Read the instructions on the answer sheet carefully. For each question, choose the most appropriate answer.

Questions 1 to 8 are based on the following passage.

When Kellogg introduced breakfast cereal to India 14 years ago, it underestimated the tradition of cooked breakfasts. The few customers for cornflakes ate them with hot milk, because until recently milk was rarely pasteurised in India, and they were disappointed by the soggy results.

Kellogg responded with an extensive advertising campaign and, to adapt to local tastes, introduced products like Basmati rice flakes and mango-flavoured cereal. To entice customers, the company also produced small packs that sold for 10 rupees, or 25 U.S cents. It would be foolhardy for me to say Kellogg has replaced cooked breakfast. I dont think we can ever hope for that. But weve become a part of consideration set for breakfast in many Indian homes, and thats a tipping point, said Anupam Dutta, the managing director of Kellogg India.

Getting a foothold in Indias processed-food market, estimated to be worth $90 billion, requires persistence and a willingness to adapt products to food and cultural preferences. Rising incomes, more working women, modern stores and greater culinary choices are helping companies like PepsiCo, Nestl, Unilever, McDonald's and Yum Brands get a piece of the market. Adaptation appears to be essential for success in the sector. PepsiCo, for example, has produced strong sales from ethnic salty snacks and sells aam panna, or green mango nectar, along with its colas.

4 Nestl promoted Milkmaid, a condensed milk, as being ideal for traditional Indian sweets. But it had better results with Maggi noodles, a bold step in a country divided between eaters of rice and roti, a flat wheat bread.Maggi soon became a staple in school lunch boxes, helped by masala, or mixed spices. Nestle recently introduced packaged yogurt, competing with another time-honored tradition, while Danone, along with the Japanese dairy-products maker Yakult Honsha, responded with yogurt probiotic drinks.A few years ago, Indian and foreign companies struggled to sell packaged foods. But now it is much easier to break into the Indian market because of a younger population, higher incomes, new technologies and a growing middle class, estimated at 50 million households. 5 Hemant Kalbag of A.T. Kearney, a consulting company, estimates that processed foods will grow at 15 percent annually over the next four years. "We have a young population with higher disposable incomes, living away from the large joint families and seeking greater convenience. The market's constantly evolving and creating demand for products that you never thought would have had a chance. Increasingly, Indian consumption patterns are mirroring global trends such as a preference for protein and for functional foods, said Kalbag. 6 McDonald's, which is doubling its outlets in India to nearly 300 this year, does not sell beef products in the country. Half its menu is vegetarian, with popular offerings like the McAloo Tikki Burger, which is essentially a potato patty. It also has more sit-down restaurants for large Indian families and home delivery, a first. 7 Indian companies are imitating these fast-food rivals to attract young customers. For instance, Jumbo King, an Indian fast-food chain, is mass producing vada pav, a spiced potato patty in a bun, using modified cookie-dough machines and temperature-controlled stoves. Their inspiration is clearly McDonalds.

Despite the opportunity, there are longstanding hurdles. Cumbersome tax rules give an advantage to smaller local companies. And the refrigerated system of transportation and storage is inadequate. Problems in this cold chain result in waste of nearly 40 percent of all fresh produce. There is a need for stronger legislation of food safely, more robust supply chains and improvements in the cold chain. The government and modern retailers are addressing these issues with new laws on packaging and labeling, as well as greater investment in the supply chain. (Adapted from Herald Tribune, March 20, 2008)

1. In the first paragraph, the writer implies that a) indians do not eat breakfast cereals with cold milk b) it is difficult to break the habit of eating cooked breakfasts c) breakfast cereals are relatively recent food products in India 2. The writer mentions Basmati rice flakes and mango-flavoured ceral (line 6 and line 7) to illustrate the a) attempts to include ethnic options b) many varieties of breakfast cereals c) new way of packaging snacks in small packets 3. The main reasons for the success of global food companies in India is a) their products are relatively cheap b) they have invested heavily in technology c) they take into account cultural food preferences 4. The market for processed foods has grown in India primarily because of a) a growing middle class

b) huge population growth c) a desire to follow global consumption trends 5. Why the introduction of Maggi noodles is considered a bold step (line 20)? a) Indians are mainly rice and bread eaters. b) Indian spices were added to the noodles. c) It became the main item of school lunches.

6. The following statements are true of McDonalds in India except a) it offers products unique to India b) it is the fastest growing global company in India c) it has influenced the operations of Indian companies 7. The passage is particularly rich in a) restaurant b) opinions of experts c) illustrative examples 8. Which of the following best summarises the central idea of the passage? a) indian consumer patters are adapting to global trends b) global food companies adapt to local markets for success c) in india, food products are constantly evolving to meet local taste.

For each of the following sentences, choose the correct word in the brackets and fill in each blank. 1. After much preparation, the ship is now ready to set ________________. (sail/sale) 2. They have been a lot of complaints about the new manager from the members of the __________. (staff/stuff) 3. Animals in the cold regions have thick ___________ to protect them from the cold. (fir/fur) 4. Which part of an egg is more nutritious, its white or its __________? (yoke/yolk) 5. It is not _________ for the villagers to do their washing at the crocodile infested river. (safe/save) 6. We will go hiking tomorrow if the _______ permits. (weather/whether) 7. mail/male a) The __________ worn by soldiers in the Middle Ages was really cumbersome. b) The victim described her attacked as a black __________ aged about forty. 8. board/bored

a) The ship went down with all its crew on _______________. b) Mrs Brown is feeling ___________ with the same routine day after day. 9. waist/waste a) Human ____________ is a source of the rivers pollution b) Alice is an elegant lady with a slender ___________. 10. maize/maze

a) the senior citizen easily got lost in the _____ of alleys in the old part of the city. b) The staple food of many South American Indians is ______________. Section B (Writing) You are advised to spend about 50 minutes on this task. You will be assessed on task fulfillment, language and organization.

The most valuable thing in life is friendship. Do you agree? Discuss. You should write at least 350 words. (20 marks)