INDEX

S.No Date Name of the experiment Page No Marks Awarded Teachers Initial

JOB APPLICATION
Write a letter to company for the post of a design engineer.

From BARATH KUMAR.R 15-1/8 RAMAR KOVIL ST, MOORTHINAYAKKAN PATTI, THENI. To THE GENERAL MANAGER, KUMAR BUILDERS VELLORE

Respected sir SUB: Application for the design engineer In response to your advertisement published in the THE HINDU Paper dated July 13, 2011, I offer my self as a candidate for the above Post your film. As per my educational qualification is concerned. I am enclosing copy of my Bio data with application. I assure to you sir that with my preferred qualification I will be highly Suitable for yearn. Concern if I am given a chance I will do my best to come Up to your expectation. Thanking you Yours faithfully (BARATH KUMAR.R) Station:
Date:

JOB APPLICATION
Write a letter to company for the post of a plan &Estimate engineer.

From BARATH KUMAR.R 15-1/8 RAMAR KOVIL ST, MOORTHINAYAKKAN PATTI, THENI. To THE GENERAL MANAGER, ARCHI CONSTRUCTION, BANGALORE.

Respected sir SUB: Application for the plan & Estimate engineer In response to your advertisement published in the INDIAN EXPRESS Paper dated August 10, 2011, I offer my self as a candidate for the above Post your film. As per my educational qualification is concerned. I am enclosing copy of my Bio data with application. I assure to you sir that with my preferred qualification I will be highly Suitable for yearn. Concern if I am given a chance I will do my best to come Up to your expectation. Thanking you Yours faithfully (BARATH KUMAR.R) Station:
Date:

JOB APPLICATION
Write a letter to company for the post of a Site engineer.

From BARATH KUMAR.R 15-1/8 RAMAR KOVIL ST, MOORTHINAYAKKAN PATTI, THENI To THE GENERAL MANAGER, ABI CONSTRUCTION PVT LTD, CHENNAI.

Respected sir SUB: Application for the Site engineer In response to your advertisement published in the DECCAN CHRONICLEPaper dated Sep 21, 2011, I offer my self as a candidate for the above Post your film. As per my educational qualification is concerned. I am enclosing copy of my Bio data with application. I assure to you sir that with my preferred qualification I will be highly Suitable for yearn. Concern if I am given a chance I will do my best to come up to your expectation. Thanking you Yours faithfully (BARATH KUMAR.R) Station:
Date:

RESUME

NAME DATE OF BIRTH FATHER NAME SEX MARITAL STATUS RELIGION NATIONALITY LANGUAGE KNOWN QUALIFICATION PROJECT DETAILS (IF ANY) EXTRA SKILL EXPERIENCE

: BARATH KUMAR.R : 01-4-1992 : RAJA.P : MALE : SINGLE : HINDU : INDIAN : TAMIL, ENGLISH : BE (CIVIL) : NO : PROGRAMMING KNOWLEDGE : NO

ADDRESS: PERMANENT ADDRESS: S/O: RAJA 15-1/8 RAMAR KOVIL ST, MOORTHINAYAKKAN PATTI, THENI

PRESENT ADDRESS: 15-1/8 RAMAR KOVIL ST, MOORTHINAYAKKAN PATTI, THENI.

CONT.NO: 9677433413

CURRICULUM VITAE

CAREER OBJECTIVE: To achieve Excellency in profession by hard work in good Organization where my skill, knowledge & potential is utilize in Right direction talking new challenge in life by solving practical Problems and marking myself more components and adopt to New technology so that my personal goal of the organization to Be achieved. EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION: 10th : Govt. high sec school Percentage: 75% Academic Year: 2006-2007 12th

: Govt. high sec school Percentage: 73% Academic Year: 2008-2009

BE(CIVIL)

: Sapthagiri college of engineering Percentage: 78% Academic Year: 2009-2013

SOFTWARE PROFICIENCY: o Auto CADD o Stad Pro

AREA OF INTEREST: o Planning

o Estimate EXTRA SKILL: o Programming Knowledge o Good Communication skill HOBBIES: o Reading book o listening music PERSONAL DETAILS:

NAME DATE OF BIRTH FATHER NAME SEX MARITAL STATUS PERMANENT ADDRESS

: BARATH KUMAR.R : 01-4-1992 : RAJA.P : MALE : SINGLE : 15-1/8 RAMAR KOVIL ST, MOORTHINAYAKKAN PATTI, THENI.

CONT.NO: 9677433413 REFERENCE: Mr. Arivuahgan, Head of the department Dept of civil engineering, Sapthagiri College of engineering, Dharmapuri.

