|” “focolate is fattening (All chocolate; generalization about a mass noun) Countable: He ate a chocolate ( \ piece, one serving in a bow of chocolates.) He ate four more chocolates. Uncountable: Life is precious (Generalization: life i # concept.) Countable: She leads a busy life. (Specifically the type of life she leads is a busy one. It could be a boring life, a dangerous life, and so on People say that a cat has nine lives, > Exercise 3, In the context of each of the following sentences, adapted from Panati’s Extraordinary Origins of Every ‘Things, indicate in the spaces after the nouns whether they are countable (C) or uncountable (U). Levi Strauss came to California in the 1850s during the Gold Rush to make clothes for the miners 1(C..). He knew that they would wear out their clothes quickly, so he made them out of canvas 2(.U), which was used at the time to male tents 3(6.). Later, he replaced the canvas with denim 4(.AS), a softer fabric 5(.6.) originating from the city of Nimes in France. In Europe, this fabric ‘was known as “serge de Nimes” and because of the way 6(.¢.) it was pronounced, it came to be known as denim in America. E. Quantity words 1, Some quantity words can be used only with uncountable nouns, with countable singular nouns, or with countable plural nouns. Others can be used with both uncountable nouns and countable plural nouns. Refer to the following chart for correct usage. ‘nouns gir chit "fact Soe moun a Scanned with CamScanner“Aarts losing its muffler. It a new one, too. It's been replaced before. 5. Use only the forms in the chart for reflexive pronouns. Forms such as hisself or theirselves are not standard English. ‘The hikers brought the disaster upon themselves. Exercise 1 Find any errors in pronouns in the following passage, and make the necessary corrections. Example: Georgia welked into her office. Her (She) and her colleagues began to make plans for their presentation, Georgia rovesed that her company should advertise js products more widely. The people in the office would THERSIveS eppear an advertisgment forthe company’s shampoo. She began her presentation like this: ivr) eae cleaes ‘have an interesting proposal to put before you. Ours, is an original idea, not a revision of an old idea. For our first shot, we will show a man and a ‘oman talking to Mary and xt sinning pools sda ors aed. Bnen after swimming and diving, every hair is in place. He says to she: “Between you ant" used glue, but I wish I'd used Stayset shampoo”. B. Pronoun Reference 1. Use a pronoun to make a reference to a noun phrase or another pronoun that you mention nearby in your writing — called an “antecedent.” ere “rhe gonttPrcomived Tits wei that ho wove wna Tem home yoon (General is\the antecedent of /iis and of he: troops is the antecedent of then.) 2. The antecedent should be stated clearly. Do not use they to refer to people you have not specified. ‘4.-a- annlied for a passport, they asked him for many documents” Scanned with CamScannera ull eed their steep. The police want zens 0 vespet them. Take care with the pronouns they andthe. While the basic rule is that pronoun must mach ts ‘amtecedent in umber, problems arise when singular noun sued to maken gencizatin, + ‘When a teenager rebels, they make their parents angry. Strictly speaking, the word teenager is singular and countable so it shouldbe used with singular ‘Pronouns. However, this can lead to a clumsy sentence. “When a teenager rebels he or she makes his or her parents angry This recsely the eason that they is used so ofen fo refer toa singular noun phrase, However, ‘one way tbe grammatically correct is without wring an awkward sentence isto use plural nouns ~and plural pronouns ~ whenever possible Bxereise 2 Insert a correct pronoun form into the sentences Example: The Indian bes want tell thir. soy by themselves. |. In 1804, Meriwether Lewis and William Clark began..Aa#32.......expediton to explore the continent. AS they walked, Lewis eu... hb. feet on cactus. ‘The group was careful with......Ada, food supplies. Everyone inthe team did his at... shareof the work ‘The slave they tok with. shed... allowed to vote on where to build camp. As they foreed :bstt..way trough the wildemes,...JiG.....impressed them With... id beauy 7. The travelers owed . EIS... survival oth help biyreceved time and ie sain from Indian bes, 8. When Lewis and Clark saw the ocean 4-)oty....were overjoyed. 9 The Corps failed in.....44...primary mission, though ~ to find a water passage from the East Coast the Wes Coast 10, Clark was shocked to hearin [809 that Lewis had killed. eatin a fit of depression. Page| 18 Scanned with CamScanner1 — AM Writing, do not iting, Use a demonstrative adjective if you have not mentioned an object or concept Bie i ‘you have not mentioned an object pt ‘The actress wore this (a) hideous purple dress. Exercise 4 Read the following passages and underline the words ér concepts that the demonstrative pronouns refer to. The researcher ordered mice and rats for the experiment. hes) were the animals his committee had approved. 2. Right now, swomen still hold a low percentage of middle-management positions and even But one female executive at a large brokerage company. thinks that @iiDis gradually changing. 3. 3. University trustees recommended saising tuition by 41%. (hid would be the largest increase in the university’s history. 