Department of Mechanical Engg. SET, SHARDA UNIVERSITY Course Name: Mechanical Engg.

Design Class: III (C) Lecture No. 7 Theories of failure When a machine element is subjected to a system of complex stress system, it is important to predict the mode of failure so that the design methodology may be based on a particular failure criterion. Theories of failure are essentially a set of failure criteria developed for the ease of design. In machine design an element is said to have failed if it ceases to perform its function. There are basically two types of mechanical failure: Yielding- This is due to excessive inelastic deformation rendering the machine part unsuitable to perform its function. This mostly occurs in ductile materials. Fracture- in this case the component tears apart in two or more parts. This mostly occurs in brittle materials. There are following types of theories of failure: Maximum principal stress theory (Rankines theory) Maximum shear stress theory (Tresca or guests theory) Maximum principal strain theory (saint venant theory) Maximum strain energy theory (Haighs theory) Maximum distortion energy theory (Henky or von Mises theory) Maximum principal stress theory (Rankines theory) Failure or yielding occurs in member when the maximum principal or normal stress in biaxial stress system reaches the limiting strength of material in simple tension test. = u/fs Used for brittle material.

Maximum shear stress theory (Tresca or guests theory) Failure or yielding occurs in member when the maximum shear stress in bi-axial stress system reaches equal to the shear stress at yield point in simple tension test. max =yt /fs Since yt = yt, therefore max =yt /2*fs Used for ductile material. Maximum Principal Strain Theory (Saint Venants Theory) According to this theory, the failure or yielding occurs at a point in a member when the maximum principal (or normal) strain in a bi-axial stress system reaches the limiting value of strain (i.e. strain at yield point) as determined from a simple tensile test. The maximum principal (or normal) strain in a bi-axial stress system is given by

Maximum strain energy theory Failure or yielding occurs in member when strain energy per unit volume in bi-axial stress system reaches the limiting strain energy(at yield point ) in simple tension test. 12+ 22 212 = (yt/fs)2 May be used for ductile material Maximum distortion energy theory or Von Mises Failure or yielding occurs in member when distortion strain energy(shear strain energy) per unit volume in bi-axial stress system reaches the limiting distortion energy(at yield point) in simple tension test. 12+ 22 212 = (yt/fs)2

Mostly used for ductile material