SOLUTIONS MANUAL

COURTESY

Amir Tahir Khan (2005–CE-152)

Saba Khalid* (2005–CE-145)
Shahzaib Zahoor (2005–CE-133)
Sarwat Hasnat (2005–CE-129)
Haider Ali (2005–CE-164)
SECTION ‘C’

COMPUTER ENGINEERING

This manual contains solutions to all of the problems of Chapter 3 ‘Solution of

Linear Systems AX=B’ in Numerical Methods Using MATLAB, Fourth
Edition. If you spot an error in a solution or in the wording of a problem, we
would greatly appreciate it if you would forward the information via email to
us at engratkhan@yahoo.com

Submitted To
Sir Muhammad Jamil Usmani
Lecturer,Mathematics Department,
SSUET
 INDEX
S.NO. EXERCISE Page SOLVED BY
OBJECTIVE #
1 Introduction to 3-24 Amir Tahir Khan
vectors And Matrices 2005-CE-152
2 Properties of Vectors 25-33 Haider Ali
And Matrices 2005-CE-164
3 Upper Triangular 34-44 Sarwat Hasnat
linear Systems 2005-CE-129
4 Gaussian Elimination 45-60 Shahzaib Zahoor Khan
And Pivoting 2005-CE-133
5 Iterative Methods for 61-96 Saba Khalid*
Linear Systems 2005-CE-145

2
CHAPTER 3

EXERCISES FOR INTRODUCTION

To

VECTOR & MATRICES

Q1. Given the vectors x and Y, find (a) x+y, (b) x- Y, (c) 3x , ( d) II X II

(e) 7Y – 4 X, (f) x. y, (g) 117Y – 4 X II.

(i) X = ( 3, - 4 ) and Y = ( - 2, 8)

SOLUTION :-

(a) X + Y

The sum of the vectors X and Y is computed component by

component.

X + Y = ( X, + Y, X2 + Y2 , Xn + Yn)

We have,

X = 3, X2 = - 4,Y1 = -2 , Y2 = 8

Putting the values

We get,

(3,- 4) + (-2,8) = (3+ (-2) , - 4+8)

= ( 3-2,4)

= (1,4) Ans.

3
(b) X- Y

The difference X – Y is formed by taking the difference in each

coordinate:

X _ Y = (X1 = Y1 , Y2 ------ Xn – Yn )

Putting the values

We got,

= (3,-4) – (-2,8) = (3, -(-2) , - 4-8)

= (3+2) , - 12)

= (5, - 12)

(c) 3 X

If C is a real number we define scalar multiplication as follows:

CX = ( CX1, CX2 _ _ _ _ (Xn)

Putting the values we get,

We get,

3 (3 , - 4) = ( 3 X 3, 3 X- 4)

= ( 9 - 12)

(d) || X ||

4
The norm (or length) of the vector X is defined by ,

||X ||= (X21 + X22 + ------- X2n )1/2

Putting the values , we get

||3 -4|| = (3)2 + (-4)2 )1/2

= ( 9+16)1/2 =(25)1/2

= 5 Ans.

(e) 7Y – 4X

If c & d are scalars then the weighted difference dY – CX becomes,

dY – cX =(dY-1 – CX1, dy2 – CX2-----dy2 - Cxn )

Let C = 4 & = 7

Putting the values, we get,

7(-2,8) – 4(3, -4) = (7 ( -2) -4(3)

= (8)-4(-4))

= (14-12, 56 + 16)

(f) X. Y

The dot product of two vectors , X and Y can be written as,

X. Y = x1 y1 + x2 y2 + ------------ xn yn

Putting the values , we get,

5
 (3,-4) . (-2 ,8) = 3x-2+4 x 8

= - 6- 32

= - 38 Ans.

(g) ||7Y- 4X||

The distance between two points X to Y,

||Y – X|| = ((Y1-X1 )2 +( y2 – X2)2 + ------ (Yn-Xn)2 )1/2

According to condition,

|| dy – CX|| = (( dy1 – CX1) + ( Y2 – CX2 )2 + ------ (dYn-CXn)2 )1/2

Let C = 4 , d =7

Putting the values

We get,

|| 7 ( -2,8) – ( 3\3-4) || = (( 7 x-2) 4x3)2 + ( 7 X 8 – 4 X -4)2 )1/2

= (( -14-12)2 + (56 +16)2 )1/2

= ((-26)2 + (72)2 )1/2

= (676 + 5184)1/2

= (5860)1/2

=2 1465

or 76.55063684 Ans.

Q1. ii) X = ( -6, 3,2) & Y = (- 8,5,1)

(a) X + Y

6
The sum of the vectors X & Y is computed component by

component,

X+ Y = (X1+Y1 X2 +Y2, --------- (Xn-Yn)

We have

X1 = -6, X2 = 3,X3 = 2, Y1 =- 8,y2 = 5

Y3 = 1

Putting the values

We get,

X + Y = ( - 6-8, 3+5 2+1)

X + Y = ( - 14,8,3) Ans.

(b) X-Y

The difference of X – Y is formed by taking the difference in each

coordinate,

X + Y = (X1 – Y, X2 – y2, ------------- Xn – Yn)

Putting the values we get,

X – Y ( -6+ 8, 3-5, 2-1)

X-Y = (2, - 2 ,1)

(c) 3X

If C is a real number we define scalar multiplication as follows:

C X = (3X-6, 3 X 3 , 3 X 2)

3 X = ( -18, 9,6)

(d) || X ||

The norm (or length) of the vector X is defined by,

7
|| X || = (X12 + X12 + --------- Xn2)1/2

Putting the values

We get,

|| X || = ((-6)2 + (3)2 + (2)2 )1/2

= ( 36 + 9 + 4)1/2

= (49)1/2

|| x|| =7 Ans.

(e) 7Y – 4X

Let C = 4 & d =7

It C & D are scalars then weighted difference dY – cX becomes,

dY – cX = ( dY1 – cX1, dY2 – cX2 ------- dYn – (Xn )

Putting the values

We get,

7Y - 4X =(( 7X – 8) –(4X – 6),(7 X 5) – ( 4 X 3 )( 7 X 1) – (4 X 2))

= (- 56 + 24 , 35 – 12, 7 – 8 )

7Y – 4X = (-32 , 23,-1) Ans.

(f) X.Y

The dot product of two vectors, X and Y Can be written as,

X.Y = X1 Y1 + X2 Y2 + ---------- Xn Yn

Putting the values we get,

X .Y = ( C-6 X – 8) + ( 3X 5 ) + (2 X 1)

= 48+ 15+ 2

X.Y 65 Ans.

8
 (g) || 7Y – 4X||

The distance between two points X to Y,

||Y – X|| = ((y1 – X1)2 + ( Y2 –X2)2+ ----- (yn –Xn)2 )1/2

we find,

|| 7Y - 4X|| = ((7y1 - 4X1 )2 + (7y2 – 4x2)2 + (7Y3 – 4x3)2)1/2

Putting the values

We get,

|| 7Y-4X|| = (( 7X -8)2 - (4X-6)2 + (7X5)2 – (4x3)2

+ (7X1)2 – (4 X 2)2 )1/2

= ( ( -56) – (-24)-2 +(35)2 – (12)2

+ (7)2 - (8)2 )1/2

= (3136 – 576 + 1225 – 144+49-64)1/2

= (3626)1/2

|| 7Y -4X|| = 60.21627687 Ans.

Q.1 (iii) X = ( 4-8,1) & Y = ( 1,-12,-11)

(a) X +Y

The sum of the vectors X & Y is computed component by

component.

X+Y = (X1+ Y 1, X2 , --------- (Xn + Yn)2 )

We have, X = 4, X X2 – 8, X3 = 1, Y, = 1, Y2 =- 12,Y3 = - 11

We get,

9
X+Y = (4+1, - 8- 12 ,1-11)

= (5,-20, -10) Ans.

(b) X – Y

The difference X – Y is formed by taking the difference in each

coordinate:

X-Y = (X1+ Y 1, X2 , --------- (Xn + Yn)2 )

X - Y = (4 - 1, - 8 + 12 ,1+11)

= (3,4,12) Ans.

(C) 3X

It c is a real number , we define scalar multiplication as follows:-

CX = (CX,CX2------- CXn)

Putting the values we get,

3X = ( 3X4, 3X-8, 3X1)

3X = ( 12- 24, 3) Ans.

(d) || X ||

The norm ( or length) of the vector X is defined by,

|| X || = (X12 + X12 + ------ Xn2 )1/2

Putting the values we get,

|| X || = ((4)2 + (-8)2 + ------ (1)2 )1/2

= (16+ 64 + 1)1/2

= (81)1/2

|| X || = 9 Ans.

10
(e) 7Y – 4X

If C & D are scalars then the weighted difference dY – cX becomes,

dy- Cx = ( dy1 – CX1 dy2 - (x2, ---------- dyn – CXn )

Putting the values we get,

7Y – 4X = ( 7( 1) – 4(4), 7 (-12) -4 ( -8) , 7 ( -11) – 4 (1))

= (7-16 , - 84 + 32, - 77 – 4)

= ( -9 , -52, - 81) Ans.

(f) X. Y

The dot product of two vectors, X and Y can be written as,

X.Y = X1 + X1 + X2 + X2 + ------ Xn Yn

Putting the values we get,

X. Y = ((x1) + ( -8X -12) + ( 1X -11) )

= ( 4+ 96 – 11)

X . Y = 89 Ans.

(g) || 7Y – 4X||

The distance between two points X to Y,

||Y – X || = ( ( Y1 + Y1 )2 + ( Y2 + X2 )2 + ------ ( Xn Yn )2 )1/2

||7Y – 4 X|| = ( ( 7Y1 + 4X1 )2 + ( 7Y2 + 4X2 )2 )1/2

Putting the values we get,

|| 7Y -4 X || = (( 7 X 1 – 4 X 4)2 + ( 7x – 12 – 4 x -8)

+ ( 7X-11 -4 X1)2 )1/2

= ((7-16)2 + (-84 + 32)2 +(-77 – 4))1/2

11
 = (( - 9 )2 + ( -52)2 + (-81)2 )1/2

= (9346)1/2

|| 7Y -4 X || = 96.67471231 Ans.

