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BIOLOGY 101 - Exam II November 11, 2009

NAME: _________________________________

Lab Instructor: ____________________________

Question: #

I ______20_______ II ______20_______ III _____10_______ IV _____25_______ V ______25_______

Total:

_______________

I. (2 points each) True or False. Read the following statements carefully, and determine if they are true or false. If they are false, underline the false part and correct with a minimum amount of change to the statement. 1. ----F---- During DNA replication, the two parental strands of DNA are separated from each other by the primase, and the new strands are synthesized by the replicase in the 5 to 3 direction. 2. ---F---In an inducible operon, the repressor binds to the operator upon its association with an inducer molecule. In a repressible operon, the aporepressor looses its ability to bind to the operator upon its association with a corepressor. 3. ---T----- During eukaryotic transcription, DNA bending protein allows direct interactions of the transcription factors that are bound at the promoter region with the activator proteins that are bound at the enhancer region of the genes to promote transcription. 4. ----F---- Eukaryotic RNA polymerase III binds to the operator of a ribosomal RNA gene to initiate its transcription to produce rRNA, which is then assembled with ribosomal proteins to form ribosomes. 5. ---F----- In eukaryotes, pre-mRNA is spliced by spliceosomes and exons are eliminated while introns are joined together to form the mature mRNA, which is then transported to the cytoplasm. 6. ----T---- Proof reading activity of the DNA polymerase III is provided by its 3 to 5 exonuclease activity during DNA synthesis. 7. ----F---- In eukaryotes precursor mRNA is spliced before it is capped at its 5 end and polyadenylated at its 3 end, while in prokaryotes it is capped at both ends and is not spliced. 8. ----T---- Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase adds the correct amino acid to the 3 end of the tRNA by recognizing not only the RNA sequence of the anticodon loop but also the structures of the side loops of the cognate tRNA. 9. ----F---- The release factor binds to the P site of a ribosome facing a termination codon and hydrolyses the bond between the tRNA in the A site and the polypeptide chain to terminate translation. 10. ----T---- In all organisms, an activator protein is a transcriptional regulator that binds to specific DNA sequences (e.g., control elements) of positively regulated genes to enhance their transcription.

II. Circle the correct answer or answers. Note that more than one answer might be correct (2 points each): 1. Which of the following enzymes are involved in DNA repair a. b. c. d. e. Photolyase Primase Cryptase DNA Ligase Polyadenylase

2. How would the translation of a eukaryotic mRNA be affected if its 5 capping (Gppp) is defective? a. b. c. d. e. It will not be transcribed It will not be spliced at all It will be alternately spliced It will not be replicated It will not be translated

3. In the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell, which of the following components is never found: a. b. c. d. e. tRNA RNA primers snRNA Okazaki fragments Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase

4. How many ATP and GTP molecules would a cell consume to produce a 10 amino acid long peptide by ribosome-mediated translation? a. b. c. d. e. 1 ATP and 18 GTP 10 ATP and 18 GTP 10 ATP and 21 GTP 1 ATP and 21 GTP 10 ATP and 23 GTP

5. How many rRNA does a bacterial ribosome have (including both the small and large subunits)? a. b. c. d. e. 1 2 3 4 5

6. Which of the following proteins are NOT found associated with eukaryotic promoters a. b. c. d. e. Transcription factors TATA binding protein RNA polymerase II Primase RNA polymerase I

7. The deletion of a single base in the middle of the coding region of a gene could a. b. c. d. e. Stop the translation of the mRNA of this gene Change the genetic code Have no effect on the translation of the mRNA of this gene Enhance the transcription of this gene Stop the replication of this gene

8. What are the chemical modifications that occur at the histone tails to promote loose chromatin structures that permit efficient transcription? b. c. a. acetylation glycosylation fatty acylation d. disulfide bond formation e. phosphorylation

9. Which one of the following events is not a part of a virus life cycle? a. b. c. d. e. To attach to a host cell To convert a prokaryotic cell to a eukaryotic cell To replicate its genome To synthesize its capsid proteins To package its genome to produce new viruses

10. What happens to the levels of cyclin and cdk (cyclin dependent kinase) during the cell cycle? a. b. c. d. e. Cdk is always present and cyclin amounts vary Cyclin is always present and cdk amounts vary Both Cdk and cyclin amounts vary considerably Cdk and Cyclin amounts stay the same All of the above occurs depending on physiological conditions

III. (10 points). Match the following terms with the appropriate sentence describing it. Note that not all of the terms listed below need to be used. A = Depurination B = SRP C = Molysome D = MPF E = Terminator F = Aporepressor G = Anticodon H = Operon I = Operator J = Prometaphase K= Telomeres P= snRNA L= Aster Q= Deamination M= Kinetochore R= RBS N= Polysome S= UAG O= 5 UTR T= Alphabet soup

