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The RC details
Information panel
Title block
General Information
The course does not have a written examination. Incourse assessment is based on drawing assignments. The aim of this course is to familiarize the students with the techniques for reading and production of drawings. An engineer is not expected to be a drawing technician but he/she should be able to make a neat drawing if required. It is important that an engineer should know how to communicate his/her design to the project team with drawings. Engineering drawing is a graphical language which is used by engineers for communication. In order that an engineering drawing can be read and properly interpreted by engineers and other members involved in a project, some common practices, conventions and standards should be observed.
General Information
Lecture is devised to teach the students to understand what a drawing is; how it is produced and what it is used for. Students will be making drawings of their own on framing plans and details of reinforced concrete and steel structures. Drawings prepared on tracing papers will be printed through arrangements by Department. The costs for printing will be borne by students. During the semester, all drawings will be returned to students after marking by tutors. The submission of assignments should adhere strictly to the time schedule. Any late submission will be penalized by deduction of marks.
General Information
Thursday (3:00-4:55pm) 1 Sep 8 Sep 15 Sep 22 Sep 29 Sep 6 Oct 13 Oct 18 Oct 27 Oct 3 Nov 10 Nov 17 Nov 24 Nov Cancelled due to Nesat Engg. Drawing (at MWT1) Engg. Drawing (at MWT1) Make-up Lecture from 10am to 1pm (Tuesday) at MWT1 Engg. Drawing (at MWT1) Engg. Drawing (at MWT1) Engg. Drawing (at MWT1)
Assignments 1 & 2 and 3 & 4 are submitted on 4 Nov and 25 Nov respectively
The design team communicates by means of drawings and letters rather than design calculations
Figure 1. Relationship between the principal members of a project development group
Drawing Sheets
Tracing paper is to be used and 85g/m2 quality is recommended. The size should be A1 (841mm594mm). Designation Size (mm X mm) A0 A1 A2 A3 A4 841X1189 594X841 420X594 297X420 210X297
Drawing sheet sizes
Drawing Equipments
Set squares of 60o and 45o Compass Scale rulers (1:100, 1:200, 1:250, 1:300, 1:400 and 1:500) in metric units Pencils Scale ruler Erasers Erasing shield ACAD 2009
compass
Set square
Scale rules
Actual distance = 5m The scale used is 1: 200 Drawing distance = 5000/200=25mm
The two types of scale rules (a) Triangular cross-section (b) Flat cross-section
25mm
Erasing shield
Title Block
The border
Information panel
Title block
Title Block
Typical title block contains essential information required for the identification and interpretation of drawings. The information usually include Project title e.g. Biological Sciences Building Drawing number with provision for revision suffix e.g. S/L/11 (B) Drawing title e.g. 9th Floor Layout Plan Projection symbol e.g. third angle projection symbol Scale e.g. 1:100 Date of drawing e.g. August 1997 Name of Client e.g. The University of Hong Kong Office of origin e.g. Ove Arup & Partners HK Ltd Office project number e.g. 22003 Identity of persons involved in the design, draughting and checking
Title Block
Font height = 5mm Font height = 5mm Font height = 3mm
PROJECTIONS
Font height = 4mm
Title Block
Some common practices
A1 size
Title Block
A standard title block is to be placed at the bottom right hand corner of the drawing. The minimum border width is 20mm except that 25mm minimum is required for the left hand border. 1mm 25mm minimum 20mm minimum
Scale
Drawings should be drawn with an appropriate scale so that all necessary information related to each drawing can be easily presented. Recommended scales for civil and structural engineering drawings are 1:10, 1:25 (1:20), 1:50, 1:100 and 1:200 (dimensions on drawing : actual dimensions on site)
Linework
Different line thicknesses and line types For good presentation, all lines should be black and firm. Each line should be of consistent good presentation and easy reading. Do not mix pencil and ink line on one drawing. Recommended thickness of lines and their typical applications are shown in the sketch attached.
Linework
(cut section)
Linework
or Adjacent Structures (for information)
1mm min. for gaps 2-3mm for shorter line segment 5-15mm for longer line segment
Linework
Typical application
Linework
Typical application
Lettering
Why do we need good lettering in engineering drawings? Avoid ambiguity, reading difficulty and wrong interpretation by others If you can write neat lettering, it is easier for your future supervisors or clients to have confidence in your work and in you. Lettering looks simple but it requires a lot of time and patience to practice and to do it well.
Lettering
All writing should be black and of consistent density. They should be easily read and unambiguous. Either vertical or sloping characters can be used but they must not be mixed on any one drawing. The height of capital characters should be about 7mm for titles and 2.5mm for notes and dimensions. For lower case letters, the height should be about 0.6 of the corresponding capitals.
Lettering
Minimum character height Application Drawing sheet size Upper case and numerals (mm) 7 5 3.5 2.5 Lower case (mm) 4 3 2 1.5
A0, A1, Titles, drawing A2 and A3 numerals, etc. A4 Dimensions and notes A0 A1, A2, A3 and A4
Lettering
Example of letters
Lettering
The guide lines are drawn softly and they do not need to be erased.
