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Hut structures in the Chalcolithic ditched enclosure of Valencina de la

Concepción, Sevilla (southern Spain)

Conference Paper · October 2019

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 Siedlungsarchäologie des
Endneolithikums und der frühen Bronzezeit
Late Neolithic and Early
Bronze Age Settlement Archaeology

11. Mitteldeutscher Archäologentag

vom 18. bis 2o. Oktober 2o18 in Halle (Saale)
Herausgeber Harald Meller, Susanne Friederich, Mario Küßner,
Harald Stäuble und Roberto Risch

20/II 2019 TAGUNGEN DES L ANDESMUSEUMS FÜR VORGESCHICHTE HALLE

Tagungen des
Landesmuseums für Vorgeschichte Halle
Band 20/2 | 2019

Siedlungsarchäologie des
Endneo­lithikums und der frühen Bronzezeit
Late Neolithic and Early
Bronze Age Settlement Archaeology

11. Mitteldeutscher Archäologentag

vom 18. bis 2o. Oktober 2o18 in Halle (Saale)
11th Archaeological Conference of Central Germany
October 18–2o, 2o18 in Halle (Saale)
Tagungen des
Landesmuseums für Vorgeschichte Halle
Band 20/2 | 2019

Siedlungsarchäologie des
Endneo­lithikums und der frühen Bronzezeit
Late Neolithic and Early
Bronze Age Settlement Archaeology
11. Mitteldeutscher Archäologentag
vom 18. bis 2o. Oktober 2o18 in Halle (Saale)
11th Archaeological Conference of Central Germany
October 18–2o, 2o18 in Halle (Saale)

herausgegeben von
Harald Meller,
Susanne Friederich,
Mario Küßner,
Harald Stäuble und
Roberto Risch

Halle (Saale)
2o19


Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek

Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen
Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet
über http://portal.dnb.de abrufbar.

isbn 978-3-9445o7-94-1
issn 1867-44o2

Redaktion Holger Dietl, Nele Lüttmann, Manuela Schwarz, Anna Swieder, Kathrin Legler • Ludwigs­
hafen, David Tucker • Halle (Saale)
Redaktion und Übersetzung Sandy Hämmerle • Galway (Irland), Isabel Aitken • Peebles (Schottland), David Tucker •
der englischen Texte Halle (Saale)
Organisation und Korrespondenz Norma Henkel, Konstanze Geppert, Anne Gottstein
Technische Bearbeitung Anne Gottstein, Birte Janzen, Bettina Weber, Mario Wiegmann, Medien Profis • Leipzig,
Thomas Blankenburg • Halle (Saale)
Vor- und Nachsatz Gestaltung Birte Janzen; Motiv: Malte Westphalen • Halle (Saale)
Sektionstrenner Gestaltung Birte Janzen; Motiv: Malte Westphalen • Halle (Saale)
Umschlag Gestaltung Anne Gottstein; Motiv: Malte Westphalen • Halle (Saale)
Für den Inhalt der Arbeiten sind die Autoren eigenverantwortlich.

© 2o19 by Landesamt für Denkmalpflege und Archäologie Sachsen-Anhalt – Landesmuseum

für Vorgeschichte Halle (Saale). Das Werk einschließlich aller seiner Teile ist urheberrecht-
lich geschützt. Jede Verwertung außerhalb der engen Grenzen des Urheberrechtsgesetzes
ist ohne Zustimmung des Landesamtes für Denkmalpflege und Archäologie Sachsen-Anhalt
unzulässig. Dies gilt insbesondere für Vervielfältigungen, Übersetzungen, Mikroverfil­­mun­
gen sowie die Einspeicherung und Verarbeitung in elektronischen Systemen.

Papier alterungsbeständig nach din/iso 97o6

Satzschrift FF Celeste, News Gothic
Konzept und Gestaltung Carolyn Steinbeck • Berlin
Layout, Satz und Produktion Anne Gottstein, Birte Janzen, Thomas Blankenburg • Halle (Saale)
Druck und Bindung Grafisches Centrum Cuno GmbH & Co. KG
 Inhalt/Contents

11 Vorwort der Herausgeber/Preface of the editors

Band I
Mitteldeutschland/Central Germany

1 Mitteldeutschland/Central Germany
1.1 Siedlungsräume und -strukturen/Settlement areas and structures

21 Susanne Friederich
Schnurkeramische Siedlungen in Mitteldeutschland

33 Mario Küßner und Diethard Walter

Siedlung und Besiedlung Thüringens im Endneolithikum und der frühen Bronzezeit
zwischen 25oo und 15oo v. Chr.

79 Harald Stäuble
Hausgrundrisse – Brunnen/Gruben – Gräber: die ungleichmäßige Verteilung archäologischer
Spuren am Ende des Neolithikums und in der frühen Bronzezeit im Braunkohlentagebau
Zwenkau, Lkr. Leipzig

95 Madeleine Fröhlich
Siedlungsstrukturen der Glockenbecherkultur in Sachsen-Anhalt

111 Matthias Conrad

Endneolithische und frühbronzezeitliche Siedlungs­forschung in Sachsen –
ein Werkstattbericht

127 Torsten Schunke

Siedlungen und Landschaft der Aunjetitzer Kultur in Sachsen-Anhalt – die Siedlungselemente,
ihre Strukturierung und Lage

209 Monika Hellmund, Barbara Fritsch und Sarah Diers

Zur Landschaftsgeschichte im Neolithikum und in der frühen Bronzezeit in der Altmark

1.2 Siedlungen und Gebäude/Settlements and buildings

217 Susanne Friederich und Helge Jarecki
Die schnurkeramische Siedlung von Gimritz, Saalekreis

239 Andrea Moser und Susanne Friederich

Die schnurkeramische Siedlung Salzmünde, Saalekreis

243 Susanne Friederich und Johanna Kleinecke

Die schnurkeramische Siedlung Profen, Burgenlandkreis
 253 Robert Ganslmeier und Susanne Friederich
Die schnurkeramische Siedlung von Eulau, Burgenlandkreis

257 Madeleine Fröhlich

Die schnurkeramischen Hausgrundrisse der Fundplätze Wennungen, Burgenlandkreis, und
Oechlitz, Saalekreis

261 Mario Küßner

Schnurkeramische Hausgrundrisse von Hardisleben, Lkr. Sömmerda

271 Judith Blödorn, Melanie Weber-Walpuski und Susanne Friederich

Der Fundplatz Wedringen, Lkr. Börde, am Übergang vom Jungneolithikum zur Bronzezeit.
Schönfelder Kultur und frühe Bronzezeit

277 Martin Planert, Christian Pscheidl, Christian Bogen und Susanne Friederich
Die schönfelderzeitliche Siedlung von Barby, Salzlandkreis

283 Dominik Labitzke

Endneolithikum im Werrakies – Funde der Schnurkeramik und der Glocken­becherkultur
im Werratal

289 Dovydas Jurkėnas und André Spatzier

Siedlungen des Endneolithikums und der Frühbronzezeit bei den Rondellen Pömmelte und
Schönebeck, Salzlandkreis. Einblicke in die Besiedlung einer Sakrallandschaft des 3. und
beginnenden 2. Jahrtausends v. Chr.

319 Harald Meller und Matthias Zirm

Neueste Ergebnisse am Ringheiligtum von Pömmelte, Salzlandkreis (Grabungskampagne 2o19)

325 Robert Ganslmeier

Siedlungen des Spätneolithikums und der Frühbronzezeit auf der Lützen-Hohenmölsener Platte
zwischen Saale und Weißer Elster (Eulau und Bösau, beide Burgenlandkreis)

341 Saskia Kretschmer und Christoph Herbig

Hausbau und Siedlungsmuster des Endneolithikums und der Frühbronzezeit in der
Mikroregion Droßdorf–Kieritzsch, Lkr. Leipzig

377 Karin Sczech

Endneolithische und frühbronzezeitliche Hausgrundrisse von Erfurt-Büßleben

383 Juliane Filipp und Jonas Beran

Ein Siedlungsplatz der frühen Aunjetitzer Kultur in der östlichen Altmark bei Dahlen,
Lkr. Stendal

393 Torsten Schunke und Harald Stäuble

Zum Verständnis der Aunjetitzer Langhäuser und der Versuch einer Typologie

419 Diethard Walter, Anja Endrigkeit, Kevin Bartel, Sandra Schneider, Oliver Mecking und
Peter Ettel
Häuser der frühen Bronzezeit in Thüringen

433 Mario Küßner und Klaus-Peter Wechler

Der Großbau der Aunjetitzer Kultur und das zugehörige Depot von Dermsdorf, Lkr. Sömmerda
– ein Vorbericht

467 Elena Revert Francés

Das Langhaus von Kleinpaschleben, Lkr. Anhalt-Bitterfeld
 475 Johanna Schüler, Juliane Eichentopf, Elena Molina, Martin Planert und Susanne Friederich
Frühbronzezeitliche Häuser ohne Hausgrundriss-Strukturen? Merseburg-Beuna und
Esperstedt-Obhausen, beide Saalekreis

1.3 Infrastruktur und Wirtschaftsweise/Infrastructure and economy

493 Harald Stäuble und Susanne Friederich
Schnurkeramische Brunnen

501 Kathrin Balfanz, Johanna Kleinecke, Xandra Dalidowski, Christian Pscheidl

und Susanne Friederich
Ofengruben – eine typische Befundform aus der ersten Hälfte des 3. Jahrtausends v. Chr.?