1. _D____ A cyclin-Cdk complex that triggers a cells passage past the G2 checkpoint into the M phase. 2. ___J___ A stage of mitosis where nuclear membrane fragments due to the phosphorylation of lamins. 3. ___B___ A large protein complex that binds to the signal sequence and stops translation of secreted proteins momentarily. 4. ___I___ Binding of a repressor molecule at this site prevents transcription. 5. ____N__ A series of ribosomes that are translating the same mRNA. 6. ___H___ An ensemble of genes located next to each other and transcribed together. 7. ___G___ A specific portion of the tRNA molecule. 8. ___O___ The 5 untranslated portion of a mature mRNA in eukaryotes. 9. ___E___ A specific DNA sequence where transcription stops. 10. ___K___ The ends of a eukaryotic linear chromosome.

IV. Genetics Section 1. In the lab you cross a fly, which is a true breeding mutant for two characters: weird-wings (we) and curious-color (cu), with a true breeding wild-type strain (we+, cu+). The F1 generation is all wild type. The females of the F1 generation are then test-crossed to truebreeding mutant males. These mutations are located on different chromosomes. (2 pts) What phenotypes will occur in the F2 generation? wt wings, wt color wt wings, curious color weird wings, wt color weird wings, curious color (2 pts) Indicate the ratio you expect to observe among these phenotypes. 1:1:1:1 2. Two loci, A and B, with one dominant and one recessive allele, are located on the same chromosome. The following cross is performed. female: A a b B X a a male: b b # offspring

With the following result:

Phenotype AB 33 ab 27 Ab 18 aB 22

(3 pts.) What is the linkage distance between these loci? (18 + 22) / (33+27+18+22) = .40 * 100 = 40% 3. Circle one correct answer: (2 pts.) At prophase II of meiosis cells are in a ( haploid / diploid ) state.

(2 pts.) At anaphase II of meiosis cells are in a ( haploid / diploid ) state. (2 pts.) A trait whose phenotype is influenced by genes at multiple loci is an example of ( epistasis / pleiotropy ).

4. Colorblindness in a sex-linked trait, specifically, an X-linked trait. Consider a family of two parents and two children, one male, one female. If the female child is colorblind then: (circle the correct answer) (2 pts.) The father is colorblind, ( true / can't say ) (2 pts.) The male child is colorblind, ( true / can't say )

5. Fill in the blank with a word or words, correctly completing each sentence. (2 pts.) The mechanism that may cause the combination of alleles on a particular chromosome in an individual to differ from those from either parent is _recombination_____. (2 pts.) __Sister chromatids__________ separate from one another in anaphase II of meiosis.

(2 pts.) A ___quantitative_________________ trait exhibits a continuous distribution of phenotypes when examined across a population of individuals.

(2 pts.) At any locus, the fact that any individual receives one allele from each parent is explained by the law of ___segregation___________________________.

9 V. Plant Section 1. Choose answers for questions A. through E. from the following list: For some questions, there may be more than one correct answer. List all correct answers: (2 points each) Parenchyma cells Collenchyma cells Sclereids Fibers Protoplasts

A. Which lack secondary cell walls?

Parenchyma cells, collenchyma cells, and protoplasts

B. Which are long thin cells frequently found in association with vascular tissue, further strengthening stems?
Fibers

C. Which are dead at maturity?

Sclereids, fibers

D. Which provide strength in actively growing plant parts?

Collenchyma Parenchyma 2. Fill in each blank with a word or words, correctly completing each sentence. (2 points each) The plasmid from _Agrobacterium tumefaciens__ often serves as the vector in the genetic engineering of plants. Grafting a shoot of one plant variety onto the root of another is one mechanism of combining the best qualities of two varieties. The grafted shoot is called the _scion_. Keeping and crossing offspring with the most favorable qualities and is one method to develop better crop plants; this method is called ___artificial selection . A modified root that carries oxygen to the root system is called a __pneumatophore__.

E. Which make up the bulk of an apple?

3. Match the following by placing the correct letter in the space provided. (7 points)

a. b. c. d.

hypertonic environment hypotonic environment plasmodesmata middle lamella

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e. f. g. h. i. j. k. l. m. n. o. p. q. r.

pectin lignin glucose phenolic groups turgor pressure solute potential trichomes phloem tonoplast membrane plasma membrane endocarp mesocarp root hairs xylem

____c______connections between the cytoplasm of adjacent plant cells ____g____monomers of cellulose molecules ____a____an environment in which water will leave the cell through osmosis ____f_____important component of secondary cell wall ____i_____increases the water potential of a cell ____m____surrounds the cell vacuole ____o_____the inner most layer of the fruit, closest to the seed(s)