METHODS OF COLLECTION & TRANSMISSION

Of Hydro Metrological Data being used on the

INDUS BASIN
by Engr. Khurram Hashmi

Communication Systems

Hydro Metrological Data

Precipitation
Rain Snow fall

Temperature Wind speed, direction Solar Radiation Relative Humidity Volume of water flowing (Million Acres Feet)
Water level (Rivers, Canals) Discharge (Rivers, Canals, Barrages)

Indus Basin

Hydro-Met Data usage

Predicting Glacier and snow melt in-flows into the Mangla and Tarbela reservoirs Flood forecasting

Used in studying the effects climate change and its impact on the water resources

Hydro-Meteorological Data Transmission Media

HF Radio Flood Data (Voice) network. Meteor Burst Communication

Snow

& Ice Hydrology Network Flood Telemetry network

Satellite Communication (VSAT)

Indus

Basin Irrigation System Telemetry Network

Meteor Burst Communication

Indus basin

Meteors

Trail

Trail is composed of ionized Particles Denser than Surrounding air Can reflect Radio waves

Meteor Scatter

Discovered in the 1930s

Meteor Burst Communication

Meteor Burst Communication System

Master Collection Station Remote Terminal Units (RTUs)

Main (Master Collection Station)

Remotes

Meteor Burst Communication System (SNOTEL)

2000 km max

Meteor Burst Communication Network Indus Basin

Snow & Ice Hydrology WAPDA Flood Telemetry Network WAPDA

Meteor Burst Network- Indus Basin

64 RTUs 2 Masters Operating Frequency: 40-42 MHz

Master Collection Stations (2)

Collected Data used for Research

Northern areas (Gilgit Baltistan) RTUs (20)

Foot hills & Plains RTUs (44)

MBCS WAPDA

Remote Terminal Units ( RTU )

Transmitter Tx
Frequency modulation Data Rate 41.5 MHz Bi - Phase Shift Keying 4 Kbps

Receiver Rx
Frequency modulation Data Rate Antenna gain Noise Figure 40.925 MHz Bi Phase Shift Keying 4 Kbps 5.5 dB 4dB

Power Consumption
Antenna gain

>100 Watts
5.5 dB

Same Antenna For Tx & Rx with in between switching

RTU - Flood
Tippet Bucket (Rain)

Tx, Rx Yagi Antenna Solar Panel Data Transmission Box Pressure Transducer for River Level ( not visible )

Remote Terminal UnitMountains

SENSORS INSTALLED

Precipitation

Wind Temperature Relative Humidity Solar Radiation

Temperature Precipitation Relative Humidity Solar Radiation Snow Water Equivalent Wind (Speed; Direction)
Snow Pillow (buried)

Khunjerab (4710masl)

RTU Sonic Water Level Sensor

Antenna

Temperature Sensor

Data Transmission Box

Sonic Sensor Solar panel

Antenna

Solar panel

Sonic Sensor for River Level

Sonic Sensor Fixing Arrangement Looking Upward

SONIC SENSOR From Top

Inside Data Transmission Box

Fuses Data Logger can store up to 7 days of Data 360 days memory in newer versions 100 Amp hr 12 Volts battery Temperature Sensor

Radio

Data Logger

Battery

Master Station

Capable of Handling 1000 Remote Terminal Units Output Power 500W

Master Collection Station

Transmitter Tx
Frequency modulation Data Rate 40.5 MHz Bi - Phase Shift Keying 4 Kbps

Receiver Rx
Frequency modulation Data Rate Antenna gain Noise Figure 41.5 MHz Bi - Phase Shift Keying 4 Kbps 7dB 4dB

Power Consumption
Antenna gain

500 Watts
7dB
One Antenna For Tx More than one for Rx

Snow & Ice Hydrology Network

20 RTUs

FLOOD TELEMETRY NETWORK

44 RTUs

MBCS - System performance

System Reliability: operating without problems since 1993 System Performance: 95% of data received from 95% stations within an hour. Data Security : No loss of Data Usage: Good for Quasi Real Time data transmission Dependence: System completely owned by WAPDA Power Requirements: Works on minimum power. For Remote Stations One 100 Amp-Hr Battery is good for one year. Maintenance Requirements: Minimum maintenance Flexibility : Master Station can handle 1000 Stations Low cost Operation