539 Kathrin Balfanz und Vera Hubensack

Seltene Gefäßformen aus besonderen Befunden: keramische Funde am Übergang vom
Spätneolithikum zur Frühbronzezeit in Nordwestsachsen

547 Thomas Queck

Ein endneolithisch-frühbronzezeitlicher Fundplatz mit Halsleistengefäßen bei Großlöbichau,
Saale-Holzland-Kreis

561 Andrea Moser

Frühbronzezeitliche Siedlung bei Schiepzig an der Saale – Werkplatz oder Dorfteich?

571 Christian Tannhäuser

Der Werkplatz einer frühbronzezeitlichen Siedlung bei Sundhausen, Lkr. Gotha

581 Rosemarie Leineweber, Barbara Fritsch und Monika Hellmund

Spätneolithische Passivfischerei im Arendsee

Band II
Europa/Europe

2 Mitteleuropa/Central Europe

587 Jonas Beran

Zum frühbronzezeitlichen Siedlungswesen im Land Brandenburg. Rettungsgrabungen
der Archäologie Manufaktur GmbH 1997–2o17

601 Ralf Lehmphul

Der Fundplatz Altgaul, Lkr. Märkisch-Oderland, Brandenburg – stratifizierte Haus-
und Siedlungsbefunde an der Wende vom 3. zum 2. Jahrtausend v. Chr.

621 Hendrik Raese und Jens-Peter Schmidt

Zur Besiedlung Mecklenburg-Vorpommerns während des Spätneolithikums und der frühen
Bronzezeit (25oo–15oo v. Chr.)

635 Michael Geschwinde und Immo Heske

Siedlungskammern des Spätneolithikums und der frühen Bronzezeit in Niedersachsen:
Kontinuitäten und Brüche

657 Albert Hafner

Neolithische und frühbronzezeitliche Seeufersiedlungen im nördlichen Alpenvorland.
Architektur, Struktur, Entwicklungen
 679 Michael Schefzik
Pfostenbauten des Endneolithikums und der Frühbronzezeit in Süddeutschland. Eine aktuelle
Bestandsaufnahme

701 Martin Nadler

Haus und Siedlung im 3. Jahrtausend v. Chr. in Nordbayern

717 Daniela Kern, Martin Penz und Oliver Schmitsberger

Siedlungsplätze des späten Endneolithikums in Ostösterreich

733 Alexandra Krenn-Leeb

Raumorganisation – Raumnutzung – Raumsphäre. Einblicke in die Lebenswelt um 29oo v. Chr.
in Ostösterreich

761 Michaela Langová, Daniel Hlásek und Michal Ernée

Befestigte Siedlungen der älteren und beginnenden mittleren Bronzezeit in Böhmen

775 Michal Ernée, Miroslav Dobeš, Michaela Langová und Petr Limburský
Spätkupferzeitliche und frühbronzezeitliche Siedlungen und Siedlungsbauten in Böhmen

807 Janusz Czebreszuk, Marzena Szmyt, Johannes Müller, and Marcin Ławniczak
Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age settlement archaeology on the Oder and Vistula Rivers
in north-west Poland

823 Jozef Bátora

Settlements and settlement structures during the Early Bronze Age in Slovakia

851 János Dani, Klára P. Fischl, Viktória Kiss, Gabriella Kulcsár, and Vajk Szeverényi
Dividing space, dividing society: fortified settlements in the Carpathian Basin
(c. 23oo–15oo BC)

869 Florin Gogâltan

Neuere siedlungsarchäologische Forschungen im östlichen Karpatenbecken (28oo–15oo v. Chr.)

3 West- und Nordeuropa/West and north Europe

895 Poul Otto Nielsen
Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age settlement archaeology in Denmark

915 Harry Fokkens

The structure of Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age settlements and houses in the Netherlands

937 Alex Gibson

Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age domestic architecture in Britain and Ireland: an overview

949 Yvan Pailler, Clément Nicolas, Lorena Audouard, Fabien Convertini, Klet Donnart,
Yvon Dréano, Catherine Dupont, Pauline Hanot, Antoine Lourdeau, Nancy Marcoux,
Caroline Mougne, Martine Regert, Farid Sellami, Pierre Stéphan, and Anne Tresset †
Beg ar Loued, Molène Island, Finistère (France), an Early Bronze Age insular settlement.
Between autarchy and openness to the outside world

4 Südeuropa und Mittelmeerraum/South Europe and the Mediterranean

989 Thomas X. Schuhmacher, Alfredo Mederos Martín, Frank Falkenstein,
Marlene Ruppert, and Charles Bashore Acero
Hut structures in the Chalcolithic ditched enclosure of Valencina de la Concepción, Sevilla
(southern Spain)
 1003 Francisco Javier Jover Maestre, Juan Antonio López Padilla, and Gabriel García Atiénzar
Territory, settlements, and households: Chalcolithic and Bronze Age in the eastern Iberian
Peninsula (28oo–15oo cal BC)

1029 Adrià Moreno Gil and Bárbara Bonora Soriano

Frontier micro-sites: a new type of settlement in the El Argar group (22oo–155o cal BC)

1043 Maria Bernabò Brea, Lorenza Bronzoni, Monica Miari, and Giuliana Steffè
The Chalcolithic buildings of Parma (western Emilia) within the framework of the structures
of the southern Po Plain (Italy)

1067 Franziska Knoll and Anita Crispino

The earthen architectural remains of Hut 8 at Castelluccio di Noto, Syracuse (Italy)
– a contribution on Early Bonze Age building techniques in south-eastern Sicily

1089 Claude Albore Livadie

Habitats et habitations du Bronze ancien en Campanie: trois cas d'étude

1107 Walter Gauß

The settlement of Kolonna on Aegina between c. 25oo and 17oo BC (advanced Early Bronze
Age to Middle Bronze Age)
 Hut structures in the Chalcolithic ditched
enclosure of Valencina de la Concepción,
Sevilla (southern Spain)
Thomas X. Schuhmacher, Alfredo Mederos Martín, Frank Falkenstein,
Marlene Ruppert, and Charles Bashore Acero

Zusammenfassung Summary

Hüttenbefunde in der chalkolithischen Grabenanlage von The existence or non-existence of domestic structures at the
Valencina de la Concepción, Sevilla (Südspanien) ditched Chalcolithic mega-site of Valencina de la Concepción,
Sevilla (Spain), has long been debated among researchers
Die Existenz oder Nicht-Existenz von Wohnstrukturen in dedi­cated to the study of the societies and cultures of the
der von Gräben umgebenen »Mega-Site« von Valencina de Iberian Peninsula during the 3rd millennium BC. In this paper
la Concepción, Sevilla (Spanien), ist eine seit langem disku- we present some of the results obtained from our ongoing
tierte Frage. Ihr haben sich zahlreiche Forscher gewidmet, excava­tion at Valencina de la Concepción, carried out as part
die sich mit dem Studium der Gesellschaften und Kulturen of the project »Valencina-Nord: the Chalcolithic mega-site of
des 3. Jts. v. Chr. der Iberischen Halbinsel beschäftigen. Im Valencina de la Concepción – settlement development and eco-
vorliegenden Artikel präsentieren wir die Resultate der im nomy of the northern area during the 3rd millennium BC«. We
Rahmen des Projekts »Valencina-Nord: Die chalkolithische will present the initial results of our most recent excavations,
Mega-Siedlung von Valencina de la Concepción bei Sevilla, carried out in 2o17 and 2o18, in the course of which we identi-
Spanien – Siedlungsablauf und Wirtschaft im Nordbereich fied a series of sunken structures. Because of their characteris­
während des 3. Jahrtausends v. Chr.« durchgeführten und weiter tics, the associated archaeological finds, and their similarity to
andauernden Grabungen. Es werden die ersten Ergebnisse structures documented at other sites in the Iberian Peninsula
unserer jüngsten in den Jahren 2o17 und 2o18 durchgeführ- and France dating from recent prehistory, we consider these to
ten Kampagnen vorgestellt. Hierbei wurde eine Reihe von be domestic structures. Our intention is to contribute new data
in den Untergrund eingetieften Strukturen identifiziert, die to the debate, supporting the existence of domestic structures
wir aufgrund ihrer Charakteristiken, des archäologischen at the mega-site of Valencina de la Concepción.
Fundmaterials und ihrer Ähnlichkeit mit Strukturen in ande-
ren Fundstellen der jüngeren Vorgeschichte der Iberischen
Halbinsel und Frankreichs als Wohnstrukturen interpretieren.
Unsere Intention ist es, der Diskussion neue Daten beizusteu-
ern, welche die Hypothese der Existenz von Wohnstrukturen
in der Mega-Siedlung von Valencina de la Concepción stützen.