Q1. (iv) X = ( 1,-2,4,2) & Y= ( 3-5,- 4,0)

X1 = 1, X2 = -2, X3 = 4, X4 = -2, & Y1 = 3, Y2 = -5, Y3 = -4, Y4 = 0,

(a) X + Y

The sum of the vectors X & Y is computed component by

component,

X + Y = (X1 + Y1, X2 + Y2 + ------- Xn + Yn )

Putting the values we get,

X + Y = (1+3, - 2- 5, 4-4, 2+0)

X + Y = (4,-7,0,2) Ans.

(b) X – Y

The difference X – Y is formed by taking the difference in each

coordinate:

X - Y = (X1 - Y1, X2 - Y2 - ------- Xn - Yn )

Putting the values we get,

X + Y = (1- 3, - 2 + 5, 4+4, 2-0)

X + Y = (-2,3,8,2) Ans.

(c) 3X

If C is a real number we define the scalar multiplication as follows:

12
CX = ( CX1, CX2, -------------CXn)

Putting the values we get

3X = ( 3 X 1 , 3X -2 , 3 X 4, 3 X 2)

3 X = ( 3, - 6, 12, 6 ) Ans.

(d) || X ||

The norm ( or length) of the vector X is defined by,

|| X || = (( X1 2 + X2 2 + ----------- Xn 2 ))1/2

Putting the values we get,

|| X || = ( (1)2 + (-2)2 + (4)2 +(2)2 )1/2

= ( 1+ 4 + 16 + 4 )1/2

= (25)1/2

|| X|| = 5 Ans.

(e) 7Y – 4X

If C & d are scalars then weighted difference dY – Cx becomes,

dY –cX = ( dY1 – Cx1 dy2 – CX2 ------ dYn – Cxn )

Putting the values we get,

7Y – 4X = ( (7 X 3 ) – (4 X 1) , ( 7 X -5 ) – ( 4X – 2),

7Y – 4X– (4 X 4) + ( 7 X 0 ) – ( 4 X 2),

= ( 21-4,-35+8,-28,-16, 0-8)

7Y – 4X = ( 17, - 27, - 44, - 8 ) Ans.

(f) X.Y

The dot product of two vectors X & Y can be written as,

13
X. Y = X1 Y1 + X2 Y2 + ------- Xn Yn

Putting the values

We get,

X . Y = (( 1x 3) + (-2 X – 5) + ( 4 X 4) + ( 2 x 10) )

X . Y = (3+10-16+0)

X . Y = - 3 Ans.

(g) || 7Y – 4 X ||

The distance between two points X to Y,

|| Y – X || = (( Y1 - X1 )2 + ( Y2 - X2 )2 + ----- ( Yn - Xn )2

Let C = 4 & d = 7

If C & d are scalar then,

|| 7Y – 4 X || = ((7Y1 - 4X1 )2 + (7Y2 - 4X2 )2 +----- (7Y3 - 4X3 )2

Putting the values

We get,

||7Y- 4X|| = ( 7X3- 4X1)2 + ( 7X-5 – 4X-2)2

+ ( 7X – 4 – 4 X 4)1/2

= ((17)2 + (- 27) 2 + (- 44) 2 + (- 8) 2 )1/2

1/2
= (289 + 7729+1936+64)

= (3018)1/2

|| 7y -4X|| = 54.93632678 Ans.

Q.2 Using the law of cosines, it can be shown that the angle θ

between two vectors X and Y is given bythe relation.

14
 X.Y,
Cos ( θ) = || X || || Y ||

Find the angle, in radians, between the following vectors:

(a) X = (-6,3,2) and Y = ( 2,-2,1)

X1 =-6, X2 =3, X3 =2, & Y1 = 2, Y2 = -2, Y3 = 1,

SOLUTION:

We know that,

X.Y = X1 Y1 + X2 Y2 + X3 Y3 ------------- (1)

Putting the values in equation (1)

We get,

= (-6) (2) + (3) ( -2) + ( 2) (1)

= - 12 – 6 + 2

X.Y = - 16

Also,

|| X || = (X12 X22 + X12 ) 1/2

------------ (2)

Putting the values in equation ------------------ (2)

We get,

= (( - 6)2 + (3)2 + (2)2 )1/2

= (36 + 9 + 4 )1/2

= (49)1/2

|| X || = 7

Now,

15
|| Y || = (Y12 Y22 + Y12 ) 1/2
------------ (3)

Putting the values in eq. ………… (3)

We get,

= (2)2 + (-2)2 + (1)2 )1/2

= (4+4 +1)1/2

= (9)1/2

|| Y || = 3

X.Y,
Since, Cos θ = || X || || Y || ------------(4)

Putting the values in equation …………. (4)

− 16
(4) =>
7 x3

− 16
Cos θ =
21

θ = Cos-1 ( -0.76190)

θ = 2.437045 radians Ans.

Q.2 (B) X = (4-8,1) and Y = ( 3,4,12)

X1 = 4, X2 = -8, X3 = 1, & Y1 = 3, Y2 = 4, Y3 = 12,

SOLUTION

We know that

X.Y = X1 , Y1 + X2 , Y2 + X3 , Y3 ------------ (A)

Putting the values in equation …………… (A)

WE get,

16
= (( 4 X3) (-8) (4) + (1) (12))

= 12- 32 + 12

X. Y =-8

Also ,

|| X || = ( X1 2 + X2 2 + X3 2 )1/2 ------------ (B)

Putting the values in equation………………. (B)

We get,

B => = (42 + ( -8)2 + (1)2 )1/2

= (16+64+1)1/2

= (81)1/2

|| X || = 9

Now,

|| Y || = ( Y1 2 + Y2 2 + Y3 2 )1/3 ------------ (C)

Putting the values in equation…………. (C)

(C) => = (32 + 42 + 122 )1/2

= (9+16+144)1/2

= (169)1/2

|| Y || = 13

since

X.Y
Cos θ = || X || || Y || ------------(D)

Putting the values in equation (D)

17
 We get,

- 8,
Cos θ = 9 x 13 ------------(4)

- 8,
Cos θ = 117 ------------(4)

Cos θ = -0.06837

θ = Cos-1 (-0.06837)

θ = 1.639225 radians Ans.

Q3. Two vectors X and Y are said to be orthogonal (perpendicular) if the

angle between them is 12.

∧

(a)prove that X and Y are both orthogonal if and only if X.Y

Proof:-

Assume that : X , Y ≠ 0

X.Y = 0 if and only if Cos θ =0

∧
If and only if θ = (2n + 1)
2

If and only if X and y are or trogon Proved

Use Part (a) to determine it the following vectors are orthogonal.

(b) X = (-6,4,2) and Y = (6,5,8)

X1 =- 6, X2 = 4, X3 =- 2, & Y1 = 6, Y2 = 5, Y3 = 8,

SOLUTION :

18
WE KNOW THAT

X.Y = X1 Y1 + X2 Y2 + X3 Y3

Putting the values we get,

X.Y = ( -6) (6) + (4) (5) + (2) (8)

= - 36+20+16

= - 36+36

X.Y = 0

Hence it is proved that given vectors are orthogonal

Q.3 (c) X = (-4,8,3) and Y = (2,5,16)

X1 =- 4, X2 = 8, X3 =- 3, & Y1 = 2, Y2 = 5, Y3 = 16,

SOLUTION:-

We know that

X.Y = X1 Y1 + X2 Y2 + X3 Y3

Putting the values we get,

X.Y = ( -4) (2) + (8) (5) + (3) (16)

= - 8 + 40 + 48

= 90 ( ≠ 0 )

Hence the given vectors are not orthogonal.

Q3. (d) X = (-5,7,2) and Y = ( 4,1,6)

SOLUTION:

We know that

19
X.Y = X1 Y1 + X2 Y2 + X3 Y3

Putting the values we get,

X.Y = ( -5) (4) + (7) (1 + (2 (6)

= - 20+7+12

X.Y = -1 (≠ 0 )

Hence the given vectors are not orthogonal because X.Y ≠ 0.

Q4. Find (a) A + B, (b) A-B and (c) 3A-2B for the matrices

−1 9 4 −4 9 2
A= 2 −3 −6 ,B= 3 −5 7
0 5 7 8 1 −6

SOLUTION:

(a) A + B

−1 9 4 −4 9 2
A+B= 2 −3 −6 ,+ 3 −5 7
0 5 7 8 1 −6

−1− 4 9 + 9 4+2
A+B= 2+3 −3+3 −6+ 7
0+8 5 +1 7−6

− 5 18 6
A+B= 5 0 1 Ans.
8 6 1

(b) A – B

20
 −1 9 4 −4 9 2
A+B= 2 −3 −6 ,- 3 −5 7
0 5 7 8 1 −6

−1+ 4 9 − 9 4−2
A+B= 2−3 −3−3 −6−7
0 −8 5 −1 7+6

−3 0 2
A+B= − 1 2 − 13 Ans.
− 8 4 13

(c) 3A – 2B

− 3 27 12
3A = 6 − 9 − 18
0 15 21

− 8 18 4
2B = 6 − 10 14
16 2 − 12

− 3 27 12 − 8 18 14
3B = 6 − 9 − 18 - 6 − 10 14
0 15 − 21 16 2 − 12

− 3 + 8 27 − 18 12 − 4
3B = 6 − 6 − 9 + 10 − 18 − 14
0 − 16 15 − 2 12 + 12

21
 5 9 8
3A – 2B = 0 1 − 32
− 16 13 133

Q.5 The Transpose of an MXN matrix A, denoted A" , is the N x matrix

obtained from A by converting the rows of A to columns of A' that is

, if A = [ bij]NXM , then the elements satisfy the relation.

bji = aij for 1 ≤ ι ≤ M,1 ≤ j ≤ N

Find the transpose of the following matrices.

