- Contemporary polarographic devices

Contemporary polarographic methods and applications are widely acknowledged and used worldwide in a wide range of
applications. It is recognized as modern, rapid, reproducible, unambiguous, and sensitive method of chemical analysis
with generally acceptable results. EXAMETER polarographic devices utilize generally acknowledged electroanalytical
method originally discovered by Prof. Jaroslav Heyrovský - the Nobel Prize laureate 1959.

At a fragment of initial and running costs usual for AAS or IC, the contemporaory polarography offers in many
application areas comparable sensitivity, higher portability and flexibility. Advanced voltammetric / polarographic
methods of analysis are generally suitable for waters, aqueous and other solutions and various materials, determination
of active anions, numerous organic compounds, for dealing with an extremely wide range of concentrations - high
concentrations as well as with trace amounts of analyzed species down to 10-10 - 10-11 mol.l-1.

Currently you can benefit from several hardware and software versions incl. portable USB model. All models can be
flexibly upgraded or otherwise adapted to your specific needs. Custom made applications upon request can be
developed.

Voltammetry and polarography:

♦ Is ideal for trace analysis of metals as well as for analysis of metals in an extremely wide
range of concentrations
♦ Is suitable for determination of active anions
♦ Is suitable for determination of numerous organic compounds
♦ Performs fast analysis within tens of seconds
♦ Enables multiple analysis during one measurement
♦ Considerably lower initial cost compared to e.g. Ion Chromatography or AAS
♦ Low operating costs, cheap consumables
♦ Can be utilized not only in well equipped laboratories but also in common labs, workstations
and industrial conditions
♦ Polarograph is easily portable device
♦ Easy to understand, simple software
♦ Gives accurate and reliable results

The results obtained by contemporary polarographic devices EXAMETER are in many cases identical and totally
comparable with those obtained by AAS and IC.

EXAMETER systems can be utilized not only in well equipped laboratories but also in common labs, workstations under
industrial conditions or mobile conditions. Ambient conditions have practically NO influence on principial use of
described measurements. EXAMETER polarographic systems are small, lightweight and easily portable. Low energy
consumption makes them easier to operate in mobile conditions.

The detection limits (i.e. the lowest concentrations that can be determined) of the contemporary voltammetric methods
are e.g. for metals of the order 10−10 to 10−11 mol.l-1 (with the determination span 10−3 to 10−11 mol.l−1); for classical
polarography they were around 10−5 mol.l−1. General examples of some detection limits of stripping voltammetry:

Al 3 ppb Ni 0.01 ppb Co 0.01 ppb NO3¯ 0.05 ppm

Ag 1 ppb Pb 0.05 ppb Ti 0.05 ppb NO2¯ 0.01 ppm
+
Cd 0.05 ppb Mo 0.05 ppb As 0.1 ppb NH4 60 ppb
Cr 0.01 ppb Pd 0.01 ppb Mn 0.5 ppb Cl ¯ 1 ppb
3
Cu 0.05 ppb Se 1 ppb Fe 0.03 ppm PO4 ¯ 2 ppm
2
Hg 0.03 ppb Zn 0.05 ppb Be 0.1 ppb SO4 ¯ 20 ppb
2
Cr (VI) 0.01 ppb As (III) 0.1 ppb S¯ 0.01 ppm Fe (III) 0.03 ppm

EXAMETER VA systems can determine about 2/3 of elements of the periodic system.
Total number of applications which were described, tested and prepared for use exceeds several thousands!

1
Application areas of advanced voltammetric techniques – examples of described applications:
Water and Water treatment
• Determination of about 2/3 of all the elements of the periodic system as Pb, Zn, Cd, Al, Cr, Fe, Cu, Ni, V, Co,
Se, Te, Mo, Tl, Sn, Be, U, S, actinide elements, halogens Au, Ag, Pt, metals Hg, etc.
− − − − − 2− 2− − − 3−
• Determination of anions NO3 , NO2 , Cl , Br , J , S , SO4 , CN , SCN , PO4 , etc.
• Determination of organic compounds as herbicides, pesticides, insecticides, nitrocompounds, (solvents, paints,
etc.), azocompounds (dyestuffs), aldehydes, pohosphates, sugars, and many other
• Determination of dissolved oxygen
• Water quality control in Water treatment plants, Sewage treatment plants, etc.
• Analysis of aqueous solutions
• Analysis of drinking water, waste water, rain, sea and river water, underground water, industrial water, etc.
Ecology and Ecoanalysis
• Analysis of natural waters and various samples after their dissolution
• Estimation of ecological changes due to various types of ecologically significant factors, events, activities, etc.
• Powerstation ashes, atmosphere, dusts and fallouts
• Refuse dumps
• Waste and sewage waters and it´s sediments and leakages
Decontamination technologies
• Analysis of various types of samples
• Recognition, monitoring of technological processes
• Analysis of input and output parameters
Agriculture, Alimentation and Food control
• Varous organic compounds
• Vitamine C, Vitamines B1, B2, B6, B9 and other
• Nicotinamides
• Cystine and Cysteine
• Cyanide
• Pesticides and Aldehydes
Biochemistry
• Biochemical and biotechnological products of body fluids like blood, urine, saliva, sweat, etc.
• Plant and animal tissues
Hygiene, Medicine and Pharmacology
• Analysis of waters and various samples, products and extracts
• Biological fluids
• Body fluids
• Drugs
• Noxious species
• Metabolites, etc.
Geology, Metallurgy and Mining industry
• Analysis of ores
• Analysis of geological samples, minerals and raw materials
• Geological recognition
• Production of metals, elements or compounds
• Additives in electroplating baths, formaldehydes, etc.
• Technological control of production intermediates and final products
• Recultivation of mining areas, industrial areas, soils, etc.
Engineering and Oil industry
• Determination of metals in oils, crude oils, motor oils and lubricants
• Characterization of oils or crude oils on the basis of determination of present metals
• Diagnostics of friction systems, motors and moving mechanisms based on the determination of metals in oils,
motor oils and lubricants – determination of mechanical problems without engine disassembly, estimation of life
expectancy of engines, lubricant replacement planning, repair planning, etc.
Construction and Building industry
• Analysis of various building materials
• Quality control of content of chlorides, e.g. determination of chlorides in cement sand, water and other input
building materials and components
• Estimation of corrosion stability of reinforced concrete (ferro - concrete) and other building materials or
constructions with respect to their quality lifetime and strength
EXAMETER polarographs are relatively cheap, though highly sensitive in various fields of chemical analysis, giving
accurate and reliable results.