Introduction In the 197os, however, other, unfortified sites and ditched

enclosures, especially in the south-west of Spain and the
We have known of the existence of Chalcolithic sites forti- southern Portuguese Alentejo region, became the focus of
fied by stone walls since the end of the 19th century, when investigation. These were regions which had not hitherto
the Siret brothers excavated the sites at Los Millares and been very intensively investigated. It was only in 1985, for
Campos, both in the province of Almería in south-eastern example, that a Chalcolithic ditched enclosure was identi-
Spain (Siret/Siret 1887; Siret/Siret 189o). In the 193os, exca­ fied for the first time at Santa Vitória, Portalegre (Portugal)
vations started at another famous fortified site: Vila Nova (Valera 2o15). By 1996, only five ditched enclosures were
de São Pedro, Lissabon (Portugal)1. These were followed by known in Portugal. From that point on, however, more regu­
investigations at well-known sites such as Zambujal 2 and lar surveys and investigations increased this number, until by
Leceia 3, both Lissabon, Los Millares4, etc. As a result, stone 2o13, 54 sites had been discovered. Most of them are situated
fortified sites came to be considered emblematic for our in the Portuguese Alentejo. A similar increase in the number
understanding of the Chalcolithic in the southern part of of ditched enclosures was observed in the Spanish south-west
the Iberian Peninsula. and in central Spain (Márquez Romero/Jiménez Jáimez 2o1o,

1 do Paço/Costa Arthur 1953; do Paço 1964; 3 Cardoso 1989; Cardoso/Monge Soares 1996; 4 A lmagro Basch/Arribas Palau 1963; Arribas
Savory 197o; Arnaud et al. 2oo5. Cardoso 1997/98; Cardoso 1998; Cardoso Palau/Molina Gonzáles 1982; Molina Gonzá-
2 Sangmeister/Schubart 1981; Kunst 1987; 2oo7. les et al. 2oo4; Molina Gonzáles/Cámara Ser-
Kunst 2oo1. rano 2oo5.

TA G U N G E N D E S L A N D E S M U S E U M S F Ü R V O R G E S C H I C H T E H A L L E • B A N D 2 0 • 2 019
990 T H O M A S X . S C H U H M A C H E R , A L F R E D O M E D E R O S M A R T Í N , F R A N K FA L K E N S T E I N , M A R L E N E R U P P E R T, A N D C H A R L E S B A S H O R E A C E R O

Valencina de la Concepción – Miraflores

Castilleja de Guzmán

r
ive
rR
i
uiv
alq
ad
Gu
Universidad Laboral

0 5 km
Map data ©2018 Google

Fig. 1 The mega-site of Valencina de la Concepción, Sevilla (Spain) (red), the area of the necropolis (green), and the excavation area included in this pro-
ject (orange). Other contemporaneous settlements (Miraflores and Universidad Laboral) are shown, as well as the paleo-course of the Guadalquivir River
(blue) during the 3rd millennium BC.

Abb. 1 Die »Mega-Site« von Valencina de la Concepción, Sevilla (Spanien) (rot), das Gräberfeld (grün) sowie die im Rahmen des Projekts untersuchte Aus-
grabungsfläche (orange). Weitere gleichzeitige Siedlungen (Miraflores und Universidad Laboral) sowie der Verlauf des Flusses Guadalquivir (blau) im
3. Jt. v. Chr. sind auf der Karte hervorgehoben.

51 ff. map o1; 191–2o7 map o4; o6– o8; Díaz-del-Río Español therefore seems of great scientific interest. This is our aim
2oo3, 62 ff.). in the case of Valencina de la Concepción – Castilleja de
While the stone fortified sites normally do not exceed 1 ha Guzmán, Sevilla.
in area, with only a few exceptions, like Los Millares, reach-
ing 5 ha, many of the ditched enclosures are much bigger,
ranging between 15 and 3o ha. The largest uncovered so far Valencina de la Concepción
are Porto Torrão, Beja (Portugal), at 75–1oo ha, La Pijotilla,
Badajoz (Spain), at 8o ha, Marroquíes Bajos, Jaén (Spain), at Introduction
113 ha, and Valencina de la Concepción at 236 ha (Vargas
Jiménez 2o13, Tab. 3; Márquez Romero/Jiménez Jáimez 2o1o, The site of Valencina de la Concepción – Castilleja de Guzmán
138; García Sanjuán et al. 2o17, Tab. 1). (henceforward referred to as Valencina) is situated some
Although a large number of ditched enclosures are known 6 km north-west of modern-day Seville, on the north-eastern
in south-western Spain today, only a small number of related boundary of the Aljarafe Plateau, which rises 15o m above the
domestic structures have been documented (Márquez Romero/ Guadalquivir Basin (Fig. 1; Schuhmacher et al. 2o15; Mederos
Jiménez Jáimez 2o1o, 475–477). The reason could be that Martín et al. 2o16). Investigations of the prehistoric coastline
dwellings were of very light construction and did not leave revealed the existence of a vast bay in the Lower Guadalquivir
any trace in the ground, or that domestic structures were region which was located near Valencina (Schulz 1995; Borja
deliberately destroyed and buried after their abandonment. Barrera 2o13; Arteaga Matute et al. 2o16; Barragán Mallo-
Another explanation, in our opinion, is the fact that few of fret 2o16). The wide prehistoric estuary reached modern-day
these sites have actually been excavated, most of them being Alcalá del Río, some 15 km north-east of Valencina, facilitat-
known only through surveys. Where excavations have taken ing navigation and giving Valencina quick and easy access
place, these were carried out as rescue excavations. The appar- to the Atlantic Ocean.
ent absence of house structures has led some researchers to Traditionally, the mega-site has been divided into two
the conclusion that these ditched enclosures were not per- areas (cf. Fig. 1). The huge settlement area in the north, meas-
manent settlements, but rather centres where people gathered uring approx. 236 ha, is situated for the most part under the
periodically for social and funerary practices (García Sanjuán modern town of Valencina, with a necropolis area measur-
2o13, 35; García Sanjuán et al. 2o17; Escacena Carrasco et al. ing a further 233 ha situated to the south-east. More recent
2o18). A systematic investigation of these sites and a review studies question this strict separation, given the fact that
of the possible house structures that have been documented human remains and even inhumations have been located

TA G U N G E N D E S L A N D E S M U S E U M S F Ü R V O R G E S C H I C H T E H A L L E • B A N D 2 0 • 2 019
 H U T S T RU C T U RE S IN T H E C H A LC O L I T HI C D I TC H E D E N C LO S U R E O F VA L E N C IN A D E L A C O N C E P C I Ó N, S E V IL L A (S O U T H E R N S PA IN) 991