4. The official was accused of offering money for a favorable mention in the press. He called ‘Pan error in judgement. esé)money makers, however, 5. Profits are being boosted by the sleazy reality shaws on TV, have little educational value. Exercise 5 In the following passages, circle any personal pronouns, demonstratives, or possessive adjectives that you finds. Then decide which words or ideas in the passages each refers to, Example: J.K. Rowling's books have brought her fame and fortune. Her hero, Harry Potter, pleases his fans more with every book. Scanned with CamScannerAnswers J.K. Rowling books have brought (jeiyiume and fortune (ted hero, tiny Suen pines Sh ert en, er = 3.K, Rowling: hls = Harry Potter 1, Parents who have to sayin jobs tha they don’ like inorder to support their children often ‘cannot spend a¢ much time with them after school as they would lke, The cikren sometimes resent tha 2. Amajr problem is pollution. Many people are concerned about this, but they cannot find an easy solution 3, The company hired a new manager. He was only 38 yeas old, but everybody respected him, 4 Fred Jones and his son used to ride ther biycles to work until the managers the parking lot would expand is space into the bicycle racks. : 5, Children lave thie ays. They usualy ave on favorite, which they take to bed with them i them that heen © Chi@dnen thet 2 Chak a) the fark thak foremt: Carmel njema time sith then Chikdaen after seheet 3) He = the meu mmarragan hicen 7 U)his = Freel Junto thin = Fred Jers amd his nen them = Fewd Jens end hb non Abe + Tanking Ret 5) then = Chaldean uray — eee ee them age 117 Scanned with CamScanner‘em Gates i8 very rch, He runs his company quite efficiently. Some adverbs are used almost exclusively with certain adjectives highly unlikely vastly unlikely badly injured ighly injured vastly improved “extremely improved. ‘You should leam and use these adjective-adverb combinations. A good dictionary should be able to give you the information Exercise 1 Insert the appropriate adjective or adverb in he blanks in the following sentences 1. servant thought Carles Darwin wa geil) because he started at an antil for an hour. Darwin wanted fo observe every creature ina (minute/migutely) det He studied ants and turtles evita (partcularpantiulaly) eelicloselcosely). Darwin always held a.PauserP u.(powerlulpowerflly) affection for family. He wanted to observe. acctteb ey... accurae/acuraely) human being’s emotions Danwin argued that love, affection, morality, and sympathy had. _gsacducllly (gradual! gradually) developed ftom our primate ancestor. Even baboons can fel..e.z0 {cui evily passions. ‘When correcting the proofs for his book The Expression ofthe Emotions in Man and Lower Animals, Darwin. £erhatlly emphatclemphatially) deleted the word “lower” D. Tricky Adjective and Adverb Forms. + Some adverbs do not add -Iy to the adjective form. ‘They seem to be good writes. ‘They waite well Hes a fast swimmer. He swims fast. She is a hard worker. She works hard, ‘eTake care with hard and hardly. The adverb form hardly does exist, but it is not associated with the adjective hard and it has negarive connotations. It means “scarcely” or “almost not at al.” He hardly ever offers to help, Pd handly deseribe her looks as beautiful! ‘© 2. After linking verbs such as feel, seem, and become, use an adjective. ‘The teachers feel bad. Page | 20 Scanned with CamScanner9. hard (adver) E. Position of Adverbs 1. Adverbs e ‘Adverbs can sppearin diferent postions in a sentence. (Netenplace anadveribewesi Hapa UETUMEELMbjece The following sentence is incorrect \ in English The eachereviewed systematically he ese 2. Another ype of adver that can move around inthe sentence i one that motes the whole sentenee, for example formate, actually, obviously, certain, and recent Certainly, his very itligen. Hei certainly very ineligent. Hei very nligent, certain 3. The adverb paso has the ability to move around inthe sentence, but its postion changes the ‘meaning ofthe sentence. Inthe following sentence ~ the context of which is «bus acident ~ the word only canbe inserted at each one of the points (1-6) indicated. Except for when it appears as it appears at points 4 and 6 the position of only changes the meaning ofthe sentence. Can you work out the five different ‘meanings ofthis sentence, depending on this postion of only? cent) The (2) passenger (3) hurt (4) his (5) am (6). Aenly 2 3456 (2 345 Conky) agian A xo x 4 db ALB 4 Somby 6 Fa ees AL 3 & only 66 - - - a Scanned with CamScanner4 NGS svn SE i fot ta. sore, cine nay, Set) Sides tc whole matron na et jo ine ote “ety Nveiy neers ke lie estan’ 5 peomccn sheen ser He always behaves tactfully (before a main ve), Hew afays poker atl to ho boss. (ater the ftir vert) He harGina ht Oful.