− 2 5 12
1 4 −1
(a)
7 0 6
11 − 3 8

SOLUTION:

Let the given matrix is A then, Transpose of a matrix

− 2 1 7 11
5 4 0 −3
Or A1 = Ans.
12 − 1 6 8

4 9 2
3 5 7
Q.5 (b)
8 1 6

SOLUTION :

22
 Let the given matrix is A then,

Transpose of A

4 3 8
9 5 1
Or A1 = Ans.
2 7 6

Q.6 The square matrix A of dimension NX N is said to be symmetric if

A= A´ (see Exercise 5 for the definition of A´) Determine whether the

following square matrices are symmetric.

1 −7 4
−7 2 0
Or A´ = Ans.
4 0 3

SOLUTION

1 −7 4
Let A = −7 2 0
4 0 3

1 −7 4
−7 2 0
A´ =
4 0 3

According to given condition, (A= A´) the given matrix is symmetric.

4 −7 1
0 2 −7
(b)
3 0 4

23
 SOLUTION:

4 −7 1
Let A = 0 2 −7
3 0 4

4 0 3
−7 2 0
A´ =
1 −7 4

A ≠ A´

Hence it is not symmetric

Q.6 (C) A = [ a ι j ]NXN where

 ji j = i
aιj =  
 j − ji + i j ≠ i

aij=aji

According to given condition, the given matrix is symmetric.

Cos( ji) i= j
Q.6 (d) A = [ a i j ]NXM, where aιj =  
i − ij − j i≠ j

Solution:

Cos( ji) i= j
aιj =  
i − ij − j i≠ j

aij=aij

According to given condition the given matrix is symmetric.

24
Properties of

Vectors

And Matrices

25
Q1. Find AB & BA

−3 2 5 0
A= B=
1 4 2 −6

SOLUTION

−3 2 5 0
AB =
1 4 2 −6

− 15 + 4 0 − 12
= Ans.
5+8 0−6

5 0 −3 2
BA =
2 −6 1 4

− 15 10
= Ans.
− 12 − 20

Q2 Find AB & BA

SOLUTION

1 −2 3 3 0
A= 2 0 5 B −1 5
3 −2

3 + 2 + 9 − 10 − 6 14 − 16
AB = = Ans.
6 + 15 − 10 21 − 10

3 −6 39 3 −6 9
BA = −1+ 1 2 − 3 + 25 = 9 2 22 Ans.
−1 − 6 −1 −1 − 6 −1

26
 3 1 1 2 2 −5
Q3 A = B = c=
0 4 −2 −6 3 4

(a) Find (AB) C & A (BC)

(b) Find A (B+C) & AB + AC

(c) Find (A+B) C & AC + BC

(d) Find (AB) ´ and B´ A´

Required matrices for the above

1 0 8 3 9 − 11
A= BC = AC =
− 8 24 − 22 − 14 12 16

3 −3 4 3
B+C = A+ B =
1 −2 −2 −2

1 0 2 −5
(a) (AB) C =
− 8 − 24 3 4

1(2) + (0)( 4) 1(−5) + 0(4)

=
− 8(2) + (−24)3 − 8(−5) + (−24)4

2 −5
=
− 88 − 56

SOLUTION

A (BC)

27
 3 1 8 −3
0 4 − 22 − 14

3(8) + (1)(−22) 3(3) + 1(−14) 2 −5

= =
0(8) + 4(−22) 0(3) + 4(−4) − 88 − 56

(b) A (B + C) and AB + AC

SOLUTION

3 1 3 −3
A (B + C) =
0 4 1 −2

3(3) + 1(1) 3(−3) + (1)(−2)

=
0(3) + 4(1) 0(−3) + (4)(−2)

10 − 11
=
4 −8

1 0 9 − 11
* AB + AC = +
− 8 24 12 16

10 − 11
=
4 −8

(c) Find (A+B) C and AC + BC

SOLUTION

4 3 2 −5
(A + B) C =
−2 −2 3 4

28
 4(2) + 3(3) 4(−5) + 3(4)
=
− 2(2) − 2(3) − 2(−5) − 2(4)

15 − 8
= Ans.
− 10 2

(d) (AB)´ & B´ A´

1 0
(AB) =
− 8 − 24

1 −8
(AB)´ =
0 − 24

3 0 1 −2
and B´ A´ =
1 4 2 −6

3+0 −6+ 0 3 −6
= =
1 + 8 − 2 − 24 9 − 26

Q4. Find A2 and B2

2 0 6
−1 − 7
A= B = −1 5 −4
5 −2
3 −5 2

29
 −1 − 7 −1 − 7
* A2 = AA =
5 −2 5 −2

− 1(−1) + (−7)5 − 1(−7) + (−7)( 2)

=
5(−1) + 2(5) 5(−7) + (2)( 2)

− 1 − 35 7 − 14 − 36 − 7
= =
− 5 + 10 − 35 + 4 5 31

2 0 6 2 0 6
2
* B = BB = −1 5 −4 −1 5 −4
3 −5 2 3 −5 2

4 + 0 + 18 0 + 0 − 30 12 + 0 + 12
= − 2 − 5 − 12 0 + 25 + 20 − 6 − 20 − 8
6 + 5 + 6 0 + 10 − 10 18 + 20 + 2

22 − 30 24
= − 19 45 34
17 − 20 40

Q.5 Find the determinant of following matrices of exist.

−1 − 7
(a) A =
5 2

−1 − 7
det A = = - 2 + 30 = 28
5 2

2 0 6
(b)
= −1 5 −4
A
3 −5 2

2 0 6
det A = −1 5 −4
3 −5 2

= 2 (10 – 20 ) - 0 + 6 (5 – 15)

30
 = 2 (-10) + 6 (-10)

= - 20 – 60

= - 80

1 2
(c) 3 4
0 6

it is not square matrix , 50 det. Does not exist.

1 2 3 4
0 2 4 6
(d) A=
0 0 5 4
0 0 0 7

2 4 6 0 4 6
Det A = 1 0 5 4 -2 0 5 4
0 0 7 0 0 7

= 1 (2 (35) -4(0) + 6(0)

- 2 (0-4 (0) +6 (0)

+ 3 (0 – 0 + 0)

- 4 (0)

= (( 70 ) -4 (0) -2 (0) – 4 (0)

= 70 Ans.

Q6 Show that Rx (∝) Rx (- ∝ = I)

We know that

31
 1 0 0 1 0 0
Rx (∝) Rx (- ∝ = i) 0 Cos (∝) − Sin(∝) 0 Cos (∝) − Sin(∝)
0 Sin(∝) Cos(∝) 0 Sin(∝) Cos(∝)

1+ 0 + 0 0+0+0 0+0+0
= 0+0+0 0 + Cos Sin ∝ 0 + Sin ∝ Cos ∝ − Sin ∝ Cos ∝
2 2

0 + 0 + 0 0 + Sin ∝ Cos ∝ −Sin ∝ Cos ∝ 0 + Cos 2 Sin 2 ∝

Q7 (a) Show that

Cos( β ) 0 Sin(β )
Ry (B) Rx (∝) sin( B) Sin(∝) Cos(∝) − CosBSin ∝
− Cos(d )Sin( β ) Sin(∝) Cosβ Cos (∝)

Q7 (a) Rx (∝) Ry (β)

1 0 0 Cos (β ) 0 Sin( β )
= 0 Cos (∝) − Sin(∝) 0 1 0
0 Sin(∝) Cos(∝) − Sin(β ) 0 Cos ( β )

Cosβ 0 Sinβ
= Sinβ Sin ∝ Cos ∝ − Cosβ Sin ∝
Cos ∝ Sinβ Sin ∝ Cosβ Cos ∝

7(b) Ry (β) Rx (∝)

Cosβ 0 Sinβ 1 0 0
= 0 1 0 0 Cos ∝ − Sin ∝
− Sinβ 0 Cosβ 0 Sin ∝ Cos ∝

32
 Cosβ + 0 + 0 0 + 0 + Sin ∝ Sinβ 0 + 0 + Cos ∝ Sinβ
= 0+0+0 0 + Cos ∝ +0 0 − Sin ∝ +0
− Sinβ + 0 + 0 0 + 0 + Cosβ Sin ∝ 0 + 0 + Cos ∝ Cosβ

Cosβ Sinβ Sin ∝ Cos ∝ Sinβ

= 0 Cos ∝ − Sin ∝
− Sinβ Cosβ Sin ∝ Cos ∝ Cosβ

33
 EXERCISES FOR UPPER – TRIANGULAR LINEAR SYSTEMS.

Solve upper triangular & find value of determinant of coefficient matrices

Q1. 3X1 - 2X2 + X3 - X4 ---------- (1)

4X2 – X3 + 2X4= - 3 ----------- (2)

2X3 + 3X4 = 11 --------------- (3)

5X9 = 15 ------------------- (4)

SOLUTION

From Equation (1)

3X4 = 15

15
X4 = 3
5

Substituting value of 3X1 = 3 is equation ………………. (3)

Equation ………….. (3)

2X3 + 3X4 = 11

2X2 + 2(3) =11

2X3 + 9 = 11

2X3 = 11-9

2X3 = 2

2
2X3 = 1
2

X3 = 1 Ans.

34
Substituting value of X3 = 1 , X4 = 3 is equation ………………. (2)

Equation …………. (2)

4X2 - X3 + 2X4 = -3

4X2 – 1+2(3) =-3

4X2 – 1+6 = -3

4X2 = -3-6+1

4X2 = -8

8
4X2 = 2
4

X2 = 2 Ans.