DECLARATION Hereby I conclude that the above information given above is true According to the best of my knowledge. SIGNATURE

(BARATH KUMAR.R)
Station: Date:

BIO DATA

PERSONAL DETAILS: NAME DATE OF BIRTH FATHER NAME FATHER OCCUPATION SEX MARITAL STATUS RELIGION NATIONALITY LANGUAGE KNOWN MOTHER TONGUE : BARATH KUMAR.R : 01-4-1992 : RAJA.P : BUSINESS : MALE : SINGLE : HINDU : INDIAN : TAMIL, ENGLISH : TAMIL

ADDRESS:

PERMANENT ADDRESS: S/O: RAJA 15-1/8 RAMAR KOVIL ST, MOORTHINAYAKKAN PATTI, THENI

PRESENT ADDRESS:

15-1/8 RAMAR KOVIL ST, MOORTHINAYAKKAN PATTI, THENI.

DECLARATION Hereby I conclude that the above information given above is true according to the best of my knowledge. SIGNATURE

(BARATH KUMAR.R)
Station: Date:

PAPER PRESENTATION

CANAL CROSS DRAINAGE WORKS/STRUCTURES

Necessity of Cross Drainage Works/Structures
A cross drainage work (also called CD work) is a structure built on a canal where it is crossesa natural drainage, such as a stream or a river. Sometimes, a cross-drainage work is requiredwhen the canal crosses another canal. The cross-drainage work is required to dispose of thedrainage water so that the canal supply remains uninterrupted . A cross-drainage work is alsocalled as drainage crossing. The canal at a cross-drainage work is generally taken either overor below the drainage. However, it can also be at the same level as the drainage. The canals are, preferably, aligned on the watershed so that there are no drainage crossings. However, it is not possible to avoid the drainages in the initial reach of a main canal because it takes off from a diversion headworks (or storage works) located on a river which is a valley. The canal, therefore, requires a certain distance before it can mount the watershed (or ridge). In this initial reach, the canal is usually a contour canal and it interceptsa number of natural drainages flowing from the watershed to the river. After the canal hasmounted the watershed, no cross-drainage work will normally be required, because all thedrainage originate from the watershed and flow away from it. However, in some cases, it maybe necessary for the canal to leave the watershed and flow away from it. It may be necessaryfor the canal to leave the watershed for a short distance where the watershed takes a suddensmall loop and it is not possible to align the canal along the loop. In that case, the canalintercepts the drainages which carry the water of the pocket between the canal and thewatershed and hence the cross-drainage works are required. A cross-drainage work is an expensive structure and should be avoided as far as possible. The number of cross-drainage works can be reduced to some extent by changing thealignment of the canal. However, it may increase the length and hence the cost of the canal.

Sometimes it is possible to reduce the number of cross-drainage works by diverting the smalldrainages into large drainages or by constructing the cross-drainages work below the confluence of two drainages by shifting the alignment. However, the suitability of the site for the construction of the structure should also be considered while deciding the location of the cross-drainage works.

Types of CD Works

Depending upon the relative positions of the canal and the drainage, the crossdrainage works may be broadly classified into 3 categories. In each category, there are further sub-types:] 1. Canal over the drainage Aqueduct

Syphon aqueduct 2. Canal below the drainage Superpassage Canal siphon 3. Canal at the same level as drainage Level crossing Inlet Inlet and outlet 1. Canal over the drainage (i) Aqueduct: An aqueduct (also called an

ordinary aqueduct) is a structure in which

the canal flows over the drainage and theflow of the drainage in the barrel is openchanneflow. An aqueduct is similar to anordinary road bridge (or railway bridge) across drainage, but in this case, the canal istaken over the drainage instead of a road (or a railway). The canal is taken over thedrainage in a trough supported over the piers constructed on the drainage bed. Anaqueduct is provided when the canal bed level is higher than the H.F.L. of the drainage. [Note: In the case of an aqueduct, the term culvert is commonly used for the barrel.] (ii) Syphon aqueduct: In asyphon aqueduct also the canal is taken over thedrainage, but the flow in

the barrel of the drainage ispipe flow. A syphon aqueduct is constructedwhen the H.F.L. of the drainage is higher than thecanal bed level. Whensufficient level difference is not available between thecanal bed and the H.F.L. of the drainage to pass the drainage water, the bed of the drainagemay be depressed below its normal bed level. The drainage is provided with an imperviousfloor at the crossing and thus a barrel is formed between the piers to pass the drainage waterunder pressure. These barrels actually form an inverted syphon and not syphon. However, inthe common usage, the term syphon is generally used.