(after Be as amin verb) 5. Adverbial phrases are best placed at the end of a sentence, ‘She approached me in a very friendly manner. My friend works out in the gym three times a week. Exercise 3 Use an insertion mark (,) to indicate where to place the given adverb in the sentence, Example: Tom Hanks makes political speeches. (sometimes) ‘Answer: Tom Hanks makes political speeches. ‘Tom Hankssplays romantic roles. (frequently) He actg very well. (usually) He has played a villaimya few times. (only) Hesprepares for each role. (apparently, witha great deal of care) In'the film Castaway, he managed to alter his bodys(drastically) He has won an Oscarswice even though he has been nominated many times. (only) He wasfgrateful to receive the Oscar for best Actor two years in a row ~ 1994 and 1995 (extremely) 8, Hanksyaccepts the Oscay; (always, graciously) F. Comparisons 1. To form comparative and superlative forms of most one-syllable adjectives, add -er and ~ ndings. cool cooler coolest warm warmer warmest omparative forms are usually followed by the word shan. Superlative forms are almost alw ‘eceded by the word the. In Brazil, January is warmer than July. In Canada, July is the warmest month, Scanned with CamScannerNote you say gt into and out of ear ora tai, but get andofta bus oetraine Note that the following expressions of place and dlection using the noun home include n0 prepositions: (0 go home, 1 arrive home, to bestay home. Exercise Insert an appropriate preposition in the following sentences 1. She ving 0a. Denver Colorado, 2 Mer parents ive. nthe same se 3. Her brother Fives en 36 Clinton Stet. 4A He knocked the glasses bland smashed on he tile Nor 5. fen ins ode aeroon & Hotienrnint rye cnnon igh 1. She got vif een the Bone ay. 8 They signed th dovument nthe lower ighhand comet, 9. Gn Thad esate desk and pt is papers... drawer Vo hcthisame et Beigpta het pipe a do . Ty propos : nn hn id ine Yc 94 ved in St.Louis or ten yar Daring te time 1 ive in St, Louis, I got mae. 2. Near indicates general proximity, Nex! Jo indiates more direct proximity. “Tey live near eachother. (They live a few blocks apart His house is nex to ane, They ive in adjoining houses ) 3. Berncen indicates a positon relative to two markers, Among indicates a postion elative to more than ow. The file cabinet is berween the compater and the fax machin. ‘The document is among my papers somewhere 4. By is wo witha point in ime ES isthe equivalent of no ater than, Unis used with ‘point in time ls; it indcates the end pont ofan ation, We haveto register by August 28. She was eading un! midnight. 0 deans Nett men sty Page 126 Scanned with CamScanner‘come up with look upto ér0p in on put up with set along with Exercise 2% Wie sentences using the following phrasal verbs in any appropriate tense. Try to make the meaning ofthe phrasal verb clear in your sentence. Then write a second version using a one-word equivalent in place ofthe phrasal verb. Example: look into ‘Answers: ‘The committe decided to look into the decreas in sales. ‘The committe decided to investigate the decrease in sles, 1. calloft 6 leave out 2. tum down 7 Took up 10 3. keepon 8. get across 4. find out 9. cut down on 5. takeafer 10. getride of Bxereise3 Choose preposition or particle to itinto each blank Before she went to bed, she tamed... the lights Pl write the report... ry....next Tuesday. Tha’s a promise. He is looking forward.....KF...seeing his nephew when he visits his sister next week. He didn’ tum. sat wotk, so the meeting had tobe calle. ‘When my daughter was sick. Nor’ sister offered to help look. 2240... her ‘They called to congratulate him ..-s6%...-..winning the prize. ‘They wanted to watch TY, so I tumed it...92......immediately He explained, Le, .me why I had to stay and work, Aanii..nine o'clock. the evening. He said he thought he could rely,.oor.,..me, but then he apologized.fii..asking me to work late two nights in row: 10, However, decided not 1 complain .b..the boss obsuxt my long working hours. Deernian Page | 29 Veieat Scanned with CamScannerwxeree 3 1 he following summary of a newspaper atick, comet the use of relative pronouns and punctuation Rn ee ee Siena burma Secanew ing etek Ste Se eed ee “ege. Shes up «hepa i Manhata y women. Therese rained mses The mane wha swan el re Ctr Ubon, Pew nw er Socateay mend hr lowe than heen te 9, be (wa Ses tnd pouge uy iffenred er und owed pote Exercise 4 (Coevect the errors in the flowing semtences 1 Two years agony fiend ZhicWe, who just got marie He was working as a manager in shecomeen. scl My favorite planks droopy i ata abot opie Nowe My father, wboebtving in Alia wes tome every week {hve found the took tht asking et Theoden ey ln tae ard wl asthe est rnin) Roosevelt shea wan pide fm 193-1948 help establish the United Nevo Page 198 Scanned with CamScannerExercise 3 ive pronouns and In the following summary of a newspaper atic, conse the we of punctuation liggbeth Blackwell Wa vas bom in England in 1821 became the fst woman doctor. Everything, Uhibe id was noabe: Se came oli in New York 5 ie recived her doctor's ‘egree. She set up hospital in Manhattan Mi8lemployed gnly women, There she tained nurses. ‘The nurses which she trained served inthe Civil War in 1861, People who knew her mes by he lentes. Moe thn banded yer at 198, the ose potape samp Slffonored be sh showed br ie Exercise 4 Correct the errors in the following sentences 1. Two years ago, my friend Zhi-Wei, who just got married He was working as a manager in ienapee canes 3 forte pny Woks tony scaly abot protic Nwer My in, aig i tacos me ray TThave found the book that I was looking fort: ‘The students in my class who studs hard will pass the test, Fron, Rossel ina resent em 1933195 ped esl Nations. the United Page 135, Scanned with CamScanner3. Some iregular verbs make no change forthe past tense and he past participle forms. ut mu mu 4A few regular verbs have an regular form as welIM do does . fo ‘goes have as Exercise 1 ln the following passage, adapted fom Time magazine, identify the form of each undertined verb and indicate iit i a regular or irregular vet Example: Stange motives dive shoplites to sel repeatedly sores mg 5 4 lar ge Ferm, drexpalt Wy would «Hollywood sar sa) clothing from g sore? Such behavior