Substituting value of X2 = -2, X3 = 1, X4 = 3, is equation ……. (1)

Equation …………. (1)

3X1 – 2X2 + X3 – X4 = 8

3X1 – 2(-2) +1-3 =8

3X1 + 4+1-3 = 8

3X1 = 8+3-1-4

3X1 = 8+3-1-4

3X1 = 6

6
X1 = 2
3

X1 = 2 Ans

For efficient fo determinant matrix .

DET = 3 X 4 X 2 X 5

35
 = 12 X 10

DET = 120

X= 2, X2 =-2, X3 =1, X4 = 3

det = 120 Ans.

Q2. 5X1 -3X2 - 7X3 + X4 = -14 ……………………. (1)

11X2 + 9X3 + 5X4 =22 ……………………. (2)

3X3 - 13X4 = - 11 …………………….(3)

7X4 = 14 ………………….. (4)

SOLUTION

From equation ………….. (4)

7X4 = 14

14
X4 = 2
7

X4 = 2 Ans.

Substituting value of X4 = 2 in equation ………… (3)

Equation …………………. (3)

3X3 - 13X4 = -11

3X3 – 13(2) =- 11

3X3 – 26 =- 11

3X3 = -11+26

3X3 = 15

5
X3 = 3
3

36
 X3 = 5 Ans.

Substituting value of X3 = 5, X4 = 2 in equation ………… (2)

Equation …………………. (2)

11X2 +9X3 + 5X4 = 22

11X2 + 9(5) + 5(2) = 22

11X2 + 45+10 = 22

11X2 = 22-10-45

11X2 = - 33

3
X2 = 3
11

X2 =-3

Substituting value of X2 = 3, X3 = 5, X4 = 2, in equation ………… (1)

Equation …………………. (1)

5X1 - 3X2 - 7X3 + X4 = -14

5X1 -3 (-3) -7 (5) + 2 =- 14

5X1 + 9+35+2=-14

5X1 = - 14 -2 – 35 –9

5X1 = -60

6
X1 = -12
5

X1 = -12 Ans.

37
 For determinant of efficient matrix

det = 5 x 11 x 3 x 7

= 55 x 21

det =1155

X1 = -12 , X2 = -3, X3 = 5, X4 = 2

Det = 115

Q3. 4X1 – X2 + 2X3 + 4X4 – X5 = 4 …..…..….. (1)

X2 + 6X3 + 2X4 + 7X5 = 0 …..…..….. (2)

−2X 4 − −2X 5 = 10..........(4)

3X 5 = 6.........................(5)

SOLUTION

3X 5 = 6
6
X5 = 2
3
X5 =2

Substituting value of X 5 = 2 is equation ………………… (4)

Equation…………. =>

2X 4 − X 5 = 10
2X 4 − 2 = 10
2X 4 = 10 + 2
2X 4 = 12
−12
X4= 6
6
X 4 = −6

Substituting value of X 4 = −6, X 5 = X 5 = 2 is equation ……………(3)

38
 Equation ……………… (3)

X 3 − X 4 − 2X 5 = 3
X 3 − (−6) − 2(2) = 3
X 3 +6−4 = 3
X 3 = 3+4−6
X 3 =1

Substituting value of X 3 = 1, X 4 = −6, X 5 = 0 is equation ……………(2)

Equation ……………….. (2)

−2X 2 + 6X 3 + 2X 4 + 7X 5 = 0
−2X 2 + 6(1) + 2(−6) + 7(2) = 0
−2X 2 + 6 − 12 + 14 = 0
−2X 2 = −14 + 12 − 6
2X 2 = −8
8
2X 2 = 4
2
X2 =4

Substituting value of X 2 = 4, X 3 = 1, X 4 = −, X 5 = 2 is equation ……………(1)

Equation ……………….. (1)

4X 1 − X 2 + 2X 3 + 2X 4 − X 5 = 4
4X 1 − 4 + 2(1) + 2(−6) − 2 = 4
4X 1 − 4 + 2 − 12 − 2 = 4
4X 1 = 4 + 4π m 2 + 2 + 12
4X 1 = 20
20
X1 = 5
4
X1 =5

for coefficient of Determinant matrix det=

39
 4X (−2)X 1X (−2)X 3
= −8X (−2)x 3
= 16X 3
det = 48
X 1 = 52 = 4, X 3 = 1, X 4 = −6, X 5 = 2
det = 48

Q4. Given

a1 a12 a13  b1 b12 b13 

A 0 a a23  and B =  0 b12 b23 
 12

 0 0 a33   0 0 b33 

Show that their product C AB is also upper triangular.

 a11 (b11 ) + a12 (0) + a13 (0) a11 (b12 ) + a12 (b 22 ) + a13 (0) a11 (b13 ) + a12 (b 23 ) + a13 (b33 ) 
a (b ) + a (0) + a (0) a (b ) + a (b ) + a (0) 0(b ) + a (b ) + a (b ) 
 11 22 22 23 11 12 22 22 23 13 23 23 23 33 

 0(b11 ) + 0(0) + a33 (0) 0(b12 ) + 0(b 22 ) + a33 (0) 0(b13 ) + 0(b 23 ) + a33 (b33 ) 

a11b11 a12b12 + a12b 22 a11b13 + a12b 23 + a13b 23 

 0 a22b 22 a23b 23 + a23b33 
 
 0 0 a33b33 

Q5. Solve the lower triangular system AX= B and find det (A).

2X 1 = 6.............................(1)
−X 1 + 4X 2 = 5.....................(2)
3X 1 − 2X 2 − X 3 = 4.............(3)
X 1 − 2X 2 + 6X 3 + 3X 41 = 2............(4)

40
Solution

From equation …………….. (1)

2X 1 = 6.............................(1)
6
2X 1 3
2
X1=3

Substituting value of X 1 = 3 is equation ……………….(2)

Equation = >

X 1 + 4X 2 = 5
−3 + 4X 2 = 5
4X 2 = 5 + 3
X 2 =8
8
X2 2
4
X2 =2

Substituting value of X 1 = 3, X 2 = 2 is equation ………… (3)

3X 1 − 2X 2 − X 4 = 4
3(3) − 2(2) − X 3 = 4
9−4−X 3 = 4
−X 3 = 4 + 4 − 9
+ X 3 = +1
X 3 =1

substituting value of X 1 = 3, X 2 = 2, X 3 = 1 is equation ………….. (4)

Equation ………… (4) = >

41
 X 1 − 2 X 2 + 6 X 3 + 3X 4 = 2
3 − 2(2) + 6(1) + 3X 4 = 2
3− 4 + 6 + 4−3
3X 4 = −3
−3
X4= 1
3
X 4 =1

for coefficient of determination matrix dt = 2 X 4X (-1) X 3

=-8X3

det = - 24

X 1 = −1, X 2 = 2, X 3 = 1, X 4 = 1

det =- 24 Ans.

Q6.

5X 1 = −10...............(1)
X 1 = +3X 2 = ............(2)
3X 1 + 4X 2 + 2X 3 = 2.............(3)
−X 1 + 3X 2 − 6X 3 − X 4 = 5............(4)

Solution

From equation ……………(1)

5X 1 = −10
−10
X1= 2
5
X 1 = −2

Substituting value of X 1 = −2 is equation………………. (2)

Equation ………………..(2)

42
 X 1 + 3X 2 = 4
−2 + 3X 2 = 4
+2 + 4 = 3X 2
3X 2 = 6
6
X2= 2
3
X2 =2

Substituting value of X 1 = 2, X 2 = 2 is equation………..…(3)

Equation ………………..(3)

3X 1 + 4X 2 + 2X 3 = 2
3(−2) + 4(2) + 2X 3 = 2
−6 + 8 + 2X 3 = 2
2X 3 = 2 + 6 − 8
2X 3 = 0
0
X3=
2
X3 =0

Substituting Value of X 1 = 2, X 2 = 2, X 1 = X 3 = 0 is equation…… (4)

Equation.. =>

− X 1 + 3X 2 − 6X 3 − X 4 = 5
−(−2) + 3(2) − 6(0) − X 4 = 5
2 + 6 − 0X 4 − 5
+X 4 = 5 − 2 − 6
+ X 4 = −3
X 4 =3

for coefficient of determinant matrix dt = 5X3X2X (-1)

det = -30

43
 X 1 + X 2 + 6X 3 = 7
X 1 = −2, X 2 = 2, X 3 = 0, X 4 = 3 3X 2 + 15X 3 = 9
12X 3 = 12

det =- 30. Ans.

44
 Gaussian Elimination and Pivoting

Show that A X = B is equivalent to the upper – triangular system U x = y

find solution.

2X 1 + 4X 2 − 6X 3 = −4 2X 1 + 4X 2 − 6X 3 = −4
1 X 1 + 5X 2 3X 3 = 10 3X 2 + 6X 3 = 12
X 1 + 3X 2 2X 3 = 5 3X 3 = 3

SOLUTION

First we find A x = B is equivalent to 4x= Y

UXY

 2 4 −6  X 1   −4 
0 3 6   X  = 12 
   1  
 0 0 3   X 3   3 

2X 1 + 4X 2 − 6X 3 = −4
3X 2 + 6X 3 = 12
3X 3 = 3

X 1   −3
Y= X  =  2 
 1  
 X 3   1 

AX=B

 2 4 −6   −3  −4 
1 5 3   2  = 10 
     
 1 3 2   1   15 

 −6 + 8 − 6   −4 
 −3 + 10 + 3 = 10 
   
 −3 + 6 + 2   15 

45
  −4   −4 
10  = 10 
   
 15   15 

Ax = B is equitant to u x = Y

 
1 0 0
 2 4 −6     2 4 −6 
1 5 3  =  1 1 0 0 3 6 
  2   
 1 3 2  1   0 0 3 
1
 1
2 3 

 2 4 −6   1 0 0  U11 U12 U13 

1 5 3  =  m 1 0  0 U U 23 
   21   22 
 1 3 2   m 31 m 32 1   0 0 U 33 

 U11 U12 U13 

m U m12 U11 + U 22 m 21 U13 + U 23 
 12 11 
 m 31 U11 m 31 U12 + m 32 U 22 m 31 U13 + m 32 U 33 