in the so-called settlement area (Costa Caramé et al. 2o1o; vated (Vargas Jiménez 2oo4; Vargas Jiménez 2o13). Most of
García Sanjuán 2o13; García Sanjuán/Murillo-Barroso 2o13). the material from these rescue excavations still awaits study
The difference seems to be that in the south-east we find and publication. Nevertheless, several structures have been
monumental funerary constructions, mostly tholoi but also documented as dwelling structures (Vargas Jiménez 2oo4,
hypogea, in many instances with rich grave goods and offer- 37–4o Fig. 5). Unfortunately, these interpretations are very
ings, whereas in the northern area of the site human bodies doubtful and some even appear incorrect. In our opinion they
were buried in simple pits or ditches, usually without any or have resulted from, or been highly influenced by, the excava-
only a few grave goods. tion methods employed. In particular, most of the supposed
In fact, the funerary constructions in the south of Valen- complex, so-called ‘polylobed’ structures seem to represent
cina have been quite well known since the discovery of nothing more than clusters of chronologically sequential pits
the tomb of La Pastora in 186o (Vargas Jiménez et al. 2o12; whose ground plans overlapped.
Ruiz Moreno 2o13). This burial structure and the tombs of Moreover, the identification of hut structures at Valencina
Matarrubilla, 1o.o42–1o.o49 and Montelirio, are among the seems to have been conditioned by the type of hut struc-
biggest and most complex funerary structures in Valencina, tures usually found in the classical Chalcolithic settlements
and even – from the Chalcolithic period – the Iberian Pen- of the Iberian Peninsula. In stone-walled settlements like
insula in general5. The tombs consist of narrow corridors, Los Millares or Zambujal, circular or oval-shaped alignments
up to 43 m in length, constructed of and covered by stone of stones formed the bases of huts whose walls would have
slabs, with one or more circular chambers built of stone been made of wattle and daub or possibly adobe bricks (Sang-
slabs or stone masonry and usually covered by false domes. meister/Schubart 1981, 255–262 Fig. 38; Molina Gonzáles/
Each tomb was originally entirely covered by a large bar- Cámara Serrano 2oo5, 44 f.; 48–51; 7o –72 Fig. p. 44; 49–5o;
row. Alongside ceramics and flint objects, very sophisticated 7o –72). Similar structures have been identified in San Blas,
artefacts have been uncovered, particularly in the largest Badajoz, a 3o ha site fortified by a stone wall and a ditch,
and most complex tombs. These are made of exotic raw although, in this case, belonging to the second half of the
materials such as gold, ivory, ostrich egg-shells, rock crystal, 3rd millennium BC (Hurtado 2oo4, 147–153 Fig. 3–4 Pl. 4).
variscite, and amber. Copper objects, on the other hand, are In Valencina, only one structure with these characteristics
quite scarce. These complex funerary monuments and rich has been identified. During the rescue excavation preceding
grave goods undoubtedly suggest regional and inter-regional the construction of the municipal outdoor swimming pool
exchange and a certain degree of social complexity, although (Polideportivo municipal), a fragment of a curved stone wall
the extent and type of that social complexity is still hotly was excavated, which was related to a post hole and Chal-
discussed6. colithic material (Murillo Díaz et al. 1987, 313 Tab. 2). There
Although we currently have more than 17o radiocarbon has so far been no detailed publication of this excavation,
dates for the site at Valencina, only 32 of them relate to so we do not know the exact dimensions of the structure
non-funerary contexts (García Sanjuán et al. 2o18a). Accord- and cannot tell whether it really represents a hut or maybe
ing to a Bayesian modelling of the radiocarbon dates, ­funerary another type of construction7.
activity at the site lasted from approx. 32oo to 23oo cal BC. When considering the absence of dwelling structures with
As we have been able to observe in our excavations, there stone walls or foundations, we must bear in mind the lack
are some material indications that occupation of the site may of stone material in the vicinity of Valencina. Stone had to
have continued until the beginning of the 2nd millennium BC. be transported over large distances or at least carried up
Radiocarbon dates included in the Valencina-Nord Project some 15o m from the Guadalquivir Valley to the Aljarafe
that could verify this hypothesis are currently under analysis. Plateau, where the site is located. Hence, it seems reasonable
to suppose that stone was reserved for the construction of the
monumental tombs and not used for everyday domestic struc-
House structures from rescue excavations tures. In fact, ditched enclosures and stone-walled sites are
not evenly distributed in the Iberian Peninsula. In Portugal,
The settlement of Valencina is less well known than the although walled enclosures appeared later than ditched ones,
necropolis. The first investigations did not take place until they were contemporary in some areas during the 3rd mil-
1971 (Ruiz Mata 1975), and it was not until 1975 that a ditch lennium BC. This is the case in the Alentejo, raising the
was identified for the first time, in the zone called »La Per- possibility that they might have served different purposes
rera« (Fernández Gómez 2o13, 132–139). Although these exca- (Valera 2o15, 413–415 Fig. 1b.6). Usually, however, the two
vations were followed by more than 12o interventions in settlement types are not found in the same topographical
Valencina, many of them in the so-called settlement area, all vicinity (Valera 2o13, 1oo Fig. 15). This may be explained in
of them were rescue excavations or archaeological surveys part by the geological conditions. Stone-walled sites are pre-
prior to construction works. Despite all the excavations, only dominant in regions where plenty of stone material was avail-
1 % of the whole surface of Valencina has, in fact, been exca- able for the construction of walls, while ditched enclosures

5 Collantes de Terán 1969; Cruz-Auñon Brio- 6 Nocete Calvo 2oo1; García Sanjuán/Murillo- stone wall fragments were documented, but
nes et al. 2o1o; Cruz-Auñon Briones/Mejías Barroso 2o13; Arteaga Matute 2o17; García these probably form part of a bastion or forti-
García 2o13; García Sanjuán et al. 2o13; Sanjuán et al. 2o17; García Sanjuán et al. 2o18. fication. It is still not clear whether they
Luciañez-Triviño et al. 2o13; Fernández 7 In 2o18, in another rescue excavation in the belong to the Chalcolithic or the Bronze Age
Flores et al. 2o16. area called Nueva Biblioteca, two curved (J. M. Vargas Jiménez pers. comm.).

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are located in areas where the ground was easy to dig. This elliptical end section measuring 4 × 1 m (Fig. 2b; Fernández
is also the case in southern Spain, where ditched enclosures Gómez/Oliva Alonso 1986, 25 photo 1; Vargas Jiménez 2oo4,
predominate in the south-west and stone-walled sites in the Cat. Fig. 5; Murillo Díaz et al. 2oo6, Fig. 2). The entrance was
south-east (Lull et al. 2o15, Fig. 1). semi-oval in shape, had a slightly higher floor, and measured
During the aforementioned excavation at the municipal 1.8 × o.8 m. Four post holes were located at the corners of
swimming pool in Valencina, the remains of an adobe wall the entrance area and two more on the middle axis of the
with a foundation trench were discovered in the area of central part of the structure. Inside the structure, three shal-
a prospective smaller water basin (P-2) (Murillo Díaz et al. low depressions were documented. One of them contained
1987, 313 Tab. 1). This structure, with a conserved length fragments of a large storage vessel. A grinding stone, some
of 5 m, seems to have had a rectangular ground plan. Two so-called crescents (loom weights?), and sherds of Chalco-
ceramic containers were located in situ in the occupation lithic ceramic vessels were also found on the floor of the
layer. The materials of this excavation are yet to be studied structure.
and published, but a preliminary survey revealed Chalcolithic In 199o/91, prior to the construction of modern houses,
material. Nevertheless, rectangular house structures are not an area of 1o3 m 2 was excavated in the El Algarrobillo zone
usual in Chalcolithic Spain, where the only exceptions are (cf. Fig. 2a; Santana Falcón 1993; Vargas Jiménez 2oo4,
the metallurgical workshop CE 72 and the supposed large Cat. 95–97). In one of the trenches, a sunken, circular struc-
public building, both with rectangular ground plans and ture with a diameter of 4.6 m was discovered. Several epi­
stone foundations, at Los Millares (Molina Gonzáles/Cámara sodes of infill were documented. The structure originally had
Serrano 2oo5, 46 f. Fig. p. 97). We must therefore take into a floor of stomped clay with a hearth. Later, this space was
consideration the possibility that the chronological assign- used for burials, later still as a dump for rubbish, and finally,
ment of this structure may be incorrect. clay fragments with vegetal impressions seem to evidence
Other types of hut, known from Chalcolithic ditched a new use as a hut.
enclosures such as Marroquíes Bajos, Jaén (Spain), Camino In 1997, an archaeological rescue excavation at the inter-
de Yeseras, Madrid (Spain), and San Blas, Badajoz, consist of section of Calle Alamillo and Calle TVE revealed another
circular or oval structures with foundation trenches or post possible hut (cf. Fig. 2c; López Aldana et al. 2oo1; Vargas
holes. These types have not been documented at Valencina Jiménez 2oo4, Cat. 126–128). This structure was originally dug
to date (Hurtado 2oo4, 147 ff.; Liesau et al. 2oo8, 1o3 Fig. 4; into the ground to a depth of some 1.9 m and its dimensions
Márquez Romero/Jiménez Jáimez 2o1o, 158 f. Fig. 7o). Never- were 5.o × 4.2 m. It also presented several levels of utilisation.
theless, some of the structures published could, in fact, have A first layer of fill contained Chalcolithic ceramics, grinding
been dwellings. This is true of a structure documented in stones, charcoal, animal bones, and burnt clay fragments.
the excavation carried out in 1976 in the Cerro de la Cabeza What appeared to be a bench, o.5 m high and c. 1.4 m long,
area. This was a sunken structure with a rectangular central running along the southern wall, also belonged to this period
section measuring 3 × 2 m and, at right angles to it, a long of use. A second occupation layer, with a large storage con-

El Algarrobillo (1991/048) Cerro de la Cabeza (1976/013) Calle Alamilla/Calle TVE (1997/061)

a b c

clay accumulation silo N

hearth post hole
ceramic vessel in situ entrance
0 2m

Fig. 2a–c Valencina de la Concepción. Dwelling structures from rescue excavations at the (a) El Algarrobillo, (b) Cerro de la Cabeza (1976), and (c) Calle
Alamillo/Calle TVE parcels. Highlighted are post holes (brown), hearths (red), clay accumulations (orange), and ceramic vessels in situ (dark green).

Abb. 2a–c Valencina de la Concepción. Während der Rettungsgrabungen in den Parzellen (a) El Algarrobillo, (b) Cerro de la Cabeza (1976) und (c) Calle
Alamillo/Calle TVE freigelegte Hausbefunde. Farbig hervorgehoben sind Pfostenlöcher (braun), Feuerstellen (rot), Lehmschichten (orange) sowie Keramik-
gefäße in situ (dunkelgrün).