is complex and ichologists have been ext Wee sine 48 26k of British novelist Jane Austen was GREE O RPLASISAE Oe lae fama arin 8 ‘aaah sytem om the Greek leptin, “oss ca aT il es of anested but stores apparent have Etc (Faia oes an i eae Many Kleptomaniaes steal (7) iS 1 16 and Jo a te need sea In 200, mot Wis eral (ea lS th can from Sik Fit Avene in Bev Hil, The jy, however, and 9) bea ‘and shes es (1 re tarragon €. Verb endings and sting rae |. When aone-sylable verb ends in one vowel +one consonant, double the consonant forthe ng form, stop stopping pu uring ‘Wish regular verbs, also double the consonant tg form the pastsensqand the/past participle, 2. When a two-sllale verb ends in one vowel * one consonant, and has the stess on the lst syllable, double the consonant before ain -ing or -ed. When the stes alls onthe fist syllable, the consonant isnot doubled, Page | 37 Scanned with CamScannerStet om second stable cers oreuring occured erin” 5, tearing began ivegular ve —does nto for ps tense) Stress on t4Si sytable tard tvcing ened reason reasoning reasoned 3. Drop the in the ing form for verbs ending ina silent -. hope hoping write writing aie ving lie bing 4, verbs ending ina consonant + -y have a spelling change rom fiom -y to ie with the past and past patcpe forms oy ries crying vied tied deny denies denying denied denied Exercise? Fill inthe blank in each sentence withthe cores form of the verb ‘Example: Her leg hur, so she was hopping (hop along the path. The word not was... (ove) in gre ever Hisboss is... ssvbieng (wit) the annual repo ths weekend The tomatoes... (ton the vine lst sure. ‘Are you. refering. (cefer to my father? Everyone in the class Stualich. (study) hard for last week's test D. The-d or-ed infection Use hed ending in the following instances 1. To form the past tense ofa regular verb He prepared fine meal In speech, when the wor after te past tense verb begins with a -t or sound, it may sound as if the verb ending has been dropped. In writing, you must always include the -d or -ed ending. Last week, they ask (asked) to exchange their tickets, Poge 138 Scanned with CamScanner2.To form the expression used fo, telling about a habitual action nthe past. He used to hate spinach 43. To form the past participle ofa regula verb ‘She has worked for Sony fortwo yar ‘She was promoted last month 4. Inexpressions wit be (also with ok seem, oter linking verbs, and get) + such past participles 1 concerned, confused, depressed, divorced, embarrased, married, satisfied, supposed (t), surprised, worried. ‘The commite wil be sailed with the report. ‘The student looked confised by the terminology onthe exam, Exercise 3 In the following passage, identify and corect any eors with missing -< or -ed endings. _Bxample: Earthquakes canbe predict with only a certain degre of accuracy ‘Answer: Earthquakes can be predicted with only a certain degre of accuracy. ‘The carta inte Bay Ar of Sn Fanci in 199 coed widespread damage Hout wigs and oad beavdlind coc people wand ound eling conte Some people at ‘on the floor ‘they teathie first rumbling. A baseball game was being televisedwhen the mln of peoples he stim hake ands he ees f the payers They edinstton'sesponso the cis her ter bul codes cul ae earthquake occu and spectators as they eealized what was happei has boon investigated, but many citizens won some major damage Ausiliary verb Do 1. In questions, when no auilary verb is present i the statement (in simple present and simple past tenses), use does, do, or did, always followed bythe base frm of the verb, Statement: He waited for an hour Questions: Did he wat for an hour? How long did he wait? Statement; Shelves n Los Angeles. Questions: Does she five in Los Angeles? Where does she live? Page 138 Scanned with CamScanner4. Use a form of be flowed by the past participle, in passive voice vhs, “The house war pad. ‘The bam hasbeen demolished ‘The criminals were being watched. ercne¢ Do, have, and be may function iter main verbs or auiliany ve. nthe following psy, idenity which underined forms of do, have, and be ae used a auxiliary verbs, and which are sed as main vers, Example: Ihave never ssn vengefil esn. Answers have: uml verb eon: mainverd oe . nan i “What ae ii EH .0 mer” wal) my big wal nour household. Lhav 4) six beaters, cao whom Fer ue ny ly, Cot egy ~ and its ave never HUG) much privacy. tne rerilestly, My slghes haut) ben crumpled ang den, And rarely dd 82) ny pgessions stay where Thad 4} put them, What a4)! doing 3} about about this now? tbawgt TO) sowed that I wl be (17 Sucessfl than all my broters put together. That wil be 1. Active verb forms with and without auxiliary verbs Regular rules determine which ver forms are used to form a complete verb in a cause. There are ro exceptions The charts show which ative verb forms must be used whe there is no ausiliay and when either auxiliary do, have or be the lst auxiliary before the main verb Page 14 Scanned with CamScannerExercise 1 Find and correct errors in the use of simple or progress c tenses Example: The pond is-feesing (reezes) over every winter In 2001 disaster was occurring in New York City. =) peceevvteeh When sw the farmer, he dug a big hole fora pond. restr) ee the following sentences Students usually ae preferring shortanswer tests to essay tests, Prefer He was not understanding you while you spoke. igh met umae AS wrt hi the wind picks up speed. oxren Usrbieng in FeeKirnay LH Perfect tenses. aggiong ‘The audience was cheering the