Isometric View
1 unit in x dir. 1 2 4 3
z B
A
Draw a cube with lengths of 4 units
C
Only visible lines are shown
D E
1
3 2 1
G
2 3
F4
Note: Dimensions parallel to the coordinate axes can be measured directly from figure
Isometric View
If the corners of unit length are removed from the cube: z
Isometric View
We can use this method to draw any 3D objects. However, what are the drawbacks of using isometric view in engineering drawing? Hidden parts have not been shown. It is difficult to show the dimensions and time consuming to draw a 3D object.
Plan View
x
Front View
Plan View
x
Front View
Projection
In general, any three orthogonal views (projections) are sufficient to present all information of an object.
Projection
Engineering drawings should be prepared using Third Angle Projection. This projection is illustrated in Fig.4 (i) the elevation or side view of the member. (ii) The plan or top view above the elevation. (iii)The views at each end looking directly on the end and adjacent to it. (iv) The bottom or plan view on the bottom side is drawn as a view looking up from the under side.
(ii)
(iii)
Projection
Transferring dimensions between top and side views Using dividers Using scales Using 45o miter (inclined) line Top view
Front view
Side view
Projection
Transferring Isometric View Third Angle Projections: Three views required Measure dimensions of lines parallel to coordinate axes
Measure the coordinates of corner points
into
x (x1,y1,z1) y
2 4 3
Dimensions of red lines parallel to coordinate axes can be measured directly from the figure
Projection
Outside corners intersect Hidden lines intersect without a gap Inside corners intersect but do not cross
Good
Poor
Projection
Viewing direction
SECTION A-A
PLAN
FRONT VIEW
Projection
Dimensioning
Extension Lines: Thin continuous lines Preferably starting just near outline of object Extending a little beyond dimension line 70 C L ) Dimension Lines: Thin continuous lines Placed outside the view if practicable may be interrupted to insert dimensions Centre lines (SymbolC L Thin chain dotted lines To represent axes of symmetrical parts and to denote centers 100
Dimensioning
Note: All units are in millimetres unless otherwise specified
35
123 222 456 456 234 Dia 250
123
234
Dimensioning
Placement of dimension lines and extension lines:
Shorter inside
Dimensioning
End of dimension line defined by arrow head Limited space: (1) arrow head outside dimension line (2) use dot or circle instead of arrow head General rule: number to be placed above dimension lines.
Fig 8. Inclined dimension lines Fig 7. Use of arrow heads and dots
Dimensioning
Dimension to be given where shapes are shown:
doesnt look like a circle Each dimension is given in the contour view Every dimension is given in the wrong view
Recess
Fig 9.
Simple rules for civil/structural drawings: Plan horizontal dimensions (x and y coordinates) Elevation/Section vertical dimensions (z coordinate)
Dimensioning
Dimensions to be lined up and grouped together as much as possible:
Fig 10.
Dimensioning
An application of dimensioning:
Plan view
Dimensions shown at contour views
3D view
Elevation view
Fig 11.
w 3w
Length equal the width of arrowhead
Assignment 1
6 problems on third angle projection 1 from each problem sheet last digit of problem no. = last digit of university no. dimensioning required (to be rounded up to nearest mm) dimensions to be measured from figures font height for dimensions = 2.5mm font height for titles = 5mm use suitable drawing scale (2:1 or 3:1) A1-size hand drawings to be submitted.
Problem Sheets 1 4
Isometric View Problems
Problem sheet 1
B A A C
Example
z
y1
For locating the vertex
After finding out the coordinates for all the nodes, draw the three different views in third angle projection. Show the measured dimensions (up to millimeters) on the scaled drawing
(x1,y1,z1)
z1
Measure the dimensions to the nearest mm (or up to 0.5mm) For the lines parallel to the coordinate axes
x1
Problem Sheets 5 6
Missing View Problems
Problem sheet 5
Missing view
(may have more than one solution)
Example
Use upper cases in the drawing Write down PLAN, FRONT VIEW or VIEW OF RIGHT SIDE below the view Show the measured dimensions on the drawing
The End
References
Standard Method of Detailing Structural Concrete, The Institution of Structural Engineers and The Concrete Society (1989) A Hayward and F Weare, Steel Detailers Manual, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford (1992) BS 308 Engineering Drawing Practice, Parts 1-3 (1993) BS 1192 Construction Drawing Practice, Parts 1-5 (1987) James H. Earle, Drafting Technology, 2nd Edition, AddisonWisley, Wokingham England, 1986 Frederick E. Giesecke et al. Principles of Engineering Graphics, 2nd Edition, Maxwell Macmillan, New York, 1994.
References
R N Roth and L A Van Haeringen, Australian engineering drawing handbook, Parts 1-2, Barton, A.C.T. : Institution of Engineers (1998) Highways Department Standard Drawings, HKSAR (1998) CAD Standard for Works Projects, Environment, Transport & Works Bureau, HKSAR (2002) PNAP 58 Submissions to the Buildings Department PNAP 127 Colouring of Plans Building (Administration) Regulation 14(3) PNAP 135 Imaging Standards for Plans