2. Canal below the drainage (i) Superpassage: In a superpassage, the canal istaken below the drainage and flow in the canal isopen channel flow. A superpassage is thus reverse ofan aqueduct. A superpassage is required when thecanal F.S.L. is below the drainage bed level. In this case, the drainage water is taken in a troughsupported over the piers constructed on the canal bed. (ii) Canal syphon: A canal syphon (or simply asyphon) is a structure in which the canal is takenbelow the drainage and the flow in the barrel of the canal is pipe flow. It is thus the reverse ofa syphon aqueduct. A canal syphon is constructed when the F.S.L. of the canal is above the 3 drainage bed level . Because someloss of head invariably occurs whenthe canal flows through the barrel of the canal syphon, the command of thecanal is reduced. Moreover, there may be silting problem in the barrel. As far as possible, a canal syphonshould be avoided. 3. Canal at the same level as the drainage (i) Level crossing: A level crossing is provided when the canal and the drainage are practically at the same level. In a level crossing, the drainage water is admitted into the canalat one bank and is taken out at theopposite bank. A level crossingusually consists of a crest wallprovided across the drainage on theupstream of the junction with itscrest level at the F.S.L. of thecanal. The drainage water passesover the crest and enters thecanalwhenever the water level in thedrainage rises above the F.S.L. ofthe canal. Thereis

a drainageregulator on the drainage at the d/sof the junction and a crossregulatoron the canal at the d/s ofthe junction for regulating theoutflows. A level crossing is provided on the canal when it is more or less at the same level as the drainage and there is alarge discharge in the drainage for a short duration. The main disadvantage of a level crossingis that an operator is required to regulate the discharge. (ii) Inlet: An inlet alone is sometimes provided when the drainage is very small with a very low discharge and it does not bring heavy silt load. Of course, it increases the discharge in thecanal, which is absorbed in the space provided as the free board above the F.S.L. (iii) Inlet and outlets: An inlet-outlet structure is provided when the drainage and the canal are almost at the same level, and the discharge in the drainage is small. The drainage water isadmitted into the canal at a suitable site where the drainage bed is at the F.S.L. of the canal.The excess water is discharged out the canal through an outlet provided on the canal at somedistance downstream of the junction. An outlet is usually combined with some other masonry work where an arrangement for removing the excess water is even otherwise required.

Selection of a Suitable Site of Cross Drainage Work

The following points should be considered while selecting the site of a crossdrainage work: 1. At the site, the drainage should cross the canal alignment at right angles. Such a site provides good flow conditions and also the cost of the structure is usually a minimum. 2. The stream at the site should be stable and should have stable banks. 3. For economical design and construction of foundations, a firm and strong sub-stratum should exit below the bed of the drainage at a reasonable depth. 4 4. The site should be such that long and high approaches of the canal are not required. 5. The length and height of the marginal banks and guide banks for the drainage should be small. 6. In the case of an aqueduct, sufficient headway should be available between the canal trough and the high flood level of the drainage. 7. The water table at the site should not be high, because it will create dewatering problems for laying foundations. 8. As far as possible, the site should be selected d/s of the confluence of two streams, thereby avoiding the necessity of construction of two cross-drainage works. 9. The possibility of diverting one stream into another stream upstream of the canal crossing should also be considered and adopted, if found feasible and economical. 10. A cross-drainage work should be combined with a bridge, if required. If necessary, the bridge site can be shifted to the cross-drainage work or vice versa. The cost of the combined structure is usually less. Moreover, the marginal banks and guide banks required for the river training can be used as the approaches for the village roads.