band loudly the whole time they played the encore. L220. petame Perfect tenses indicate that an action has been completed (or perfected) before a known or specified time or event. Form perfect tenses with the appropriate form ofthe have auxiliary, followed by the past participle form of the main verb. Present perfect Betore now. but the time in he past | stories Future perfect | Action is predicted to be completed | He will have written the essay by a stated time ot even by tomorow morning. isc Anwretecine D. Perfect progressive tenses ‘Action was completed some ime | She has writen several short "action vas compicted belore a | We had written only ne essay "peciied time oF event inthe past. | wen he cewolea In college Perfect progressive tenses indicate that an action is in progress before a known or specified time or event. Time expressions with since and for are frequently found with these tenses. Form the perfect progressive tenses with the appropriate form of the have auxiliary, followed by been, and form of the main verb, he “ng sent prfet | Action coninues tom. pst unl presen: [Action lasts a stated length of ume andl she has beer writing He had been writing for her essay for five hours. “Length of acon andthe are ie oun ace. pagename Pago a4 Py Scanned with CamScannerExercise 2 In the following passage, several complete verbs have been underlined, For each one, refer to the cha in items AD ad int whi tne dad why draco eee rae shifts fist sep When a ci das ne Fee pase ae cee eee re oe a office E, Time Clusters and tense switches When you are writing, € is important not to switch time and tenses unless there is a good reason for doing so. Usually, the verb tenses a writer uses in a passage will itinto one of two time clusters: ast or present (the future tenses are rarely used throughout a passage of writing, but appear along, with present cluster verbs when the context demands). Any time switches should be clear 10 readers 1. Lear to differentiate present cluster from past cluster verb tenses and forms. The accompanying. ‘chart summarizes the four ense-time relationships and divides them into clusters of verb forms jece of writing with no switch in time reference. that can oceur in a Progressive amafare wena: wil be writing Pevtect [has/have writen: will have weit Perfect roar [Thasmave been weting wil have Been wit lf s suficient to help a reader understand that the time reference xalization interrupts a past narrative. 2. Sometimes the tense shift hhas changed, especially when a The roller-coaster ride hess! Grosehunnps ane atten 3. Usually, it is necessary forthe writer to use atime signal to alert readers toa time switch, past tone patet time signal we atte unt major chess tau Yast monte Note the following time signals. Scanned with CamScannerExercie $ ‘Make corrections othe fllowing summary ofan atl about Portugal. Make sure the verb enses are comet and ft into an appropriate ster. ie oo Tourist agency operators see a bright future for Portugal. They are-peditng that tend host 40 nilign qs in 2010, Caren, about 12 milion ors ae visting analy the forecast omet, Portugal will be among he ten most visited countries. Thee is plenty there for tourists to do, Portugal uf Deaces and wonderful golf courses. Visitors can enjoy many castles and cathedrals, Portugal lo has along history of making discoveries. Inthe feet century, explorers Bavotraveled wo find new continents. Now, tourists discovering Portugal for themselves, Page 146 Scanned with CamScanner4. Use the simple present tons a dependent laine by hen, Bofors afer: nl Soon aan By he tne, Even thou he dependent case has fre meaning ae he fie team aly nth indepen clas st before they Fave Gaveatenorsar a Be careful. Putting the dependent clause inthe future tens san exsy mistake to make because it clearly has fature meaning. 136 Use the simple present tense 1o refer what an author has writen oo cite an author, even if the authors dead. In The OM Man and the Sea, Hemingway portays the friendship between an old Cuban fisherman anda young boy. Exercise 1 Look a the ndetine yrs inh allowing sentences, Sate why cach ofthe ves sin the Simpl preset tense, Refer tthe pins made nem A’ AL, 2 A3,A4, oF AS. Example: Actos often aks wats am money Answer Thisis a generation ; ‘Affcd of mine aways works fk HERE En Se November wo February. Waiters usually make enough in ips toelp them save. Ax generaticettirn| pos teat {As son as mynd sane enough this yer be wll yo idan ating. Ay, ecient Lent He willbe appy when bens good oe Ay Clearly, actors lead a stressful life. A), (crmeta®izn ier” My friend's brother actually now pecfers @ waiters life to the stress of being an actor. A Fe iks the sage but not he ncerinty of an actor’ Oscar Wilde sas of acting, "Man east isl when beaks in bis wn person. Give hima mask and evil el yout wh”, station B. Present Progresive 1. Use the presen progressive amis ae + ing form ofthe verb to indicate an ation in progress atthe moment of speaking or wri The students are demonstrating outside the administration building ‘The old man is fishing from the dock age | 48 Scanned with CamScanner3ffou mus alwys ince a orm of the suiiany verb be to form complete prosessive ver, “Thebird ar) eating al he bees onthe te. 2. Use the present progressive to indicate tha a tat ration i temporary. Se i staying in Flori fora few works. ‘controversial picture is hanging inthe new at show. [Note the contrast witha permanent or habitual state or ation, for which the simple present is ooded: ‘Whenever she goes to Florida, she says ina beachside motel (habitual action) “The Mona Lisa hang nthe Louvre in Pris (permanently) 3. Use the present progressive o indicate a planed future event. “The committee meeting next week {Pm leaving for New York on Monday. Bxerese2. Selet iter the simple present o the present progressive form forthe verbs in parentheses, Example: As far as cane, the proposal consins (onan) no sui. 1. olunteer organizations e196 proide) help forte poo and homes. 