 Oct 2004 Sergey Borisovich Abramov (acting) (b. 1972)
5 Oct 2004 - 15 Feb 2007 Alu Dadashevich Alkhanov (b. 1957)
15 Feb 2007 - Ramzan Akhmatovich Kadyrov (b. 1976)
(acting to 5 Apr 2007)
Prime ministers
13 Apr 1996 - 17 Nov 1996 Nikolay Pavlovich Koshman (s.a.)
19 Jan 2001 - 15 Nov 2002 Stanislav Valentinovich Ilyasov (b. 1953)
15 Nov 2002 - 10 Feb 2003 Mikhail Viktorovich Babich (b. 1969)
10 Feb 2003 - 17 Mar 2004 Anatoly Aleksandrovich Popov (s.a.)
3 Dec 2003 - 17 Mar 2004 Eli Abubakarovich Isayev (b. 1964)
(acting for Popov)
17 Mar 2004 - 2 Mar 2006 Sergey Borisovich Abramov (s.a.)
(acting 5-15 Oct 2004)
17 Nov 2005 - 10 Apr 2007 Ramzan Akhmatovich Kadyrov (s.a.)
(acting to 4 Mar 2006 [for Abramov to 2 Mar 2006])
10 Apr 2007 - Odes Khasayevich Baisultanov (b. 1966)
©2000 Ben Cahoon

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Map of Russia Hear National Anthem Hear Former Anthem

Polities 1362 Kiev annexed to Lithuania.

3 Aug 1940 Accession of Lithuania.

Hear Provisional Anthems

28 Mar 1584 - 17 Jan 1598 Fyodor I (Theodor I) (b. 1557 - d. 1598)

Golitsyn (to 8 Apr 1611)

(from 1686, styled Grand Princess and Autocrat)

Alternative "White" Governments

Chairmen of the Provisional All-Russian Government (PARG)("Ufa Directory")

Chairmen of the Council of Ministers

¹The full style of the ruler was:

Gosudar'/Gosudarynya i Obladatel'. ("by the grace of God, N.N., All-Russian Emperor/Empress

Noble Titles: Grand Prince/Princess = Velikiy/Velikaya Knyaz'/Knyaginya; Prince/Princess =

Party abbreviations: KDP = Konstitutsionno Demokraticheskaya Partia (Constitutional Democrat

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

Hear National Anthem

Latvian 0.51%, Estonian 0.36%, other 9.75%

30 Dec 1922 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Soviet Union) including

General Secretaries of the Central Committee of the Communist Party

from 8 Apr 1966 general secretary)

Chairmen of the Central Executive Committee (jointly)²

Chairmen of the Council of People's Commissars

Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic

Hear Local Anthem Constitution Population: 137,551,000

Chairmen of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee

Chairmen of the Council of People's Commissars ("Sovnarkom")

Republics of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

Armenian S.S.R. Azerbaidzhan S.S.R. Byelorussian S.S.R.

Re-adopted 21 Aug 1991

12 Jun 1991 Russian S.F.S.R. adopts a declaration of state sovereignty.

9 Aug 1999 - 7 May 2000 Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin (s.a.) Non-party

Party abbreviations: KPRF = Kommunisticheskaya Partiya Rossiiskoi Federatsii (Communist Party

Far Eastern Republic

11 Nov 1920 - 15 Nov 1922

7 Mar 1920 Provisional Government of Pribaikalia proclaimed at

Chairmen of the Government (Heads of State)

Chairmen of the Council of Ministers (Prime ministers)

Party abbreviation: RSDLP = Russian Social Democratic Workers' Party (communist)

1583 - 1595; 1611 - 1703 1920 North Ingermanland

1069 Part of Novgorod.

1683 - 1687 Göran greve Sperling (b. 1630 - d. 1691)

Swedish Noble titles: greve = Count; friherre = Baron.

Inner Horde (Buqei Horde)

1845 - 1876 Russian officials

Capital: Toyohara Currency: Japanese Yen Population: 415,000

1287 - 131. Mongols garrison Sakhalin.

9 Jul 1929 - 17 Dec 1931 Shinobu Agata (b. 1880? - d. 1942)

1918 - c.1921 c.1921 - 24 Nov 1926 24 Nov 1926 - 28 Jun 1930

8 Sep 1943 - 11 Oct 1944

Hear National Anthem Text of National Anthem Constitution

1207 Mongol rule.

14 Aug 1921 Independence declared (People's Republic of Tannu Tuva)

General Secretaries of the Tuva People's Revolutionary Party

Paramount chiefs (title Ambyn-noyon)

Chinese Military governors in Uliasutai

Jan 1920 - Jun 1921 Yan Shichao (Yan Shi-chao)

Chairman of the Central Council

Chechnya (Chechen Republic of Ichkeria)

Adopted 1 Nov 1991