2011 International Conference on Electronic & Mechanical Engineering and Information Technology

PWM Speed Control System of DC motor Based on AT89S51

Zhijun Liu
School of Electrical and Information Engineering Liaoning Institute of Science and Technology Benxi, China Izj73@126.com

Lianzhi Jiang
School of Electrical and Information Engineering Liaoning Institute of Science and Technology Benxi, China bxjlz1963@163.com

Abstract-This paper presents a new approach of DC motor PWM speed control, using microcomputer as controller, after discussing conventional cascade speed control. It introduces the principle of DC motor PWM speed control and the details of the realization of the approach base on AT89S51 single-chip microcomputer. Different duty cycle quadrate waves are produced by the PI of AT89S51. Different speed grades and the direction are depended on different buttons. Experiments have proved that this system is of higher performance. Keywords-AT89S51; DC motor; PWM

Where: U a is the armature terminal voltage; la is armature current; R a is equivalent resistance of armature circuit; is each level of magnetic flux. There are so many ways to speed. For instance, armature voltage control method can be used and excitation control method, but excitation control method by the magnetic saturation in the low speed limit, at high speed by changing the restrictions to the spark and the commentator, the larger field coil inductance will affect the dynamic response, therefore armature voltage control method is often currently used. Armature voltage can be adjusted series resistance of the armature loop method, but this is inefficient, and has been replaced by the chopper, which consists of the AC power supply, AC adapter with DC rectifier circuit and then the PWM chopper the chopper. Chopper motor loss not only is small, but also gives fast dynamic response, so it is widely used. III. PWM SR PRINCIPLE AND CIRCUIT

I.

INTRODUCTION

In recent years, with scientific and technological progress and social development, the electronic technology is developing rapidly, to achieve the portability and low cost and energy efficient, and the noise limit, a DC motor is used widely, so, the study of DC motor speed adjustablel'<' is more practical significance. The traditional method of control speed was that the resistance is strung in the rotor circuit or adjust the voltage of electrical machinery circuit , the two methods is easy, but they exist some shortcomings: The smooth character is bad and the characteristic is soft in low speed ,The motor speed will be changed larger when the load is changed; The motor speed is very hard to get a low when the load is light ;The larger the I resistance are, the greater its losses are, the Efficiency reduce noticeably. Therefore, a new kind of speed control method is called PWM(pulse width modulation) speed regulating system[3] has been widely used in the motor control speed. It is being applied to every field and has been product-Frequency Converter. With the wide use of PWM technological, the power energy can make full use of and the circuit efficient is very high. This paper utilizes the timing of the microcontroller timer function, outputs analog PWM signal at the P1.0 pin, to adjust the duty cycle according to the number of different pulse high, thus to achieve the governor's role. II. DC MOTOR SPEED CONTROL PRINCIPLE

Bridge choppert' shown in Figure 1, the equivalent circuit, allows both positive and negative direction of the motor in the SR, transistors V~, VT4 turn on, off and the motor turns forward. Similarly,

VT2 , VT3 cut VT2 , VT3 turn

off the motor rolls back. Suppose turning off V~ , VT4 after it has turned on ~ seconds and then a period of dead zone, when

VT2 , VT3 turn on for T2 seconds, cut off it

immediately. So repeatedly, at both ends of the armature voltage.

Expression for DC motor speed (r / min)

n==-----

Ua-laRa

Ce

(1)
Figure 1. Bridge chopper circuit

978-1-61284-088-8/11/$26.00 2011 IEEE

1301

12-14 August, 2011

Waveform is shown in Figure 2.

Va

forward, key 4 the fastest .There are 4 levels, while touching the No. 5,6,7,8 button, the motor turns back. Therefore the duty cycle a ranges from 1/ 8 to 8 / 8 .

V"!
lOOk

t
A
PI.l

P12

Figure 2. the armature voltage waveform

U
a

= T[U d

TZUd

T[ - (T - T[)U d
Figure 3. Single-chip microcomputer control speed principle

T T T (2) 2T -T == 1 U d == (2a -l)Ud T For a is the duty cycle 0 < a < 1 so - U d < U a < +U a : change the size of U a by changing the size of a . When 0 < a < 0.5 ,the motor turns back. When a == 0, the motor has the maximum speed of reversal; when 0.5 < a < 1, the motor turns forward, as a == 1, it
moves in the maximum speed. IV.
THE SINGLE CHIP MICROCOMPUTER CONTROL DC MOTOR CONTROL METHOD

Assuming a pulse is 30ms, a square wave pulse of 8 cycles is period of 240ms. Setting the frequency of AT89S51 is 11.0952MHZ, when the pl.0 pin outputs a high level in a period, the duty cycle is a == 1/8 , the motor reverses in high speed. When a == 0.5 , the motor stops running. When a == 5 / 8 , the motor runs at low speed. When a == 1, the motor runs forward at full speed. As is shown in Figure 4.