2. Many scientists... igor) on finn a eur for cancer 3. hear that the gpremment a dsely{dvelp) plan ras aes gut soon 4, He Aerated derstand) everything his eacher 95. 5, When the par... (ed), everyone wl o home by bus 6. Billy Collins. 9c) pote reading next week 17, He at. (tay) in New Yok a th Algonquin Hotel uni next Thursday Be avy, (perf) very wo 9. He. ke Gene hi new winter cot ody. 10, Most poets. wit afew ies very dy. C. Present Perfect. “The present perfect ene causes language amet trouble because it includes reference tothe pst, ‘butts focus ison the connection betwen a past state or action and the preset 1. Use the presen perfec (has or have * the past participle form ofthe ver) to indicate something that occured a an unspecified time inthe past and that affect presen time, In this eas, itis often used with time expressions such as never alread: yet, feguonty: several times, nd often. Page 149 Scanned with CamScannerhave beer used 3 Nyt seat eat er ys a st sr Ses ‘ noe Ene bey eth ee drs preve! te om ching re inte rat Theteigr co te wing ras Len twori/ © being wren 6: epee ad mn 1. Acever sdveniss (WSBT Dy or the car ever since the recent Series oF acidens. eae pers Alas year ny dal be cb semper backer working on val projet. D. Uses ofthe Passive ‘Do mot overuse the passive voice, a itcan make your writing Seem flat and dul. But be aware of those instances when the passive is either prefered or pcesary. 1. Usethe passive when it not inp © meson WEINARUBETREAN aetion- sometines «alled the agent. n this cas, the agent isnot even stated in the sentence Coffe is grown in Brazil When god was discovered by peopl nthe area, new towns sprang up overigh you want to focus on the human doer ofan action ~ the agent ~ then the ative voice is often preferable tothe passive Gold werdneoner inthe aren by swo prospector, Two prospectors discovered gold inthe area. 2, The passive is ofen used jsietifiwnting, partly because We are not intrested in who did {an action, bun what happened ‘The experiment hasbeen performed several times with similar ess, 3. Use the passive when the tated age is thing and not a person “The computer mechanim sets the clock The clock et bythe computers mechaiom 4. Use the passive in conteyts in which you prefer nt wei the agent or the wget is Unknow! Jewelry worth $800,000 ms sew fom the Hotel Eldorado ate lst ight He was promoted to vse president a month ago '5, Use the passive when you want to cmphasize the action sel {Inthe 1980s, many tall buildings were bul inthe mde of the city Scanned with CamScanner6. When you can use the subject or object fom the previous clause asthe subject ofthe next clause, itis often preferable to do this (eventhough the clause has tobe inthe passive) rather than name ‘anew subject and make your writing change diretion to suddenly. In the 1980s, many skyscrapers appeared in the city. The-ity- planners (They were) built ‘then to provide more office space. ‘She stared atthe char. He-faterhad-made-that-oldfamily-henioom. (That old family Ieirloom had Been made by her father. 7. Some transitive verbs such as give, hand, send, show, sel, offer, tl, pay, pass, each, and ask take both a direct and an indict object. ‘You can make either the director indtet object the grammatical subject ofa passive sentence The one you choose will depend on the context ~ in other words, on such factors as which noun ‘has already been mentioned or which one you want to emphasize. ‘They gave a Tong repor to the president. ‘Along report has Been given tothe president ‘The president hasbeen given a long repr. Exercise 4 ‘The following sentences all havea very general subject. Rewrite the sentences using the passive voice so that you emphasize the action and not the vague agent they or someone. Retain the time reference and tense thatthe orginal sentence expresses, Example: They have translated the book into fourteen languages Answer: The book has been translated into fourteen languages They tavemade a lotofchnges inte corcuum. A fe ef channgt= have been made ‘Thy have canceled some popular courses. Se yt pula Courtots howe been Ht They grow a lot of rice in Japan. © Lof ef vite Ls grew oF Jejan ‘They ate questioning the suspect right now « The daeapeet ts Prete emctcened wo ‘They will revise the budget within the next few months. be C be netaccl uw ‘Someone has changed the settings on this computer to make it more en 2a The, setting bob. Someone should have audited the account lng ago. TAY Qceetaray aleute PO Eeem WW Theypasetnew us lonsa erage. Nsw an. Casts wetesfomedl & yen ap Page | 61 Scanned with CamScanner) ‘ eit te following paragraph, adapted from a New York Tines ace, changing verbs frm the ative tothe pasive woe wherever ou hk ts appropiate More thn one answer may be possible ‘Mood changes are said to havea physiological bassin the brain. Asa result, scientists are studying these changes. Because peopl believe that mood changes are affected