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contour line
profile 2012/13
limit of plot
1 2
magnetometer prospection B01
B02
ditch B03
ditch, uncertain 7 B04 3
pit UC B05
pit structure 20 B06 4
B07
linear structure
31 B08 5
prospected area
0
8 –1 B09
UC 11 B10 6
borehole
UC 24 B11
contemporary

3
–1
B12 7
road/pathway 12

14
UC

UC

15
x x contemporary B13
UC
23
fence

16
B14
8
UC

17
B15

UC
B16

9
–1
18
UC 27 B17

20
9

UC
B18
25
21 26

21
19 B19

UC
13
10
14 22 30 B20
15 11
B21
28 29
16 B22
17 12
B23
18
N B24

0 100 m

Fig. 3 Interpretation of the results obtained from the geomagnetic survey, the locations of the manual boreholes B1–B24, and the archaeological units
(UC7–UC21) of the profile at Camino de Valdegrillo. The structures interpreted as ditches (red), uncertain ditches (yellow), old pathways (green), and
pits/huts (blue) are highlighted.

Abb. 3 Interpretation der Resultate der geomagnetischen Prospektion, der Bohrproben B1–B24 und der archäologischen Strukturen (UC7–UC21) im
Böschungsprofil des Hohlwegs Camino de Valdegrillo. Die als Gräben (rot), mögliche Gräben (gelb), alte Wege (grün) und Gruben/Hütten (blau) interpretier-
ten Befunde sind farbig hervorgehoben.

tainer and clay fragments which had fallen from the wall, lay under excavation, the results can only be provisional for
at a depth of 1.1 m. Above this, excavators identified an Early now. However, the parallels with many of the sunken fea-
Bronze Age occupation layer. In fact, the ceramics published tures described above and other contemporary structures
so far do not necessarily point to such a late date, and could identified in settlements in southern France support their
equally well correspond to another, more recent Chalcolithic identification as hut floors.
phase, so that the exact chronology of the last occupation This excavation area is situated at the northern edge of
phase remains uncertain. the settlement area of Valencina de la Concepción, just north
of the nucleus of the modern town (Schuhmacher et al. 2o15;
Mederos Martín et al. 2o16). We began work on this parcel of
Hut structures from the excavation at the Cerro de la land in 2o14, carrying out a geomagnetic survey, an archaeo­
Cabeza site logical survey, and manual augering in the municipal plot
in the area known as Cerro de la Cabeza and the southern
One of the main aims of our excavations, as part of the part of the neighbouring Cerro Mármol area. Moreover, we
project »The Chalcolithic Mega-Site of Valencina de la Con- included the documentation elaborated by local archaeo­
cepción near Sevilla, Spain – Settlement History and Econ- logists in 2o12/13 during the cleaning of the profile of the
omy of the Northern Area in the 3rd Millennium B.C.«, is modern pathway Camino de Valdegrillo, which limits this
the identification of possible hut structures. Planned and plot to the west. We were able to document four prehistoric
thorough archaeological excavations in chosen areas using enclosures with at least nine ditches and two domestic areas
modern excavation methods – including the application and with more than 2oo pits (Fig. 3). The results of the survey
documentation of profiles through all the structures – and indicated the existence of an intense and dynamic occupa-
a large amount of scientific analysis, allow us to identify tion, lasting for at least the first half of the 3rd millennium
and date these structures correctly. In fact, in the second BC, where, in an area of only 3 ha, a series of enclosures
excavation campaign, carried out in 2o18, four possible and various domestic areas seem to have followed one after
Chalcolithic huts were identified. Given that they are still the other.

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UC 0315
UC 0316

UC 0301

Fig. 4 Sectors 3 and 4 at the end of the excavation campaign 2o18. Highlighted are the three dwelling structures in sector 3 (UC o3o1, o315, and o316).

Abb. 4 Sektoren 3 und 4 am Ende der Grabungskampagne von 2o18. Die drei Hausstrukturen in Sektor 3 sind hervorgehoben (UC o3o1, UC o315 und
UC o316).

During the archaeological excavation campaign of 2o17, lithic and worked bone objects, as well as faunal remains.
work began on two sectors measuring 1o.5 × 11.o m (sectors 3 Also remarkable is the high content of adobe fragments,
and 4), corresponding to an area of interest detected during found mainly in the centre, although the better preserved
the 2o14 geomagnetic survey (Fig. 4). These sectors took in fragments are concentrated along the edges of the structure
an area where the survey had shown two series of large pits, (Fig. 6).
forming circles with diameters of 2o –25 m (cf. Fig. 3,25–26). Very similar is another structure in the southern part of
The intention was to excavate half of the surface of one of the sector (UC o315). Also sunken and oval in shape, it meas-
these circles to determine its nature and function. Given the ures 3.o × 2.5 m (Fig. 7). There are several layers of fill, but all
fact that no large huts or domestic structures had yet been are remarkable for the large quantity of ceramic and adobe
identified in Valencina, we wanted to test the hypothesis fragments they contain, as well as lithic artefacts and faunal
that these pit circles might represent domestic units, with remains. The adobe fragments are especially numerous along
a hut at the centre surrounded by various workshops, silos, the edges of the structure, and may represent remnants of
and dumps. wall plaster or the disintegrated wall itself.
The excavation of these two sectors continued in 2o18, Immediately south of structure UC o315 is structure
when we were able to identify three possible hut-floors in UC o316, which may partially overlap and therefore be more
sector 3 (Fig. 5). The first construction unit (UC) o3o1, is recent than structure UC o315. Here we also observed a large
a sunken, oval-shaped structure. Its documented dimensions quantity of disintegrated adobe fragments as well as some
are approx. 3.o × 2.5 m but, as it extends beyond the limits of larger ones. The structure is dug into the ground and is
the excavation, the sector will have to be extended during almost circular. Because of its smaller size (1.9 × 2.o m) it
the next campaign in order to take in its whole area. Signi- may not have been a dwelling, but was possibly a work-
ficantly, in contrast to other pits, its fill includes quite a large shop or other secondary building. All three structures in
amount of ceramic material, including crescents. The inter- sector 3, judging by the ceramic material found in them,
pretation of the latter is not clear, although some authors probably belong to the Chalcolithic period or the first half of
identify them as loom weights. We also recognised some the 3rd millennium BC. Currently we have two radio­carbon

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VALENCINA 2018
N Sector 3

23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12
0

0
326
1

1
309

304 327

310
A
2

2
314

B 311

Pr.11 X
339 304
325

308
3

3
301 307
Planum 3 304
4

4
309

306
5

5
331 315

312

6
6

A 328

323 332
320
319 321

7
7

317

318

324
321
336
332
318

8
8

315 317
335
313

322

Arado 318 330

330

Planum 3

9
9

A
319
B
X
Pr.15
334
10
10

341 319 333

B 316
316
Pr.16 314
329
11
11

Planum 3
12

12

23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12

ceramic geological underground copper limit of structure unclear as not

bone adobe different types of fillings 309 stratigraphical unit yet excavated
stone lithic artefact according to the Munsell Soil 306 constructive unit
Colour Chart (Munsell 2010)

0 1m

Fig. 5 Structures identified in sector 3 during the 2o17 and 2o18 excavations in the northern part. Highlighted are the dwelling structures UC o3o1,
UC o315, and UC o316 after the profile was cut.

Abb. 5 In Sektor 3 freigelegte Befunde während der Grabungen von 2o17 und 2o18 im nördlichen Abschnitt. Die nach dem Anschneiden des Profils freige-
legten Hausstrukturen UC o3o1, UC o315 und UC o316 sind farbig hervorgehoben.

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Fig. 6 Planum and profile through the structure UC o3o1 during the 2o18 excavations in the northern sector. The different concentrations of disinte-
grated adobe are visible.

Abb. 6 Planum und Profil durch Bef. UC o3o1 während der Ausgrabungen 2o18 im nördlichen Abschnitt. Verschiedene Konzentrationen von zerfallenen
Lehmziegeln sind sichtbar.

Fig. 7 Planum and profile of structure UC o315 during the 2o18 excavations in the northern sector. The different areas with a high content of disinte­
grated adobe are visible.

Abb. 7 Planum und Profil durch Bef. UC o315 während der Ausgrabungen 2o18 im nördlichen Abschnitt. Verschiedene Konzentrationen von zerfallenen
Lehmziegeln sind sichtbar.

Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) dates from two of  ther AMS dates are still being processed at the time of
O
these structures: publication.