U11 = 2, U12 = 4, U13 = −6

m 21 U11 + U 22 = 5 m 21 U13 + U 23 = 3
m 21 U11 = 1 1 1
(4) + U 22 = 5 ( )(−6) + U 23 = 5
m 21 (2) = 1 2 2
1 U 22 = 5 − 2 U 23 = 3 + 3
m 21 =
2 U 22 = 3 U 23 = 6

m 31 U 13 + m 23 U 23 + U 33 = 2 m 31 U 13 + m 23 U 23 + U 33 = 2
m 31 U11 = 1 1 1
( )(−6) + (1 / 3)(6) + U 33 = 2 ( )(−6) + (1 / 3)(6) + U 33 = 2
m 31 (2) = 1 2 2
1 −3 + 2 + U 33 = 2 −3 + 2 + U 33 = 2
m 31 =
2 U 33 = 3 U 33 = 3

46
  
1 0 0
 2 4 −6     2 4 −6 
1 5 3  1
 
=  1 0  x  0 3 6 
2 
 1 3 2  1   0 0 3 
1
 0
2 3 

 2 4 −6   2 4 −6 
1 5 3  = 1 5 3 
   
 1 3 2   1 3 2 

X 1 + X 2 + 6X 3 = 7 X 1 + X 2 + 6X 3 = 7
2 3X 2 + 15X 3 = 9 3X 2 + 15X 3 = 9
12X 3 = 12 12X 3 = 12

SOLUTION

First we find A x= B is equivalent to u X = Y

UX =Y

 2 4 −6   X 1   −4 
 0 3 6   X  = 12 
   2  
 0 0 3   X 3   3 

2X 1 4X 2 − 6X 3 = −7
3X 2 + 15X 3 = 9
12X 3 = 12

X 1   −3
Y= X  =  2 
 2  
 X 3   1 

Ax =B

 1 1 6  3  7
 −1 2 9   −2  =  2 
     
 1 −2 3  1  10 

47
  1 1 6 X 1  7 7
 −1 2 9  =  X  =>  2  =  2 
   2    
 1 −2 3  X 3  10  10 

 1 1 6  1 1 6
 −1 2 9  =  −1 2 9 
   
 1 −2 3  1 −2 3

2X 1 − 2X 2 + 5X 3 = 6 2X 1 − 2X 2 + 5X 3 = 6
3) 2X 1 + 3X 2 + X 3 = 13 5X 2 + 4X 3 = 7
X 1 + 4X 2 − 4X 3 = 3 0.9X 3 = 1.8

SOLUTION

Ux=Y

 2 −2 5  X 1  6
 0 5 −4  X  =  7 
   2  
 0 0 0.9   X 3  1.8

2X 1 − 2X 2 + 5X 3 = 6
5X 2 + 4X 3 = 7
0.9X 3 = 1.8

1.8 2X 1 , 2(3) + 5(2) = 6

X3 = 2,5X 2 − 4(2) = 7
0.9 2X 1 − 6 + 10= 6
5X 2 - 8= 7 X1 =2
X2 =3 X1 =1

X 1  1 
 
Y =  X 2  =  3 
 X 3   2 

A X= B

48
 2 −2 5   1  6
 2 3 1   3  = 13
     
 −1 4 4   2   3 

 2-6+10  6
 2+ 9+ 2  = 13
   
-1+12-8  3 

6 6
13 = 13
   
 3   3 

 1 0
 2 −2 5  
0
  2 −2 5 
2 3 1 =  1 1 0  =  0 5 −4 
     
 −1 4 −4   −1 2 3 1 
 0 0 9 
5 

 2 −2 5   1 0 0  U11 U12 U13 

2 3 1 = m 1 0  0 U U 23 
   21   22 
 −1 4 −4   m 31 m 32 1   0 0 U 33 

 U11 U12 U13 

m U m 21 U12 + U 22 m 21 U13 + U 23 
 21 11 
 m 31 U11 m 31 U 12 +, m 32 U 22 m 21 U13 + m13 U 25 + U 33 

m 21 U13 + U 23 = 3
m11 U12 + U 22 = 0 −1
( )(−1) + U 23 = 3
m11 U11 = 1 −1 5
( )(2) + U 22 = 0
5 1
m 21 (−5) = 1 + U 23 = 3
−2 5
−1 + U 22 = 0
m 21 = 5 1
5 U 22 = 3 −
U 22 = 0.4 5
U 23 = 2.8

49
 m 31 U12 + m 32 U 22 = 1
m 31 U11 = 3 −3 m 31 U11 = 3
(2) + m 32 (0.4) = 1
m 23 (−5) = 3 5 m 23 (−5) = 3
−3 −6 −3
m 31 = + m 32 (0.4) = 1 m 31 =
5 5 5
U 23 = 2.8 11 U 23 = 2.8
m 32 =
2

 
 −5 2 −1  1 0 0   −5 2 −1 
 1 0 3  =  −1   0 0.4 2.8 
   5
1 0   

 3 1 6   −3 11   0 0 −10 
 5 2 1 

 −5 2 −1  −5 2 −1
1 0 3 = 1 0 3
   
 3 1 6   3 1 6 

5 Find the parabola Y = A+B+ (X2 that passes through

(1,4),(2,7),(3,14)

SOLUTION

For each point me obtain equation electing x and Y.

A+B+C = 4 (1,4) ………………… (i)

A+2B+4C = 7 (2,7)…………………..(ii)

A+3B+9C = 14 (3,14)…………………(iii)

A=B=C = 4

Subtracted equation (ii) from equation …………..(i)

B+3C = 3 ………………… (ii)

Subtracted equation (iii) from equation …………..(i)

2B +8C = 10……………..(v)

50
 A+B+C =4

B+3C = 3

Subtracted equation (iii) from equation …………..(ii) two times

2C = 4

using back substitution.

C =2

B= -3

A=5

The equation of parable is y= 2X2 – 3X+5.

6) Find parabola y = A+Bx + CX2 that passes through (1,6), (2,5), (3,2)

Solution:

A+B+C = 6 (1,6) ………………… (i)

A+2B+4C = 5 (2,5)…………………..(ii)

A+3B+9C = 2 (3,2)…………………(iii)

Subtracted equation (ii) and equation (iii)

from equation (i) to climate A

A+B+C = 6………………(i)

B+3C = -1 ………………… (ii)

2B+8C =- 4…………. (5)

Subtracted equation (5) from equation (4) two times

A+B+C = 6………………(i)

B+3C = -1 ………………… (ii)

2C =- 2…………. (5)

51
 ∴ C = -1

B=2

A=5

The equation of parabola is

Y = X2 +2X + 5

Q9.

2X 1 + 4X 2 − 4X 3 + 0X 4 = 12
X 1 + 5X 2 − 5X 3 − 3X 4 = 18
2X 1 + 3X 2 + X 3 + 3X 4 = 8
X 1 + 4X 2 − 2X 3 − 2X 4 = 18

SOLUTION

2 4 −4 0  12 
1 5 −5 −3 18

2 3 1 3 8
   
1 4 −2 2   8 

1 2 −2 0   6 
1 5 −5 −3 18
R1 /2 
2 3 1 3 8
   
1 4 −2 2   8 

1 2 −2 0   6 
1 3 −3 −3 12 
R 2 – R1 
2 3 1 3`   8 
   
1 4 −2 2   8 

52
 1 2 −2 0   6 
1 3 −3 −3 12 
R 4 – R1 
2 3 1 3 8
   
1 4 0 2 2

 1 2 −2 0   6 
 0 3 −3 −3 12 
R 4 – R1    
 0 −1 5 3   −4 
   
0 2 0 2   2 

 1 2 −2 0   6 
 0 3 −3 −3 12 
R4 + 2R3    
 0 −1 5 3   −4 
   
 0 0 10 8   −6 

1 2 −2 0   6 
0 3 −3 −3 12 
R2 
R4 +
3 0 0 4 2 0
   
0 0 10 8   −6 

1 2 −2 0   6 
0 3 −3 −3 12 
R 4 - 2 R3 
0 0 4 2 0
   
0 0 2 4   −6 

1 2 −2 0   6 
0 3 −3 −3 12 
R4 – R5 /2 
0 0 4 2 0
   
0 0 0 3   −6 

2 4 −4 0  12 
0 3 −3 −3 12 
R1 x 2 
0 0 4 2 0
   
0 0 0 3   −6 

53
 2X 1 + 4X 3 − 4X 3 + 0X 4 = 12
3X 2 − 3X 3 − 3X 4 = 12
4X 3 + 2X 4 = 0
3X 4 = −6

X 4 = −2

3X 2 − 3(1) − 3(−2) = 12
X 2 =3
2X 1 + 4X 2 − 4X 3 = 12
X1 =2

4X 3 + 2(−2) = 0
4X 3 = 4
X 3 =1

Q.10

X 1 + 2X 2 + 0X 3 − X 4 = 9
2X 1 + 3X 2 − X 3 + 0X 4 = 9
0X 1 + 4X 2 − 2X 3 + 5X 4 = 26
5X 1 + 5X 2 + 2X 3 − 4X 4 = 32

SOLUTION

1 2 0 −1  9 
2 3 −1 0   9 

0 4 2 −5  26 
   
5 5 2 −4   32 

 1 2 0 −1  9 
 2 −1 −1 2   −9 
R2 - 2R1    
 0 4 2 −5  26 
   
 5 5 2 −4  32 

54
  1 2 0 −1 9
 0 −1 −1 2 −9 
R4 - 5R1  
 0 4 2 −5 26 
 
 0 −5 2 1 −13

 1 2 0 −1  9 
 0 −1 −1 2   −9 
R3 + 4R2    
 0 0 −2 3  −10 
   
 0 −5 2 1  −13

 1 2 0 −1  9 
 0 −1 −1 2  −9 
R4 + 5R2    
 0 0 −2 3  −10 
   
 0 0 7 −9  −13

 1 2 0 −1  9 
 0 −1 −1 2   −9 
R4 + 3R3    
 0 0 −2 3  −10 
   
0 0 1 0   −13

 1 2 0 −1  9
 0 −1 −1 2   −9 
R4 +1/2 R3    
 0 0 −2 3  −10 
   
 0 0 0 1.5  −3

Hence equation becomes

X 1 + 2X 2 + 0X 3 − 1X 4 = 9............(i )
−X 2 − X 3 + 2X 4 = −9............(ii )
−2X 3 + 3X 4 = −10............(iii )
1.5X 4 = −3............(iv )

By Equation (iv)

X4 = 3/1.5

X4 = -2

55
By equation (iii)

−2X 3 = −10 − 3(−2)

−2X 3 = −4
X3 =2

By Equation (ii)

− X 2 = −9 + (2) − 2(−2)
X 2 =3

By equation (i)

X 1 = 9 − 2(3) − 2
X 1 =1

Q8.