by the level of serotonin in the brain, researchers have conducted a study to determine what factors affect the level of serotonin. The blood ofa large numberof volunteers was taken throughout the year. Researchers ‘then analyzed the blood to see when the amount of serotonin was highest and lowest, Researchers found that sunlight affected the level of serotonin, but it was not affected by temperature, air [ressure, or amount of rin. Researchers have also noted an increase in depression with reduced sunlight, Consequently, scientists have named this depression “Seasonal Affective Disorder,” although peopl often just call it “winter blues” Exercise 6 Use an encyclopedia to answer the following pairs of questions. You ean respond by using one Sentence or two. Use the pasive voice in your response. Example: When were X-rays discovered? Who were they discovered by? Answer: X-rays were discovered in 1895 by W.C. Roentgen. 42) When was the Eiffel tour built? Who was it designed by? 'b) When was the telephone invented? Who was it invented by? ©) When was the Brooklyn bridge built? Who wast designed by? <4) When was the United States Constitution drawn up? How many states was it ratified by? ©) When was the Great Wall of China begun? Why was it built? 1) When was the radium discovered? Who was it discovered by? 2) When was the Bertin Wall demolished? Why was it rected in the firs place? 1h) When was Abraham Lincoln assassinated? Who was he assassinated by? ') When was the steam engine invented? Who was it invented by? 4) When was Crime and Punishment written? Who was it writen by?. A Tie Eefpee beurx buitt ne 2289 emel won dlesigmed by Fusclanr BR the telehhont ta Uruvtnbedt by ACexandlon Bell ow 13% yg, C Bhs Briecklye Brldagt Us etl grann agro bo tgs ard aleaugredl by chen A Reekfony of The uuttel State, Cortitabion wa obuaitin Up a At st and wer nob'fied by mime states ¢ The Gregb Usatt oF Chino. coon Béguin Cot" Lene Yeon wep be Karp ett mevaeling tril. F Radivim tum ditevtréd by Pivot amd marie Guy da 1898 4 the Ben Wall wor dermetiched sm A939. Le was eccebed Ur 2° gpwowat the tele from comumuunit Eat Berlin form, totajing be Wah Bee Scanned with CamScannerh abraham lintel wos amoaaimeredl sn 1865 by Johm Ww ihe Boeth : The Steam emgine Ura cmnvemied by owes Werth im 476% G Crteme ema Pemithrmemt was uonitten im Asbe by Fysden Deot ocushy Scanned with CamScanner3. Use zero atte when you make a generalization (a genre reference) sbout pal countable Dogs a indy animals. (The writers making a generalization about ll dogs, ot any specific dogs.) Flowers ai olor ta oom. 4, Use zero article when you make a generalization (a generic reference) about an uncountable Love never lasts. Gold jewelry is expensive. Do not a the definite article oa generalization jst because the noun hasan ajetive in rot of 4 The adjective doesnot make the noun more specific It just narrows the noun, ‘Fhe Gold jewelry is expensive. "Fhe Red cards ate popular with the young people, 5. Use zero article (or maybe a quantity word) fora nonspecific reference to an uncountable noun ‘She offered him advice and information. ‘She ofered him some advice anda great dea of nformation. Exercise 1 Inthe following quotation, identify each ofthe underlined nouns according to where it fis nthe hart in item C. Example: Gentlemen prefer bonds (Andrew Mellon) ‘Answer: Gentlemen = countable plua/nonspeciic countable ph c]els st ERAT a lit rte 2 Hains vie Avg xing, nt ny in oer (roe Burns) UNS : yerifet El6INS + Hs vam ln 4. As for ati copcemed, whom is a word that xas invented to make everyone sound like a GHEE women oy 0182 5. The gewar of labor Is tht no enough? Wiliam Mortis) +S] epeefC Supt NS Exercise? In the following passage fiom “Carles in America” idemiy each underlined pounphrase 3s making a specific (8) o noaspesitic (NS) reference My life would have been mach simple, 1 hin, if had teamed how to drive when I came to acetic {Ita ay) sakes), sna (hatha ots ae a *5 rs age | 65 Scanned with CamScannering ia) ot fm gin ei a rig nig sc " i) ely Oto (by cone be mag (9) ed lt (ior 8, sate Exercise. \Wiriteone sentence fr each phrase in the Following airs. Make ure that your Sentences illustrate clearly the difeence i meaning and context between the two phrases, Bxample: a job the job “Answer: She has been looking fra ob for three mont ‘Unfortunately, she didnot gt the jb she wanted mast. 1. awoman the woman 2 computers the computers 3. beauty the beauty 4. traffic the afc S. arose the rose. D, Supertatives, Ordinas, and Sole References 1 The definite ntl islays used wih speriatveajives sd nouns forme ro superaive adjectives. ‘She was the fastest swimmer inthe ce. Only the strongest survive 2.The definite atte hat show the poston of someting in relation o other things: frst, last, next, second, thd, Labor Day inthe Unite States fills onthe ist Monday in September, Thats the tenth ime today’ Ihave told you not to do that. 3. The definite acl ays used with ean atv hat point to something Bing oe of” akind: main, only, sole, chief ‘The main reason that | came tothe Uni Sates was o get a better education. He was the only man she ever wane to mat: , Articles Used in Phrases 1. Hee are some evamples of phrases in which the use of ates is no pret Destinations tog 10 she stone, 40 the post ofc 1010 the bank bul: t0 go 10 Schoo, 10904 church, tt be, 1030 home Page| 66 Scanned with CamScannerDo not use a comma before a clause introduced by hat esa that she