Structure UC o315, UE o318: MAMS-38871: 4o95 ± 2o BP In sector 4, the excavation concentrated on a large structure
= 2852–2575 cal BC (2δ); (UC o447/o448) at the edge of circle 26 and next to a 1o –12 m
Structure UC o316, UE o319: MAMS-38872: 4133 ± 22 BP wide ditch (cf. Fig. 3,25–26). This area proved to have quite
= 287o –26o1 cal BC (2δ). a complicated stratigraphy. First, above structure UC o447/

TA G U N G E N D E S L A N D E S M U S E U M S F Ü R V O R G E S C H I C H T E H A L L E • B A N D 2 0 • 2 019
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o448, we were able to identify a narrow ditch in the form of than o.5 m – we still have not reached its floor. Along the
an L (UC o446), its longer side measuring 4.9 m and its shorter edges of the structure, fragments of adobe, burnt clay, or
side 2.8 m, with a width of o.8 m and a depth of c. o.3 m. This what may even be clay bricks are found. The clay bricks may
contained several fragments of adobe. So far, it has only been have formed the section of the wall above ground, with the
cut but not fully excavated, so that we are not entirely sure clay and adobe fragments being fragments of plaster which
of its chronology. An initial survey of the collected ceramics covered the walls both above and below ground (Fig. 9). In
suggests, however, that it belongs to the Early Bronze Age the middle we documented a massive adobe structure with
(end of the 3rd or beginning of the 2nd millennium BC). It an irregular form, measuring approx. 1.o × 1.o m and up to
may have been part of the foundation trench11 of a building
10 o.4 m
9 in height (Fig.
8 1o). We are
7 not sure about
6 its function;
5 4

0
with a rectangular ground plan, whose southern part has it may have been a prop for a post that supported the ceil-
been lost to erosion caused by the natural slope of the terrain. ing or a platform or working bench, but at the moment we
The profiles demonstrate that the ditch (UC o446) cuts cannot exclude the possibility
442
that it may
446
be theA remains of 443b 427

425
structure UC o447/o448 located below it. Structure UC o447/ 1 a collapsed wall and/or ceiling.
423
The fill of structure
415
UC o447/ 441 403

o448 presents an oval ground plan, with a probable length o448 is different from that of the majority of
445
»normal« pits
407 B

of c. 6.8 m and a width of more than 2.8 m (Fig. 8). It is dug in the settlement. It contains less 424 archaeological material
into the subsoil to a depth which we estimate to be more (ceramics, macrolithic and flint artefacts, rock crystal) and,
2

447

426
A
453
VALENCINA 2018
Sector 4 420

433 426
N 404
A
422
3

B 408

B A 405 431

406
B A
4

437

428 466

444

430
5

401

444
6

442
Planum 4 467
468
Fig. 8 Planum 4 (beige with dots) of structure Planum 4
146.26
146.09 445
446 477
UC o447/o448 during the 2o18 excavation in the
146.19 477

northern sector. Planum 3 (above planum 4) is 438 146.20

146.16
460
shown in black and white. Part of the L-shaped 440 146.18
146.09
146.24
7

146.26 469

structure UC o446 is still visible. 146.25

470
146.28 146.25
469
146.16
0470 469
146.17 477
146.29
146.29473
Abb. 8 Planum 4 (beige mit Punkten) von 146.17
473 146.06
146.14
146.06
Bef. UC o447/o448 während der Ausgrabung 2o18 146.27
146.33
470
0473
146.33
451
146.23
473
473
473 146.07 146.22146.15
146.14

im nördlichen Abschnitt. Schwarz-weiß darge- 146.27

469
448 146.17
146.14
146.25 0469 146.21
stellt ist außerdem das darüberliegende Planum
8

469 146.13
146.26 146.25
3. Ein L-förmiger Teil des Bef. UC o446 ist noch
146.15
146.17
447 146.18

sichtbar. 146.02 146.21

146.11
146.24 146.25
470
146.23 146.10
146.23 458
146.19 487
146.19
9

469 146.03
487
146.10

ceramic 146.22 469

bone 447

stone
458
lithic artefact
447
limit of excavation section
10

contour line
different types of fillings Planum 4
according to the Munsell Soil
Colour Chart (Munsell 2010)
limit of structure unclear as
11

not yet excavated 437 458

437458
different types of adobe 449 458

according to the Munsell Soil

Colour Chart (Munsell 2010) 0 1m
309 stratigraphic unit
12

306 constructive unit 11 10 9 8 7 6

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998 T H O M A S X . S C H U H M A C H E R , A L F R E D O M E D E R O S M A R T Í N , F R A N K FA L K E N S T E I N , M A R L E N E R U P P E R T, A N D C H A R L E S B A S H O R E A C E R O
in particular, fewer faunal remains, but has a larger quan­
tity of adobe fragments. All the data support the idea of a c.
6.8 × 2.8 m hut structure, partially sunken and with an above-
ground wall formed of adobe or clay bricks. Excavation is
still in progress; up to now we have excavated only three of
the six sections into which we divided the whole structure.
In the central sections, we still have not reached the floor of
the hut. An initial study of the ceramic material indicates
a Chalcolithic date. The jawbone of a boar (Sus scrofa) found
near the bottom of the fill yielded a radiocarbon AMS date
of MAMS-38876: 4137 ± 29 BP = 2873–26o1 cal BC (2δ). Other
AMS dates are currently in progress.
Discussion
The subject of sunken Neolithic and Chalcolithic house-floors
on the Iberian Peninsula has long been discussed, although
in most cases there has been no thorough excavation and
analysis (Díaz-del-Río Español 2oo1, 131–136; 22o–228). Struc-
tures similar to the ones at Valencina, dug into the ground
and without any or only a few post holes, have recently been
excavated at other sites on the Peninsula, e.g. at El Espinillo
(Díaz-del-Río Español 2oo1, 219–228 Fig. 5o), and at Camino
de Yeseras, both Madrid (Liesau et al. 2o13, Fig. 2.7), although
in these cases we have no information regarding the archi-
tecture of walls and ceilings.
Nonetheless, as we have seen in Valencina, it is possible
to identify a few structures, all of them with very similar
characteristics with respect to size, shape, and the m ­ aterial
found inside them, which may have been habitational struc-
tures. The shape of these structures normally varies from
oval to circular or may be slightly irregular (Cerro de la
Cabeza excavation 1976; El Algarrobillo; Calle Alamillo;
Cerro de la Cabeza excavation 2o18, sectors 3 and 4). The
size also varies from approx. 6–19 m 2. The different sizes
could indicate different functions. To clarify this, additional
work and, in particular, a detailed analysis of the material
found inside these structures will be necessary. All of them
are dug into the ground to a depth of between o.5 and 1.o m.
Judging by the large amount of disintegrated adobe material
and some larger adobe fragments found in the fill of these
structures, the wall and the sides of the hut below ground
were probably plastered in clay. In all the structures, larger
fragments of adobe were found around the edges. Some of
these fragments are cuboidal in shape and are therefore
almost certainly air-dried clay bricks. The study of all these
adobe fragments is still in progress and therefore we do not
have any final results, but it appears that only a few have
branch impressions. This circumstance, together with the
Fig. 9 Structure UC o447/o448 during the 2o18
excavations in the northern sector. Photo of
planum 4 in sector 3.
Abb. 9 Bef. UC o447/o448 während der Ausgra-
bungen 2o18 im nördlichen Abschnitt. Foto von
Planum 4 in Quadrant 3.
TA G U N G E N D E S L A N D E S M U S E U M S F Ü R V O R G E S C H I C H T E H A L L E • B A N D 2 0 • 2 019
 H U T S T RU C T U RE S IN T H E C H A LC O L I T HI C D I TC H E D E N C LO S U R E O F VA L E N C IN A D E L A C O N C E P C I Ó N, S E V IL L A (S O U T H E R N S PA IN) 999

Fig. 1o 2o18 excavations in the northern sector. Structure UC o447/o448 and profile 5-north through structure UC o447/o448. Notice the adobe struc-
ture in the right-hand corner.

Abb. 1o Die Ausgrabung 2o18 im nördlichen Abschnitt. Bef. UC o447/o448 und Profil 5-Nord durch Bef. UC o447/o448. In der rechten Bildecke zeichnet sich
eine Lehmstruktur ab.

absence of post holes (although this could be due to the such huts were smaller in size, with a diameter of only
state of preservation), speak against the existence of walls 5 m. This construction technique was therefore known in
built by the wattle and daub technique. It is more likely that south-eastern Spain at least by the end of the first half of
walls were adobe or rammed earth constructions. Given the 3rd millennium BC.
that some of the adobe fragments do show impressions of We can also assume that the Chalcolithic inhabitants of
branches, walls may have been strengthened by means of Valencina had the know-how to create architectural struc-
a few branches or posts. tures using the rammed earth technique or clay and mud
We also know of hut structures in southern France which bricks, if arguments supporting the idea of a clay dome for
are similar to the ones documented in Valencina, for example the bigger grave chamber of the tomb of Montelirio are cor-
at the Final Neolithic site of La Capoulière II, Hérault (Jal- rect (Fernández Flores/García Sanjuán 2o16, 1o5–1o7).
lot 2oo9, Fig. 21 top). This structure, partially dug into the One of the arguments for the site of Valencina de la Con-
ground, presents a diameter of 9 m. At the base, around the cepción not being a permanent settlement, and for the struc-
edge of the structure, was a band of fired mud and inside tures discussed here not being huts, is the absence of grind-
the hut a hearth was found. In this case, however, we do not ing stones and hearths (García Sanjuán et al. 2o17). In fact,
really know how the wall was built. grinding stones are present in Valencina de la Concepción,
At Capoulière II there are also several other examples although mostly in fragments and rarely in situ. Analysis of
of huts, but these were not dug into the ground and had the grinding stones documented during our excavations and
walls built of unfired clay or mud. Various techniques were surveys, to ascertain whether they really were used to grind
employed for the construction of the walls (Jallot 2oo3, cereals, is still in progress, while those from other interven-
Fig. 3–7.12; Wattez 2oo9); in some cases, posts were used tions have not been published. No hearths have so far been
to strengthen the walls, while in others, double-sided walls identified. However, we must take into consideration the fact
were simply built of clay lumps or balls. that almost no original occupation layers are still preserved
We do not have to go so far, however, to find huts with in Valencina, so these activities could have been executed
double-sided mud-brick walls. In phase IB/IIA at the site of outside the huts, perhaps in a sort of a courtyard or open
Cerro de la Virgen, Granada (Spain), coinciding with the space shared by several households. There is evidence to
end of the pre-Bell Beaker/beginning of the Beaker phase, suppose that in most areas of Valencina erosion has washed
huts with a circular ground plan, a diameter of 7–8 m, and away some 5o cm of the original surface. For this reason,
a mud brick wall are documented (Kalb 1969; Schüle 198o, archaeological sediment is only preserved inside sunken
29 f. Tab. 111–112)8 . In the following Bell Beaker phase IIB, constructions but not outside them and above ground level.