Meteor Burst
Being used elsewhere

Nile Basin Study and Management

o300 Remote Terminal Units o20 Sub Masters oManaging the Aswan High Dam

Nile Delta

An Irrigation canal - Nile

SNOpack Telemetry Network (SNOTEL) , USA

600 Remote Terminal Units 2 Masters 13 states USA

Weather Map - SNOTEL

Future Mars Surface Communication System

Proposed for usage in future communication on mars

Railroad Signals

Point to point communication along tracks in USA The transmission rate is of the order of milliseconds

Satellite Communication (VSAT)

Indus Basin Irrigation System telemetry Network

VSAT

A Very Small Aperture Terminal (VSAT), is a two-way satellite ground station. A stabilized maritime VSAT antenna with a dish antenna that is smaller than 3 meters. The majority of VSAT antennas range from 75 cm to 1.2 m. Data rates typically range from 56 Kbit/s up to 4 Mbit/s.

VSAT

VSATs access satellites in geosynchronous orbit to relay data from small remote earth stations (terminals) to other terminals (in mesh configurations) or master earth stations "hubs" VSATs are most commonly used to transmit narrowband data (point of sale transactions such as credit card, or SCADA), or broadband data (for the provision of Satellite Internet access to remote locations). VSATs are also used for transportable, on-themove or mobile maritime communications.

Indus Basin Irrigation System Telemetry Network Installed in 2003 To verify water distribution among the provinces.

Indus Basin Irrigation System Telemetry Network

23 Data acquisition sites. 8 Monitoring sites Sensors:

a.

Water level sensors

(ultrasonic type)
b.

Gate position sensors

(pulse type)

Satellite Communication (VSAT)

Gate Position Sensor

Attached to the barrage gate lifting shafts Counts shaft revolutions Determines the opening of barrage gates

Observation well

By the side of Barrages For the measurement of water level Ultrasonic sensors installed

Data Acquisition Unit (DAU)

Collection point for Data from Gate opening sensors Relays data to the Main Unit

Link To Satellite - Main Unit

Telemetry Project for Indus Basin Irrigation System

Telemetry Project for Indus Basin Irrigation System

WATER DISCHARGE MEASUREMENT

REMOTE SITES The project includes installation of monitoring system at 23 remote site, these remote sites includes 17 barrages which are built over tributaries of Indus basin irrigation system and their respective canal headworks, 02 water reservoirs (Tarbela and Mangla dams) and 04 canals.

WATER DISCHARGE MEASUREMENT

MONITORING SITES Data such as Water discharge, level and gate positions and voice communication from 23 remote sites is made available to the following monitoring sites via VSAT link. IRSA Headquarters CE WAPDA CE Advisor SI Punjab SI SINDH SI N.W.F.P SI Baluchistan CE D.M. Jamali

High Freq. Voice Communication

HF Radio

What Does HF Mean?

HF stands for HIGH FREQUENCY These are the frequencies from 1.8* to 30 MHz or the 160 meter to 10 meter bands.

HF is also known as shortwave.

*160m is actually a Mid Frequency (MF) band but it is included in
the Amateur HF bands for ease of discussion.

How is HF different than FM repeaters?

Allows communication beyond line of sight. Contacts are generally a couple of hundred miles to over several thousand miles. Propagation is strongly effected by solar activity. Several communication modes are available to use. SSB, CW, RTTY, SSTV, Digital, AM

Flood Data Voice Network

HF Radio

Transmission Tower

Frequency Bands
Channels 1 2 3 Frequency: kHz 9414 7968 6500

4 5
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

5600 5300
5219 5205 5155 5071 4700 3205 3209.5 6760.5 7962.5

Morning

Channels 15 16

Frequency: kHz 9283.5 3500 Night

HF Radio Set Power Talk

Power Consumption : 150 Watts

Manual Gauge- River Kunhar

Manual Gauge- River Kunhar

Gari Habibullah - River Kunhar

H.F. Radio Comm. Network -FFT

Conclusion. . .

A Glacier Gilgit Baltistan These pictures were taken during field maintenance tours

The Karakorums near Ataabad

Field Maintenance Crew Snow & Ice Hydrology Project (WAPDA) Crossing the Ataabad Lake

Taking manual water level measurements - to configure sensors

Taking manual water level measurements - to configure sensors

Thank You

Exploring new horizons Crossing the Atabad Lake. .