should not worry. “The book that you gave me is very interesting. Exercise 1 Examine all the uses of commas inthe following passage from an article called “Mr: Doherty ‘Builds His Dream Life.” Decide to which ofthe six eategores in item B each comma belongs. The first one has been done for you as an example. Example: There are two things I have always wanted to do ~ write and live on a farm. ‘Today I'm doing both. I'm notin E.B. White's class as a writer or in my neighbors"league asa farmer (1), but I'm getting by ‘Answer: I Category 6. (The comma separates independent clauses connected with a coordinating conjunction.) It’s a self-reliant sort of life. We grow nearly all of our fruits and vegetables. Our hens keep us in ‘esas (2)! with several dozen leftover to sell each week, Our bees provide us with honey (3fF and. ‘we cut enough wood to just about made it through the eating season, * 1 satisfying if to. tn the summer we cane on he iver AP go picnicking inthe woods (5) td take long bicyele ies. Inthe winter we ski and slate, We get exeted about sunset But the good fe can gt prety tough. Thee months ago (when it was 30 below (The spent ‘wo miserable days hauling firewood up the river on a foboggan. Three months froxn now (8) it will be 95 above and we will be cultivating com (9 weeding strawberties (109° and killing chickens, Recently (11), Sandy and I had to reshingle the back roof. Soon (12)*our children will help me make some long overdue improvements C. Semicolon ‘There are four main uses ofthe semicolon. 1.A semicolon signals the ends of one independent clause when the meaning of the independent clause following itis vey closely relate. He likes dogs a lg he even has four his small apartment Don't use semicolons to separate independent clauses excessively 2. semicolon separates a transitional expression from the two clauses th connects Pope | 69 Scanned with CamScanner2. Iti important delete your emp ils fom time to timer therwise your computer wil stato slow down, 3. Inan extensive review ofthe literatrg fous et al. (1988) summarized he present situation 4 fllowsstudies consistently show inteased risk of death among persons with low quantity and sometimes low quality of social relationships, 44 Speakers of English ar sed to making nouns from verbs by adng-r consequently when they hea an unfnilir noun wit this sux socal lationship. 5. The living room contained only thre pieces of furnitures desk chai and a computer. 6, People generally go about solving a problem in four steps*(1) defining the problem2) agising a steaegy(3) executing the strategy and (4) evaluating progres toward the goal 7. The words above the door hada very clear tessage;Do not ener E. Apostrophe. 1. Use an apostrophe in contracted forms. can, won on didn he, she'd theyre, les Contractions are not usally used in formal academic writing. You should find out from your instructor whether he or she wll aoeptconactons in your writing 2. Use an apostrophe to signal possession or ownership. to signal possession he noun is either singular ora pra noun that doesn't end ins, a Her son's room (one on) The children’s books (more than ne child, but 0s for plural form) be noun is a paral form ending in, add only an apostrophe. her daughters room (two daughters, one room) the teachers reports (more than one teacher: plural) Do not use postophes with the names of buildings, objets, or picees of future, for example, the hotel poo, the car door, al the sable fe ‘Do not we an apostrophe withthe possessive adjectives its. The fom i isa contraction fori is oF has. objets, or pieces of furniture, for exzmple, the hotel poo, te car door, andthe table eg. “The dog has lost es ty bone Exercise 3 Revrite the phrases below, using an apostophe Example: the bone belonging othe dog fg Tiny ny ly be precer soll quel by Mermesng le Scanned with CamScanner“Answer the dog's bone |. The ays belonging tothe baby = TH* baby 's tyr “The toys belonging 1 the babies wy The bebsce! Ley The problems ofthe teachers =) The Eenclwta! pox0bRerns The decision made by family = Farrby's dec iatorrs ‘The plans made by the women The Wernten'sLoenve_ The proposals offered by the poltiians y The akstCevcunrn’froyeso0 The desk belonging tothe scretry =) The Seoretanys dek ‘The home belonging tothe couple The Cauyla's hewn F. Quotation Marks 1. Use quotation marks to enclose an exact representation of a person's words, These can be words that you hear or read. 2. Use quotation marks around the ttle of a short work, such as a short story, a poem, an article, ‘ora song that you refer to in a piece of your writing, Last week, we read “The Story of an Hour.” Do not use quotation marks around the ttle of an essay that you write. Exercise 4, Punctuation marks have been removed from the following passage ftom an article called “The ‘Analysts Who Came to Dinner.” Add punctuation where ti appropriate. Lewids study offers a clue to why middle chien often sem to have a harder ime in ie than their siblingscLewis found that in some families with thre or four children loner conversation tend t center on the oldest child who has the motto talk abou an the youngest who needs the most attetion4Midie children are invisible says LewisMhen you see somcone getup from the table and walk around ding dinner chances are isthe middle chil There i however one reat equalizer that stops al conversation and deprives everyone of atentionsvhen the TV is on Lewis sey linner is a noneven.” Scanned with CamScanner