8 Phase I is radiocarbon dated to before from 235o to 225o cal BC (Molina Gonzáles
25oo/245o cal BC, phase IIA dates from et al. 2o17, 261 Fig. 2).
25oo/245o to 235o cal BC and phase IIB

TA G U N G E N D E S L A N D E S M U S E U M S F Ü R V O R G E S C H I C H T E H A L L E • B A N D 2 0 • 2 019
1000 T H O M A S X . S C H U H M A C H E R , A L F R E D O M E D E R O S M A R T Í N , F R A N K FA L K E N S T E I N , M A R L E N E R U P P E R T, A N D C H A R L E S B A S H O R E A C E R O

Hearths, however, are multifunctional. They are not only
used for cooking but also for heating (even in southern Spain
heating is necessary in winter). We should therefore expect
hearths to be located at floor level within the living space of
the huts, unless some kind of transportable heating devices
were used. Until we reach the original floor level of our huts,
we cannot be sure about this point.
Our excavations in the Cerro de la Cabeza have already
been able to verify the existence of hut structures at the site
of Valencina, as some other rescue excavations have already
done. Given that the project excavations and analysis are
programmed to continue, we are sure that we will clarify
most of the questions raised here, in particular those relating
to the proposed architecture of these domestic structures.

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1973. Zambujal 2 = Madrider Beitr. 5,2 F. R. Molina Gonzáles/J. A. Cámara Serrano/ aus dem 3. bis 1. Jahrtausend v. Chr. im Südos-
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insel. In: M. Blech/M. Koch/M. Kunst (eds.), gen (Orce, Granada). In: V. S. Gonçalves (ed.), H. D. Schulz, Holozäne Küstenlinie am Unter-
Hispania Antiqua. Denkmäler der Frühzeit. 1: Sinos e taças. Junto ao oceano e mais longe. lauf des Río Gudalquivir zwischen Sevilla und
Text (Mainz 2oo1) 67–99. Aspectos da presença campaniforme na der Mündung in den Atlantik. Madrider
Liesau et al. 2oo8 Península Ibérica (Bells and bowls. Near the Mitt. 36, 1995, 219–232.
C. Liesau/C. Blasco/P. Ríos/J. Vega/R. Menduiña/ ocean and far away. About beakers in the Ibe- Siret/Siret 1887
J. F. Blanco/J. Baena/T. Herrera/A. Petri/ rian Peninsula). Estud. e Mem. 1o (Lisboa H. Siret/L. Siret, Les Premiers Âges du Métal
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muertos: El poblado calcolítico de fosos de Munsell 2o1o fouilles faites par les auteurs de 1881 à 1887
Camino de las Yeseras (San Fernando de Hena- A. H. Munsell, Munsell soil color charts. (Antwerpen 1887).
res, Madrid). Complutum 19,1, 2oo8, 97–12o. Revised ed. (New Windsor 2o1o). Siret/Siret 189o
Liesau et al. 2o13 Murillo Díaz et al. 1987 H. Siret/L. Siret, Las primeras edades del metal
C. Liesau/P. Ríos/R. Aliaga/A. Daza/L. Llorente/ M. T. Murillo Díaz/C. Pérez Revuelta/C. Blanco en el Sudeste de España: resultados obtenidos
C. Blasco, Hut structures from the Bell Beaker Ruíz/E. Larrey Hoyuelos, Excavación en el en las excavationes hechas por los autores
horizon: housing, communal or funerary use yacimiento calcolítico del polideportivo de desde 1881 à 1887 (Barcelona 189o).
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1002 T H O M A S X . S C H U H M A C H E R , A L F R E D O M E D E R O S M A R T Í N , F R A N K FA L K E N S T E I N , M A R L E N E R U P P E R T, A N D C H A R L E S B A S H O R E A C E R O

Recente em Portugal. Investigação, discursos, Vargas Jiménez 2o13 Wattez 2oo9

salvaguarda e divulgação. Almadan 18, 2o13,
93–11o.
Valera 2o15
A. C. Valera, Social Change in the Late 3rd Mil­
lennium BC in Portugal. The twilight of Enclo-
sures. In: H. Meller/H. W. Arz/R. Jung/R. Risch
(eds.), 22oo BC – Ein Klimasturz als Ursache
für den Zerfall der Alten Welt? (22oo BC – A
Climatic Breakdown as a Cause for the Col-
lapse of the Old World?). 7. Mitteldt. Archäo­
logentag vom 23. bis 26. Oktober 2o14 in Halle
(Saale). Tagungen Landesmus. Vorgesch. Halle
12/1 (Halle [Saale] 2o15) 4o9–427.
Vargas Jiménez 2oo4
J. M. Vargas Jiménez, Carta Arqueológica
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(Sevilla 2oo4).
J. M. Vargas Jiménez, Indicadores arqueoló­ J. Wattez, Enregistrement sédimentaire de
gicos para la planificación y gestión del yaci- l´usage de la terre crue dans les établissements
miento de Valencina de la Concepción (Sevilla). néolithiques du Sud de la France: le cas des
In: L. García Sanjuán/J. M. Vargas Jiménez/ sites du Néolithique final de La Capoulière 2 et
V. Hurtado Pérez/T. Ruiz Moreno/R. Cruz-Auñón du Mas de Vignoles IV. In: A. Beeching/
Briones (eds.), El Asentamiento Prehistórico de I. Sénépart (eds.), De la maison au village.
Valencina de la Concepción (Sevilla). Investi- L´habitat néolithique dans le Sud de la France
gación y Tutela en el 15o Aniversario del Des- et le Nord-Ouest méditerranéen. Actes de la
cubrimiento de La Pastora. Hist. y Geogr. 243 Table Ronde des 23 et 24 mai 2oo3, Marseille.
(Sevilla 2o13) 535–557. Mém. Soc. Préhist. Française 48, 2oo9, 199–218.
Vargas Jiménez et al. 2o12
J. M. Vargas Jiménez/C. Meyer/M. Ortega Gor-
dillo, El tholos de La Pastora y su entorno: el
sector oriental del yacimiento de Valencina de
la Concepción (Sevilla) a través de la geofísica.
Menga – Rev. Prehist. Andalucía 3, 2o12,
121–138.

Source of figures

1 base map: © 2o18 Google; design: 4 J. M. Vargas Jiménez, Museo de

C. Bashore Acero Valencina de la Concepción
2 modified after Vargas Jiménez 5 R. Almeida, Deutsches Archäo­
2oo4, Cat. Fig. 5 logisches Institut (DAI) Madrid
3 Lehrstuhl für Vor- und Frühge- 6–7 C. Bashore Acero
schichtliche Archäologie, Julius- 8 R. Almeida, DAI Madrid
Maximilians-Universität Würz- 9 A. Mederos Martín
burg 1o M. Ruppert

Addresses

PD Dr. Thomas X. Schuhmacher Prof. Dr. Frank Falkenstein Charles Bashore Acero
Deutsches Archäologisches Institut Madrid Lehrstuhl für Vor- und Frühgeschichtliche Departamento de Prehistoria y Arqueología
Calle Serrano 159 Archäologie Facultad de Filosofía y Letras
28oo2 Madrid Institut für Altertumswissenschaften Campus Universitario de Cartuja
Spain Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg 18o71 Granada
thomas.schuhmacher@dainst.de Residenzplatz 2, Tor A Spain
97o7o Würzburg charlesbashoreacero@gmail.com
Prof. Dr. Alfredo Mederos Martín Germany
Departamento de Prehistoria y Arqueología frank.falkenstein@uni-wuerzburg.de
Facultad de Filosofía y Letras
Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Marlene Ruppert
Campus de Cantoblanco Lehrstuhl für Vor- und Frühgeschichtliche
28o49 Madrid Archäologie
Spain Institut für Altertumswissenschaften
alfredo.mederos@uam.es Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg
Residenzplatz 2, Tor A
97o7o Würzburg
Germany
marlene.ruppert@uni-wuerzburg.de