Selection of a Suitable Type of Cross Drainage Work

The following factors should be considered while selecting the most suitable type of the cross-drainage work. 1. Relative levels and discharges: The relative levels and discharges of the canal and of the drainage mainly affect type of cross-drainage work required. The following are the broad outlines: (i) If the canal bed level is sufficiently above the H.F.L. of the drainage, an aqueduct is selected. (ii) If the F.S.L. of the canal is sufficiently below the bed level of the drainage, a superpassage is provided. (iii) If the canal bed level is only slightly below the H.F.L. of the drainage, and the drainage is small, a syphon aqueduct is provided. If necessary, the drainage bed is depressed below the canal. (iv) If the F.S.L. of the canal is slightly above the bed level of the drainage and the canal is of small size, a canal syphon is provided. (v) If the canal bedand the drainage bed are almost at the same level, a level crossing is provided when thedischarge in the drainage is large, and an inlet-outlet structure is provided when the dischargein the drainage is small. However, the relative levels of the canal and the drainage can bealtered to some extent by changing the canal alignment to have another crossing. In that case,the most suitable type of the cross-drainage work will be selected depending upon the levelsat the changed crossing. 2. Performance: As far as possible, the structure having an open channel flow should be preferred to the structure having a pipe flow. Therefore, an aqueduct should be preferred to asyphon aqueduct. Likewise, a superpassage should be preferred to a canal syphon. In the caseof a syphon aqueduct and a canal syphon, silting problems usually occur at the crossing.Moreover, in the case of a canal syphon, there is considerable loss of command due to loss ofhead in the canal. The performance of inlet-outlet structures is not good andshould beavoided. 3. Provision of road: An aqueduct is better than a superpassage because in the former, a road bridge can easily be provided along with the canal trough at a small extra cost, whereas in thelatter, a separate road bridge is required. 4. Size of drainage : When the drainage is of small size, a syphon aqueduct will be preferred to an aqueduct as the latter involves high banks and long approaches. However, if the drainage is of large size, an aqueduct is preferred. 5. Cost of earthwork : The type of cross-drainage work which does not involve a large quantity of earthwork of the canal should be preferred.

6. Foundation : The type of cross-drainage work should be selected depending upon the foundation available at the site of work. 7. Material of construction : Suitable types of material of construction in sufficient quantity should be available near the site for the type of cross-drainage work selected. Moreover, thesoil in sufficient quantity should be available for constructing the canal banks if the structurerequires long and high canal banks.

8. Cost of construction : The cost of construction of cross-drainage work should not be excessive. The overall cost of the canal banks and the cross-drainage work, including maintenance cost, should be a minimum. 9. Permissible loss of head Sometimes, the type of cross-drainage is selected considering the permissible loss of head. For example, if the head loss cannot be permitted in a canal at the site of cross-drainage, a canal syphon is ruled out. 10. Subsoil water table If the subsoil water table is high, the types of cross-drainage which requires excessive excavation should be avoided, as it would involve dewatering problems. 11. Canal alignment: The canal alignment is sometimes changed to achieve a better type of cross-drainage work. By changing the alignment, the type of cross-drainage can be altered. The canal alignment is generally finalised after fixing the sites of the major cross-drainage works.

General Design Requirements for CD Works

1. Data For preparing the design of a cross drainage structure, the following specified hydraulic data should be made available. (a) Canal - Full supply discharge, Q; Bed width; Full supply depth; Water surface slope; Bed level; Bed slope; Full supply level; Top of bank level; Cross section of canal showing NaturalGround Level; Subsoil water level; and Nature of bed material and value of n (rugositycoefficient in Mannings formula). (b) Drainage Channel - Extent and nature of drainage area (catchment area); Maximum annual rainfall and the period (years) of data; Maximum intensity of rainfall with year; Maximum observed flood discharge at the site; Maximum flood level; Water surface slope; Site plan of proposed crossing including contours; Log of borehole or trial pit data; Type of

bed load of drainage channel; Longitudinal section of the stream for suitable distance upstream and downstream of the canal depending upon site conditions; Cross section of thedrainage channel for a distance 100 m to 300 m upstream and downstream, at intervals of 10m to 50 m; Waterways provided in road and railway bridges or other hydraulic structures onthe drainage channel; Spring water level at the crossing site in May and October; and Siltfactor. 2. Design flood The design discharge of the drainage should be selected considering various factors such asthe size of the drainage, the size of canal, importance of the canal and type of the crossdrainagework. The following are the broad guidelines for estimating the design discharge. 1. For very large cross-drainage works where the failure of the structure may lead to disruption of canal supplies over a long period, the design flood should be taken equal to the 6 standard project flood (S.P.F.). 2. For moderate type of structures, the waterway is usually determined for the flood of 50 years recurrence interval but for the foundation and free board, the flood of 100 years recurrence interval is taken. 3. For small cross-drainage works, the design flood is usually taken as 10 to 25 years flood, and an increased afflux is also considered. 4. For important structures, an additional margin of safety is usually provided in the design offoundation and free board fixation to the take care of unexpected large floods by increasingthe design discharge, depending upon the area of catchment. 3. Waterway Waterway for a cross drainage work is fixed from hydraulic and economic considerations with particular reference to: a) design flood, b) topography of the site, c) existing and proposed section and slope of the drainage channel in the vicinity of the crossing, d) permissible afflux, and e) construction and maintenance aspects. In plains, the drainage channels are generally in alluvium and the waterway usually provided in works without rigid floor is about sixty to eighty percent of the perimeter, given by Laceys formula P C Q where C = a coefficient varying from 4.5 to 6.3 according to local conditions, the usual value adopted being 4.8 for regime channel. NOTES 1. When flow carries abrasive materials with it, the permissible values may be further reduced by 25%. 2. Hard steel troweling, power floating, smooth surface finish and continuous long curing can have higher abrasion resistance, and higher velocities than that given in this table can be permitted, for surface using cement. The value of wetted perimeter obtained is the total waterway between the two faces of