4X 1 + 8X 2 + 4X 3 + 0X 4 = 8
X 1 + 5X 2 + 4X 3 + 0X 4 = −4
4X 1 + 4X 2 + 7X 3 + 2X 4 = 10
X 1 + 3X 2 + 0X 3 − 2X 4 = −4

SOLUTION

4 8 4 0 8
1 5 4 −3 −4 

1 4 7 2 10 
 
1 3 0 −2 −4 

1 2 1 0 2
1 5 4 −3 −4 
R1/4 
1 4 7 2 10 
 
1 3 0 −2 −4 

56
 1 2 1 0 2
0 3 3 −3 −6 
R 2 – R1 
1 4 7 2 8
 
1 3 0 −2 −4 

1 2 1 0 2
0 3 3 −3 −6
R 4 – R1 
1 4 6 2 8
 
1 1 −1 −2 −6

1 2 1 0 2
0 3 3 −3 −6
R3 – 2R1 
0 0 8 6 20
 
0 1 −1 −2 −6

1 2 1 0 2
0 3 3 −3 −6 
R3 – 2R1 
0 0 8 6 20 
 
0 0 −6 −3 −12 

1 2 1 0 2
0 3 3 −3 −6 
R4 – 2R2 
0 0 8 6 20 
 
0 0 −6 −3 −12 

1 2 1 0 2
0 3 3 −3 −6 
 
1/2R2 +1/4R3 0 0 8 6 20 
 
 0 0 0 1 1
2 

by equation(iv) ∴

1
X 4 =1
2

X4 =2

57
 by equation (iii)

8X 3 + 6(2) = 20
8X 3 = 20 − 12
8X 3 = 8
X 3 =1

by equation (ii)

3X 2 + 3(1) − 3(2) = −6
X 2 = −1

by equation (i)

X 1 + 2(−1) + 1 = 2
X1 =3

Q11

X 1 + 2X 2 = 7
2X 1 + 3X 2 − X 3 = 9
4X 2 + 2X 3 + 3X 4 = 10
2X 3 − 4X 4 = 12

1 2 0 0 7
 0 −1 1 0 −5
2R1 – R2 
0 4 2 3 10 
 
0 0 2 −4 12 

1 2 0 0 7
0 1 1 0 5
4R2 – R3 
0 0 2 −3 10 
 
0 0 2 −4 12 

1 2 0 0 7
0 1 1 0 5
4R4 – R3 
0 0 2 −3 10 
 
0 0 0 −1 2 

58
 −X 4 = 2

X 4 = −2 Ans.

2X 3 − 3(−2) = 10
2X 3 + 6 = 10

X3 =2

X 2 +2=5

X 2 =3

X 1 + 2(3) + 2 = 5

X 1 = −3

Q12

X1+X 2 =5
2X 1 − X 2 + 5X 3 = −9
3X 2 − 4X 3 + 2X 4 = 19
2X 3 + 6X 4 = 2

SOLUTION

1 1 0 0 5
 2 −1 5 0 −9 

 0 3 −4 2 19 
 
0 0 2 6 2

1 1 0 0 5
 0 −3 5 0 −9 
R 2 – R1 
 0 3 −4 2 19 
 
0 0 2 6 2

59
 1 1 0 0 5
 0 −3 5 0 19 
R3 + R2 
 0 3 −4 2 19 
 
0 0 2 6 2

1 1 0 0 5
 0 −3 5 0 19 
R4 - 2R3 
0 0 1 2 0
 
0 0 0 2 −34 

2X 4 = −34

X 4 = −17

X 3 + 2(−17) = 0

X 3 = 34

−3X 2 + 5(34) + 0(17) = 19

−3X 2 = 19 − 169
−150
X2−
−3
X 2 = 50

X 1 + 50 = 5

X 1 = −45

60
 ITERATIVE

METHODS FOR

LINEAR SYSTEMS

61
 JACOBI

4X − y = 15  X 0 0
Q1, (a) initial given Po = O  =  
X + 5y = 9 Y 0   0 

After rearing:

Same equation order will come:

4X − y = 15
X + 5Y = 9

4X = 15 − y
(1) => 1
X = [15 + y ]
4

5y = 9 − X
(2) => 1
y = [9 − x ]
4

In general

1
X k +1 = [15 + yk ]
4
1
yk + 1 = [ 9 − xk ]
5

Now pull K = 0

1
X 1= [15 + y (0)]
4
1
= [15]
4
= 3.75

1
y1= [9 − x 0 ]
5
1
= [ 9 − 0]
5
9
=
5
= 1.8

62
At k = 1

1
X2= [15 + y 1 ]
4
1
= [15 + 1.8]
4
= 4.2

1
y2 = [9 − x 1 ]
5
1
= [9 − 3.75]
5
1
= [5.25]
5
= 1.05

At k = 2

1
x2 = [15 + y 2 ]
4
1
= [15 + 1.05]
4
= 4.0125

1
y2 = [15 + X 2 ]
5
1
= [ 9 − 4.2]
5
1
= [ 4.8]
5
= 0.5333

At k = 2

1
X4= [15 + y 3 ]
4
1
= [15 + 0.5333]
4
= 3.88333

63
 1
y2 = [9 − X 3 ]
5
1
= [9 − 4.0125]
5
1
= [ 4.9875]
5
= 0.9975

TABLE:

K XK YK

0 3.75. 1.8

1 4.2 1.05

2 4.0125 0.5333

3 3.8833 0.9975

GAUSS – SEIDAL

4X − y = 15  X 0 0
Q1(b) initial given Po = O  = 0
X + 5y = 9 Y 0   

After rearing:

Same equation order will be follow:-

4X − y = 15
X + 5Y = 9

(1) = >

4X = 15 + y
1
X = [15 + y ]
4

64
 (2) =>

5y = 9 − X
1
y = [9 − X ]
5

as general

1
X k +1 = [15 + yk ]
4
1
yk + 1 = [ 9 − xk + 1]
5

Now put K = 0

1
X1= [15 + y 0 ]
4
1
= [15]
4
= 3.75

1
y1 = [9 − X 3 ]
5
1
= [9 − 3.75]
5
= 1.05

Put K = 1

1
X2= [15 + y 1 ]
4
1
= [15 + 1.05]
4
= 4.0125

65
 1
y2 = [9 − X 2 ]
5
1
= [9 − 4.0125]
5
1
= [5.0006]
5
= 1.000125

Now Put K = 3 ∴

1
X3= [15 + y 3 ]
4
1
= [15 + 1.000125]
4
= 4.0000

1
y4 = [9 − X 4 ]
5
1
= [9 − 4.000 ]
5
1
= [9 − 4 ]
5
1
=
5
=1

K XK YK

0 3.75 1.05

1 4.0125 0.9975

2 3.9994 1.000125

3 4.0000 1

−X + 3 y = 1  X 0 0
Q3. (a) Initial given Po = O  = 0
6X − 2 y = 2 Y 0   

After rearing:

66
Equation rearranging

6X − 2 y = 2
−X + 3 y = 1

(1) =>

6X = 2 + 2 y
1
6X 3 = [ 2 + 2 y ]
6

(2) =>

−X + 3 y = 1
3y = 1 + X
1
= [1 + X ]
3

In general

1
Xk+1 = [ 2 + 2 yk ]
6
1
yk+1 = [1 + X k ]
3

NOW PUT K = 0

1
X1 = [2 + 2y ]
6
1
X = [ 2 + 2(0) ]
3
1
= [ 2 + 0]
6
2
= = 0.3333
6

67
 1
Y1 = [1 + X ]
3
1
= [1 + 0]
3
1
= = 0.3333
3

AT K = 1

1
X2 = [2 + 2y 1]
6
1
X = [ 2 + 2(0.3333)]
6
1
= [ 2.666]
6
= 0.4444

1
y1 = [1 + X 1 ]
3
1
= [1.0.333]
3
= 0.4444

At K= 2

1
X3 = [2 + 2 y 2 ]
6
1
X = [ 2 + 2(0.4444)]
6
1
= [ 2.8888]
6
= 0.4814

1
y3 = [1 + X 3 ]
3
1
= [1 + 0.4444]
3
1
= [1.4444]
3
= [ 0.4814]