TA G U N G E N D E S L A N D E S M U S E U M S F Ü R V O R G E S C H I C H T E H A L L E • B A N D 2 0 • 2 019
 Bislang erschienene Bände in der Reihe
»Tagungsbände des Landesmuseums für
Vorgeschichte Halle«

Die Reihe der Tagungsbände des Landesmuseums wurde großen Anteil internationaler Autorinnen und Autoren
2oo8 ins Leben gerufen. Anlass dazu war die Konferenz entsprechend, erscheinen viele Beiträge dieser Reihe in eng-
»Luthers Lebenswelten«, die im Jahr 2oo7 in Halle ausge- lischer Sprache mit deutscher Zusammenfassung.
richtet wurde. Bereits der zweite Tagungsband widmete Mit dem bislang zuletzt erschienenen Tagungsband
sich mit dem Thema »Schlachtfeldarchäologie« dem Mit- konnten die Vorträge des 1o. Mittel­deutschen Archäologen-
teldeutschen Archäologentag, der seit 2oo8 jährlich vom tags »Überschuss ohne Staat. Politische Formen in der Vor-
Landesamt für Denkmalpflege und Archäologie Sachsen- geschichte« in zahlreichen Artikeln renommierter Forscher
Anhalt veranstaltet und zeitnah publiziert wird. Dem verschiedenster Fachdisziplinen vorgelegt werden.

Band 16 Band 17 Band 18

Band 1/2oo8 Harald Meller/Stefan Rhein/Hans-Georg 2. Mitteldeutscher Archäologentag vom

Stephan (Hrsg.), o8. bis 1o. Oktober 2oo9 in Halle (Saale).
 Luthers Lebenswelten. ISBN 978-3-939414-53-7, € 19,oo
Tagung vom 25. bis 27. September 2oo7
in Halle (Saale). Band 4/2o1o Harald Meller/Regine Maraszek (Hrsg.),
ISBN 978-3-939414-22-3, € 19,oo  Masken der Vorzeit in Europa I.
Internationale Tagung vom 2o. bis 22. November
Band 2/2oo9 Harald Meller (Hrsg.), 2oo9 in Halle (Saale).
 Schlachtfeldarchäologie. Battlefield Archaeology. ISBN 978-3-939414-54-4, € 19,oo
1. Mitteldeutscher Archäologentag vom
o9. bis 11. Oktober 2oo8 in Halle (Saale). Band 5/2o11 Harald Meller/François Bertemes (Hrsg.),
ISBN 978-3-939414-41-4, € 35,oo  Der Griff nach den Sternen. Wie Europas Eliten
zu Macht und Reichtum kamen.
Band 3/2o1o Harald Meller/Kurt W. Alt (Hrsg.), Internationales Symposium in Halle (Saale)
 A nthropologie, Isotopie und DNA – 16.–21. Februar 2oo5.
biografische Annäherung an namenlose vorge- ISBN 978-3-939414-28-5, € 89,oo
schichtliche Skelette?

TA G U N G E N D E S L A N D E S M U S E U M S F Ü R V O R G E S C H I C H T E H A L L E • B A N D 2 0 • 2 019
 Band 6/2o11 Hans-Rudolf Bork/Harald Meller/
Renate Gerlach (Hrsg.),
 Umweltarchäologie – Naturkatastrophen und
Umweltwandel im archäologischen Befund.
3. Mitteldeutscher Archäologentag vom
o7. bis o9. Oktober 2o1o in Halle (Saale).
ISBN 978-3-939414-64-3, € 32,oo
Band 7/2o12 Harald Meller/Regine Maraszek (Hrsg.),
 Masken der Vorzeit in Europa II.
Internationale Tagung vom 19. bis 21. November
2o1o in Halle (Saale).
ISBN 978-3-939414-9o -2, € 32,oo
Band 8/2o12 François Bertemes/Harald Meller (Hrsg.),
 Neolithische Kreisgabenanlagen in Europa.
Neolithic Circular Enclosures in Europe.
Internationale Arbeitstagung 7. bis 9. Mai 2oo4 in
Goseck (Sachsen-Anhalt).
ISBN 978-3-939414-33-9, € 59,oo
Band 9/2o13 Harald Meller/François Bertemes/
Hans-Rudolf Bork/Roberto Risch (Hrsg.),
 16oo – Kultureller Umbruch im Schatten des
Thera-Ausbruchs? 16oo – Cultural change in the sha-
dow of the Thera-Eruption?
4. Mitteldeutscher Archäologentag vom
14. bis 16. Oktober 2o11 in Halle (Saale).
ISBN 978-3-9445o7- oo -2, € 69,oo
Band 1o/2o13 Harald Meller/Christian-Heinrich Wunder-
lich/Franziska Knoll (Hrsg.),
 Rot – die Archäologie bekennt Farbe.
5. Mitteldeutscher Archäologentag vom
o4. bis o6. Oktober 2o12 in Halle (Saale).
ISBN 978-3-9445o7- o1-9, € 49,oo
Band 11/2o14 Harald Meller/Roberto Risch/
Ernst Pernicka (Hrsg.),
 Metalle der Macht – Frühes Gold und Silber.
Metals of power – Early gold and silber.
6. Mitteldeutscher Archäologentag vom
17. bis 19. Oktober 2o13 in Halle (Saale).
ISBN 978-3-9445o7-13-2, € 119,oo
Band 12/2o15 Harald Meller/Helge Wolfgang Arz/
Reinhard Jung/Roberto Risch (Hrsg.),
 22oo BC – Ein Klimasturz als Ursache für den
Zerfall der Alten Welt? 22oo BC – A climatic break-
down as a cause for the collapse of the old world?
7. Mitteldeutscher Archäologentag vom
23. bis 26. Oktober 2o14 in Halle (Saale).
ISBN 978-3-9445o7-29-3, € 1o9,oo
Band 13/2o16 Judith M. Grünberg/Bernhard Gramsch/
Lars Larsson/Jörg Orschiedt/Harald Meller (Hrsg.),
 Mesolithic burials – Rites, symbols and social
organisation of early postglacial communities.
Mesolithische Bestattungen – Riten, Symbole und sozi-
ale Organisation früher postglazialer Gemeinschaften
View publication stats
International Conference Halle (Saale), 18th–21st
September 2o13.
ISBN 978-3-9445o7-43-9, € 81,oo
Band 14/2o16 Harald Meller/Hans Peter Hahn/
Reinhard Jung/Roberto Risch (Hrsg.),
 A rm und Reich – Zur Ressourcenverteilung in
prähistorischen Gesellschaften. Rich and Poor –
Competing for resources in prehistoric societies.
8. Mitteldeutscher Archäologentag vom
22. bis 24. Oktober 2o15 in Halle (Saale).
ISBN 978-3-9445o7-45-3, € 89,oo
Band 15/2o16 Harald Meller/Alfred Reichenberger/
Christian-Heinrich Wunderlich (Hrsg.),
 A lchemie und Wissenschaft des 16. Jahrhunderts.
Fallstudien aus Wittenberg und vergleichbare
Befunde.
Internationale Tagung vom 3. bis 4. Juli 2o15 in
Halle (Saale).
ISBN 978-3-9445o7-48-4, € 49,oo
Band 16/2o17 Harald Meller/Susanne Friederich (Hrsg.),
 Salzmünde – Regel oder Ausnahme?
Salzmünde – rule or exception?
Internationale Tagung vom 18. bis 2o. Oktober 2o12
in Halle (Saale).
ISBN 978-3-9445o7-11-8, ¤ 75,oo
Band 17/2o17 Harald Meller/Falko Daim/Johannes Krause/
Roberto Risch (Hrsg.),
 Migration und Integration von der Urgeschichte
bis zum Mittelalter. Migration and Integration from
Prehistory to the Middle Ages.
9. Mitteldeutscher Archäologentag vom
2o. bis 22. Oktober 2o16 in Halle (Saale).
ISBN 978-3-9445o7-61-3, € 49,oo
Band 18/2o18 Harald Meller/Detlef Groneborn/Roberto
Risch (Hrsg.),
 Überschuss ohne Staat. Politische Formen in der
Vorgeschichte. Surplus without the State. Political
Forms in Prehistory.
1o. Mitteldeutscher Archäologentag vom
19. bis 21. Oktober 2o17 in Halle (Saale).
ISBN 978-3-9445o7-83-5, € 69,oo
Erhältlich im Buchhandel oder direkt beim
Verlag Beier & Beran
Thomas-Müntzer-Straße 1o3
o8134 Langenweißbach
Deutschland
Tel. o376o3/36 88
verlag@beier-beran.de
www.archaeologie-und-buecher.de
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