the abutments. In works with rigid floors, however, waterway can be further flumed within the permissible limits of velocity negotiated through the available ventages. Ordinarily such velocities should be limited to the values given in Table. For sub-mountainous and mountainous terrains with flashy flows, the waterway is provided within the width of the existing stream. Where the slope of the natural drainage channel is quite steep suitable methods may be adopted to bring the velocity within the desired limits. The minimum dimension of openings should be such as to permit, as far as possible, manual clearing of deposits therein. 4. Free board Free board in the case of canals is the difference between the F.S.L. of the canal to the top level of banks or the formation level of guide banks. In the case of a drainage, the free boardis the difference between the H.F.L., including afflux, and the top of the embankment orguide banks. A minimum free board of 06 m is usually provided. However, it should be increased suitably for large discharges or wherever heavy wave action is anticipated.

5. Canal Transitions A canal is flumed to reduce the length of barrels (or culverts) in an aqueduct (or a syphon aqueduct). Fluming Ratio - Except when dictated by conditions particular to a specific structure, a fluming ratio less than seventy percent may not be adopted. For the purpose of computing the fluming ratio of canal, the width at mid depth may be taken as one hundred percent. In drainage channel when the course is undefined, a fluming ratio from seventy to ninety percent of the Laceys waterway may be adopted. Suitable canal transitions are provided on the u/s and d/s of the flumed section. A channel transition is a gradual change in the cross-section of the channel that produces a change of flow from one uniform state to another. This change in flow occurs over the lengthof transition. A transition avoids excessive energy loss, eliminates cross-currents and turbulence and thus provides safety to the structure. Transition walls as seen in plan, should at their ends turn nearly at right angles to the flow in the channel and should extend for a minimum length of 0.6 m into the earth bank. Suitable pitching may be provided to the slopes, beyond the Transition end. In a transition, varied flow (non-uniform flow) occurs, and the accelerating or decelerating forces are more predominant than the frictional resistance. Besides aqueducts and syphon aqueducts, fluming of canal is also sometimes done at superpassages and canal syphons, falls, regulators and bridges to reduce the cost of the structure. In all these cases, transitions are provided to minimise the head loss and reduce the By reducing the width of the channel without varying the depth of the channel. By reducing the depth of the channel with or without varying the width. However, generally the width is also varied. The transitions may be classified into two types:

1. Contraction transitions 2. Expansion transitions

1. Contraction transitions : In contraction transitions, the cross-sectional area is gradually reduced. The design of contraction transition is relatively easy. In this case, the accelerating forces tend to counterbalance the boundary shear and consequently the losses are small. Unless the velocity is very high or the contraction too severe, any suitable streamlined shapelike a bell-mouth or a cylindrical quadrant of transition can be provided as a contractiontransition. The flow through a contraction transition is always stable because of favourable8pressure gradient. The length of transition depends upon the degree of contraction adopted,splayof 2: 1 is usually provided. However, for important high-velocity flumes, an average splay of3 : 1 to 4 : 1 will give better flow conditions. On the other hand, for low velocity, unimportantstructures, the splay may be even 1 : 1. The contraction transition should be tangential to thewalls at the throat of flume where velocity is high.

2. Expansion transitions : In expansion transitions, the cross-sectional area is gradually increased. In this case, the decelerating forces tend to increase the boundary layer effect andthe losses are more. The pressure gradient is positive and hence unfavourable. The boundaryflow is unstable and may result in flow separation from the boundary and lead to turbulenceand eddies. Moreover, the high intensity of shear at the separation surface producesappreciable circulation and rollers may be formed. These rollers are the main sources of headloss associated with such flows, since the main flow has to infuse theenergy to sustain them.Therefore, expansions transitions should effect the change more gradually as compared tothat in contraction transitions. The exact laws governing the complex flow in expandingtransitions are not known. Simplifications are usually done to arrive at approximate solutions.Providing very long transitions is quite costly. A splay of 3 : 1 is usually adopted. Sometimes,splay of 4 : 1 and 5 : 1 are adopted in the cause of high velocity flumes. In addition,separation control devices, such as splitter vanes, bed deflectors, sills, baffles, etc. are alsosometimes used for minimising the separation of flow.