At K =3

68
 1
X4 = [2 + 2y 3 ]
6
1
X = [ 2 + 2(0.4814)]
6
1
= [ 2.2928]
6
= 0.4938

1
y4 = [1 + X 3 ]
3
1
= [1 + 0.4814]
3
1
= [1.4814]
3
= 0.4938

Table

K XK YK

0 0.3333 0.3333

1 0.4444 0.4444

2 0.4814 0.4814

3 0.4938 0.4938

−X + 3 y = 1  X 0 0
Q3. (B) Initial given Po = O  =  
6X − 2 y = 2 Y 0   0 

After rearranging

6X − 2 y = 2
−X + 3 y = 1

(1) =>

69
 6X = 2 + 2 y
1
X 3 = [2 + 2 y ]
6

(3) =>

−X + 3 y = 1
3y = 1 + X
1
= [1 + X ]
3

In general

1
Xk+1 = [ 2 + 2 yk ]
6
1
yk+1 = [1 + X k + 1]
3

NOW PUT K = 0

1
X1 = [2 + 2y 0 ]
6
1
X = [ 2 + 2(0) ]
6
= 0.3333

1
y1 = [1 + Xk + 1]
3
1
= [1 + X 1 ]
3
1
= [1 + 0.3333]
3
= 0.4444

Put K= 1

70
 1
X2 = [2 + 2y 1]
6
1
X = [ 2 + 2(0.4444)]
6
= 0.4814

1
y2 = [1 + X 2 ]
3
1
= [1 + 0.4814]
3
= 0.4938

Put K= 2

1
X3 = [2 + 2 y 2 ]
6
1
X = [ 2 + 2(0.4938)]
6
1
= [ 2.9876]
6
= 0.4979

1
y3 = [1 + X 3 ]
3
1
= [1 + 0.4979]
3
= 0.4993

At k =3

1
X4 = [2 + 2y 3 ]
6
1
X = [ 2 + 2(0.4993)]
6
1
= [ 2.9986]
6
= 0.4998

71
 1
y4 = [1 + X 4 ]
3
1
= [1 + 0.4998]
3
= 0.4999

Table

K XK YK

0 0.3333 0.4444

1 0.4814 0.4938

2 0.4979 0.4993

3 0.4998 0.4999

8X − 3 y = 10  X 0 0
Q2. (a) Initial given Po = O  =  
−X + 4 y = 6 Y 0  0

After rearing:

Equation rearranging

8X − 3 y = 10
−X + 4 y = 6

(1) =>

8X = 10 + 3 y
1
X = [10 + 3 y ]
6

(2) =>

4y = 6 + X
1
y = [6 + X ]
3

72
In general

1
Xk+1 = [10 + 3 yk ]
8
1
yk+1 = [ 6 + X k ]
4

Now put K= 0

1
X1 = [10 + 3 y 0 ]
8
1
X = [10 + (0) ]
8
1
= [10]
8
= 1.25

1
y1 = [6 + X 0 ]
4
1
= [ 6 + 0]
4
1
= [ 6] = 1.5
4

At k = 1

1
X2 = [10 + 3y 1 ]
8
1
X = [10 + 3(1.5) ]
8
1
= [10 + 4.5]
8
1
= [14.5] =1.8125
8

1
y2 = [6 + X 1 ]
4
1
= [ 6 + 1.25]
4
1
= [ 7.25] = 1.8125
4

73
Now AT k = 2

1
X3 = [10 + 3y 2 ]
8
1
X = [10 + 3(1.8125)]
8
1
= [10 + 5.4375]
8
1
= [15.4375] = 1.9297
8

1
y1 = [6 + X 2 ]
4
1
= [ 6 + 1.8125]
4
1
= [ 7.8125] = 1.9531
4

At k = 3

1
X4 = [10 + 3y 3 ]
8
1
X = [10 + 3(1.9531)]
8
1
= [15.8593]
8
= 1.9824

1
y4 = [6 + X 3 ]
4
1
= [ 6 + 1.9297 ]
4
1
= [ 7.9297 ] = 1.9824
4

Table

K XK YK

0 1.25 1.5

1 1.8125 1.8125

74
 2 1.9297 1.9531

3 1.9824 1.9824

8X − 3 y = 10  X 0 0
Q2. (b) Initial given Po = O  =  
−X + 4 y = 6 Y 0   0 

After rearing:

The same order will be written;

8X − 3 y = 10
−X + 4 y = 6

(1) =>

8X − 3 y = 10
8X = 10 + 3 y
1
X = [10 + 3 y ]
8

(2) =>

4y = 6 + X
1
y = [6 + X ]
4

In general

1
Xk+1 = [10 + 3yk ]
8
1
yk+1 = [ 6 + X k + 1]
4

Now put K= 0

75
 1
X1 = [10 + 3 y 0 ]
8
1
X = [10 + 3(0)]
8
1
= [10]
8
= 1.25

1
y1 = [6 + X 1 ]
4
1
= [ 6 + 1.25]
4
1
= [ 7.25] = 1.8125
4

Now At k = 1

1
X2 = [10 + 3y 1 ]
8
1
X = [10 + 3(1.8125)]
8
1
= [10 + 5.4375]
8
= 1.9297

1
y2 = [6 + X 2 ]
4
1
= [ 6 + 1.9297 ]
4
1
= [ 7.9297 ] = 1.9824
4

Now AT k = 2

1
X3 = [10 + 3y 2 ]
8
1
X = [10 + 3(1.9824)]
8
1
= [10 + 5.9472]
8
1
= [15.9472] = 1.9934
8

76
 1
y3 = [6 + X 3 ]
4
1
= [ 6 + 1.9934]
4
1
= [ 7.9934] = 1.9984
4

At k = 3

1
X4 = [10 + 3y 3 ]
8
1
X = [10 + 3(1.9984)]
8
1
X = [10 + 5.9952]
8
1
= [15.9952]
8
= 1.9994

1
y4 = [6 + X 4 ]
4
1
= [ 6 + 1.9994]
4
= 1.9998

Table
K XK YK

0 1.25 1.8125

1 1.9297 1.9824

2 1.9934 1.9984

3 1.9994 1.9998

2X + 3 y = 1  X 0 0
Q4. (a) Initial given Po = O  =  
7X − 2 y = 1 Y 0   0 

After rearing:

The same order will be written;

77
 2X + 3 y = 1
7X − 2 y = 1

(1) =>

7 = 1+ 2y
1
X [1 + 2 y ]
7

(2) =>

3 y = 1 − 2X
1
y = [1 − 2X ]
3

In general

1
Xk+1 = [1 + 2 yk ]
7
1
yk+1 = [1 − 2X k ]
3

Now put K= 0

1
X1 = [1 + 2 y 0 ]
7
1
= [1 + 2(0)]
7
1
= [1]
7
= 0.1428

1
y1 = [1 − 2X 0 ]
3
1
= [1 − 2(0)]
3
1
= [1] = 0.3333
3

Now At k = 1

78
 1
X2 = [1 + 2 y 1 ]
7
1
X = [1 + 2(0.3333)]
7
1
= [1 + 0.6666]
7
= 0.2380

1
y2 = [1 + 2X 1 ]
3
1
= [1 + 2(0.1428)]
3
1
= [1 + 0.2856] =0.4285
3

Now AT k = 2

1
X3 = [1 + 2 y 2 ]
7
1
X = [1 + 2(0.4285) ]
7
= 0.2653

1
y3 = [1 + 2X 2 ]
3
1
= [1 + 2(0.2380)]
3
1
= [1.476] =0.492
3

At k = 3

1
X4 = [1 + 2 y 3 ]
7
1
X = [1 + 2(0.492)]
7
1
X = [1.984]
8
= 0.2834

79
 1
y4 = [1 + 2X 3 ]
3
1
= [1 + 2(0.2653) ]
3
= 0.5102

Table

K XK YK

0 0.1428 0.3333

1 0.2380 0.4285

2 0.2653 0.492

3 0.2834 0.5102

2X + 3 y = 1  X 0 0
Q4. (b) Initial given Po = O  = 0
7X − 2 y = 1 Y 0   

Equation rearranging

7X − 2 y = 1
2X + 3 y = 1

(1) =>

7 = 1+ 2y
1
X [1 + 2 y ]
7

(2) =>

3 y = 1 − 2X
1
y = [1 − 2X ]
3

80
 In general

1
Xk+1 = [1 + 2 yk ]
7
1
yk+1 = [1 − 2X k ]
3

Now put K= 0

1
X1 = [1 + 2 y 0 ]
7
1
= [1 + 2(0)]
7
1
= [1]
7
= 0.1428

1
y1 = [1 − 2X 1 ]
3
1
= [1 − 2(0.1428)]
3
1
= [1 − 0.2856 ]
3
1
= [ 0.7144] = 0.2381
3

Now At k = 1

1
X2 = [1 + 2 y 1 ]
7
1
= [1 + 2(0.2381)]
7
1
= [1.4762 ]
7
= 0.2109

1
y2 = [1 − 2X 2 ]
3
1
= [1 − 2(0.2109)]
3
1
= [ 0.5782] =0.1927
3

81
Now AT k = 2

1
X3 = [1 + 2 y 2 ]
7
1
X = [1 + 2(0.1927)]
7
1
= [1.3854] = 0.1979
7

1
y3 = [1 − 2(0.1979)]
3
1
= [ 0.6042] =0.2014
3

At k = 3

1
X4 = [1 + 2 y 3 ]
7
1
X = [1 + 2(0.2014)]
7
1
X = [1.4028]
8
= 0.2004

1
y4 = [1 − 2X 4 ]
3
1
= [1 − 2(0.2004)]
3
1
= [ 0.5992]
3
= 0.1997

82
 Table

K XK YK

0 0.1428 0.2381

1 0.2109 0.1927

2 0.1979 0.2014

3 0.2004 0.1997

2X + 3 y − 2 = 11
 X 0 0
Q6. (a) 7X − 2 y + 2 = 10 Initial given Po = O  =  
−X + y + z 2 = 3 Y 0  0

After rearranging

2X + 3 y − 2 = 11
7X − 2 y + 2 = 10
−X + y + z 2 = 3

(1) =>

5X = [10 + y − z ]
1
X [10 + y − z ]
5

(2) =>

4z = 3 + X − y
1
z = [3 + X y ]
4

In general

83
 1
Xk+1 = [10 + yk − zk ]
5
1
yk+1 = [11 − 2X k − zk ]
8
1
zk+1 = [3 + X k − yk ]
4