SR ~art of the circuit controlled by AT89S51 MCV shown!" ] in Figure 3, S is the motor start switch, output waveforms of different duty cycle with the P1.0 pin, make 3 x 3 ranks of the keyboard with P 1.2 P 1.7, which key 0 is the motor stop button, regulate speed in 8 grades, which 1 4 are the motor forward speed, 5 to 8 are for the motor speed reversal. P 1.1 , the smooth speed, rated speed can be set in the host computer; when the S key is broken, Pl.0 is high, the opt coupler turns on, VI; base is extremely low,
r--.J r--.J

==-

Figure 4. the number of different high pulse

VTs close,

V~, VT4 , VT6 turn,

VT2 , VT3 , VT7 stop, +5 V

power supply forms a pathway through the motor at both ends having the positive voltage, the motor is transferred. Conversely, when P1.0 is low, the opt coupler turns off, VI; base IS extremely high, VTs conducts, thus

B. Pl. 0 pin realization ofthe output waveform There are two timer/counters TO and Tl inside AT89S51, in whichTO is set to work 1, counted every 16 bit. At this moment, the mode value of TO is 65536, the system of the time period T is 1 f.1S , then the initial value[8-1O] TO is:

VT2 , VT3 , VT7 lead pass,

A.

V~, VT4

,VT6 cut off, reverse

TO = 65536 _!...- = 65536 _ 30ms T If.1S == 35536 == 8ADOH

Therefore THO = 8AH; TLO = ODOH TO timer is initialized as following: MOV TMOD, # 01H MOV THO, # 8AH MOV TLO, # ODOH Setb TRO Setb ETO Setb EA

(3)

voltage across the motor and the motor moves back.

Pl.O pin output waveform AT89S51 outputs different duty cycle square wave with Pl.0 pin, and makes the ranks of3 x 3 keyboard with Pl.2 P1.7, shown in Figure 3. When pressing the keys 1,2,3,4, the motor is transferred, transfer speed of key 1 is the slowest
r--.J

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C.

Flowchart DC motor speed control flow chart shown in Figure 5:

Interrupt service procedure

Conclusions

The paper takes advantage of AT89S51as the processor DC motor PWM speed control system to improve the control precision. It is proved to be operated so simple that the system can be applied in small motor control system.
REFERENCES [1] [2] [3] Zhu zhutong. the changed frequency Technique of Communicate speed control, beijing: metallurgy industry press. 1993. Chen boashi. Establishment of Electricity Pull Automation Control System, 3rd.Beijing:Machine Press,2003. Ding jie,Wang kecheng. A New Type Speed Regulator for a PWM Speed Regulating System, Journal of Anshan Institute of Science And Technology,2003,2:8-11 Wang jianpu. "The Research of Bridge Chopper Circuit Base on single-chip Microcomputer", Technology ofMotor,2009,4: 19-21. Song jian, Jiang junsheng, Zhao wenliang. "The DC-motor PWM Speed Regularsystem Base on single-chip Microcomputer". Study on Agricultural Mechanization,2006, 1(1):102-103. Liang yibo, Wang zhengmao, He tao. "The Principle And Mathematical Model of All Digtal DC Motor Regular Speed". The middle or small power motors,2001,28(6).: 17-20 Chen guangxian. "A Design PWM Speed Controller of DC Motor Using Single-chip Microcontroller".Journal of Zhanjiang Normal College,2008,6: 123-125 WILLIMASON S, FERREIRA A C,WALLACE A k, "Generalised theory of the brushless doubly-fed machine par lanalis".IEE Pro Elector Power Appl.I997,144(2): 111-222

main

Cycle R7=8Key number

[4] [5]

[6]

y
Outpt 8R7Low level

[7]

[8]

[9]

Stop?

Zhou D,SPEE R,ALEXANDER A C. "Experimental evaluation of a rotor flux Oriented control algorithm for brushless double-fed machine".IEEE Trans Power Electron ,1997,12(1):72-78 [10] XU L,LIANG F,LIPO T A. Transient model of a doubleg reluctance motor[J].IEEE Trans Energy Conver,1991,6(1): 126-133

Figure 5. Flow chart shown

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