Now put K= 0

1
X1 = [10 + y 0 − z 0]
5
1
= [10 + 0 − 0]
5
1
= [10]
5
=2

1
y1 = [10 + y 0 − z 0]
5
1
= [10 + 0 − 0]
5
1
= [10]
5
=2

Now At k = 1

1
y1 = [11 − 2x 0 + 20]
8
1
= [11] = 1.375
8

1 1
z1 = [3 + X 0 − y 0 ] = (3 + 0 − 0)
4 4
1
= [ 3]
4
= 0.75

Now AT k = 2

84
 1
X2 = [10 + y 1 − z 1 ]
5
1
= [10 + 1.375 − 0.75) ]
5
= 2.125

1
y2 = [11 − 2X 1 + z 1 ]
8
1
= [11 − 2(2) + 0.75] = 0.96875
8

1
z3 = [3 + X 2 − y 2 ]
4
1
= [ 3 + 2.125 − 0.96875] = 1.03906
4

At k = 3

1
X4 = [10 + 2 y 3 − z 3 ]
5
1
= [10 + 0.995703 − 1.03906]
5
= 1.983594

1
y4 = [11 − 2X 3 + z 3 ]
8
1
= [11 − 2(2.0125) + 0.3906]
8
= 1.0017575

1
z4 = [3 + X 3 − y 3 ]
4
1
= [ 3 + 2.0125 − 0.95703]
4
1
= [ 4.05547 ] = 1.0138675
4

85
Table

K Xk YK ZK

0 2 1.375 0.75

1 2.125 0.96875 0.90625

2 2.0125 0.95703 1.03906

3 1.983594 1.0017575 1.0138675

86
 2X + 3 y − z = 11  X 0 0
   
Q6. (b) 7X − 2 y + z = 10 Initial given Po = O Y 0  = 0
− X + y + 4z = 3 z 0  0
   

After rearranging

2X + 3 y − z = 11
7X − 2 y + z = 10
− X + y + 4z = 3

(1) =>

5X = [10 + y − z ]
1
X [10 + y − z ]
5

(2) =>

8 y = 11 − 2X + z
1
y = [11 − 2X + z ]
8

(3) =>

4z = 3 + X − y
1
z = [3 + X − y ]
4

In general

1
Xk+1 = [10 + yk − zk ]
5
1
yk+1 = [11 − 2X k + 1 − zk ]
8
1
zk+1 = [3 + X k + 1 − yk ]
4

Now put K= 0

87
 1
X1 = [10 + 0 − 0]
5
1
= [10]
5
=2

1
y1 = [10 + 2X 1 + z 0 ]
5
1
= [11 − 2(2) + 0]
5
1
= [11 − 4]
5
= 0.875

1
z1 = [10 + X 1 − y 1 ]
4
1
= [ 3 + 2 − 0.875]
4
= 1.03125

Now At k = 1

1
X1= [10 + y 1 + z 1 ]
5
1
= [10 + 0.875 − 1.03125] = 1.96875
5

1
y2 = [11 + yX 2 + z 1 ]
8
1
= [11 − 2(1.96875) + 1.03125]
8
= 1.01171875

1
z3 = [3 + X 2 − y 2 ]
4
1
= [ 3 + 1.96875 − 1.01171875] = 0.98925812
4

Now AT k = 2

88
 1
X3 = [10 + y 2 − z 1 ]
5
1
= [10 + 1.01171875 − 0.989257812)]
5
= 2.004492

1
y3 = [11 − 2X 3 + z 2 ]
8
1
= [11 − 2(2.004492) + 0.989257812]
8
1
= [ 7.980273812]
8
= 0.9975342265

1
z3 = [3 + X 3 − y 3 ]
4
1
= [ 3 + 2.004492 − 0.9975342265] =
4
1
= [ 4.006957774]
4
= 1.001739443

At k = 3

1
X4 = [10 + y 3 − z 3 ]
5
1
= [10 + 0.9975342265 − 1.001739443]
5
1
= [ 9.995794784]
4
= 1.999158957

1
y4 = [11 − 2X 4 + z 3 ]
8
1
= [11 − 2(1.999158957) + 1.001739443]
8
1
= [8.003421529]
4
= 1.000427691

89
 1
z4 = [3 + X 4 − y 4 ]
4
1
= [ 3 + 1.999158957 − 1.000427691]
4
1
= [ 3.998731266] = 0.9996828165
4

Table

K Xk YK ZK

0 0 0.875 1.03125

1 1.96875 1.01171875 0.98925812

2 2.004492 0.9975342265 1.001739443

3 1.999358957 1.000427691 0.9996828165

X − 5y − z = 8  X 0 0
   
Q6. (b) 4X − y − z = 13 Initial given Po = O Y 0  = 0
2X − y − 6z = −2 z 0  0
   

After rearranging

X − 5y − z = 8
4X − y − z = 13
2X − y − 6z = −2

(1) =>

4X = 13 − y + z
1
X [13 − y + z ]
4

(2) =>

90
 − y = −2 + 6z − 2X
≠ y = −(2 − 6z + 2x )
y = 2-6z+2X

(3) =>

− z = −8 + 5 y − X
≠ z = −(8 − 5 y + X )
z = 8-5y + X

In general

1
Xk+1 = [13 − yk + zk ]
4
1
yk+1 = [ 2 − 6Xk + 2zk ]
8
zk+1 = 8 − 5 yk + xk

Now put K= 0

1
X1 = [13 − y 0 + z 0 ]
4
1
= [13 − 0 + 0]
4
1
= [13] = 3.25
4

y 1 = 2 − 6 z 0 + 2X 0
= 2-6(0)+2(0)
=2

z 1 = 8 − 5y 0 + X 0
= 8-5(0)+(0)
= 8-0
=8

Now At k = 1

91
 1
X2= [13 − y 1 + z 1 ]
4
1
= [13 − 2 + 8]
4
1
= [19] = 4.75
4

y 2 = 2 − 6z 1 + 2X 1
= 2-6(8) +2(3.25)
= 2-48+6.5
= -39.5

y 2 = 8 − 5y 1 + X 1
= 8-5(-39.5) +3.25
= 8+197.5+3.25
= 208.75

Now AT k = 2

1
X3 = [13 − y 2 + z 2 ]
4
1
= [13 − (−39.5) + 208.75]
4
1
= [ 261.25] = 65.3125
4

y 3 = 2 − 6z 2 + 2X 2
= 2-5(-39.5) +2(4.75)
= 2-1252.5+9.5
= -1241

z 3 = 8 − 5y 2 + X 2
= 8-5(-39.5) +4.75
= 8+197.5+4.75
= 210.25

92
At k = 3

1
X4 = [13 − y 3 + z 3 ]
4
1
= [13 − (−1241) + 210.25]
4
1
= [1464.25]
4
= 366.0625

y 4 = 2 − 6z 3 + 2X 3
= 2-5(210.25) +2(65.3125)
= 2-1261.5+130.625
= -1128.875

z 4 = 8 − 5y 3 + X 3
= 8-5(-1241) +65.3125
= 8+6205+65.3125
= 6278.3125

Table

K Xk YK ZK

0 3.25 2 8

1 4.75 -39.5 208.75

2 65.3125 -1241 210.25

3 366.0625 -1128.875 6278.3125

93
 X − 5y − z = 8  X 0 0
   
Q7. (b) 4X − y − z = 13 Initial given Po = O Y 0  = 0
2X − y − 6z = −2 z 0  0
   

After rearranging

X − 5y − z = 8
4X − y − z = 13
2X − y − 6z = −2

(1) =>

4X = 13 − y + z
1
X [13 − y + z ]
4

(2) =>

− y = −2 − 6z + 2X

(3) =>

−z = 8 − 5 y − X

In general

1
Xk+1 = [13 − yk + zk ]
4
yk+1 = 2 − 6zk + 2X k + 1
zk+1 = 8 − 5 yk + 1 + xk + 1

Now put K= 0

1
X1 = [13 − y 0 + z 0 ]
4
1
= [13 − 0 + 0]
4
1
= [13 − 0 + 0] = 3.25
4

94
 y 1 = 2 − 6z 0 + 2X 1
= 2-6(0)+2(3.25)
= 8.5

z 1 = 8 − 5y 1 + X 1
= 8-5(8.5) + (3.25)
= 8-42.5+3.25
= -31.25

Now At k = 1

1
X2= [13 − y 1 + z 1 ]
4
1
= [13 − 8.5 + (−31.25)]
4
1
= [13 − 8.5 − 31.25]
4

1
= [ −26.75] = 6.6875
4

y 2 = 2 − 6z 1 + 2X 2
= 2-6(-31.25) +2(-6.6875)
= 2+187.5-13.375
= 176.125

y 2 = 8 − 5y 2 + X 2
= 8-5(176.125) +(-6.6875)
= 8-880.625-6.6875
= -879.3125

Now AT k = 2

95
 1
X3 = [13 − y 2 + z 2 ]
4
1
= [13 − (176.125) + (−879.3125)]
4
1
= [13 − 176.125 − 879.3125]
4
1
= [ −1042.4375] = −260.6093
4

y 3 = 2 − 6z 2 + 2X 3
= 2-6(-879.3125) +2(-260.6093)
= 2+5275.875-521.2186
= 4756.6564

z 3 = 8 − 5y 3 + X 3
= 8-5(4756.6564) +(-260.6093)
= 8-23783.282-260.6093
= -24035.8913

At k = 3

1
X4 = [13 − y 3 + z 3 ]
4
1
= [13 − (−1241) + 210.25]
4
1
= [1464.25]
4
= 366.0625

y 4 = 2 − 6z 3 + 2X 3
= 2-5(210.25) +2(65.3125)
= 2-1261.5+130.625
= -1128.875

96
 z 4 = 8 − 5y 3 + X 3
= 8-5(-1241) +65.3125
= 8+6205+65.3125
= 6278.3125

Table

K Xk YK ZK

0 3.25 8.5 -31.25

1 -6.6875 176.125 -879.3125

2 -260.6093 4756.6564 -24035.8913

97