Chapter 10 - The Q Manual REFERENCING

One of the more technical aspects of assignment writing at university relates to referencing. As there are numerous acceptable systems of referencing, you will need to consult the unit outline for each unit in order to ascertain which style is preferred by your tutor or unit co-ordinator. If the unit outline does not provide this information, simply ask your tutor or consult the Q Manual. Once the style has been determined, it is important that all conventions pertaining to that style are consistently adopted. The key considerations are, therefore, attention to detail and consistency. This chapter examines the nature and benefits of referencing and provides examples of two referencing systems, including the author-date (commonly referred to as the Harvard method of citation) and documentary-note (or footnote/endnote) method of citation. 10.1 What is referencing? Referencing or citing refers to the acknowledgement of various sources of information you have used in preparing your written assignments. It means acknowledging the authority of an author or proof or evidence in support of your argument. The works to which you have referred should be acknowledged in two places - "in-text" and "end-text". In-text referencing means that you place a citation directly after you have used the information. This could be at the beginning of a sentence, the end of a paragraph or the end of a sentence, or after a direct quotation. On the other hand, the end-text referencing refers to a reference list or bibliography, which is a complete list of all the sources you have used in the preparation of your assignment and is always placed at the end of an assignment. End-text referencing should provide complete information concerning each source, including the names of the authors, year of publication, title of the text or journal, edition, page and volume numbers, the name of the publisher and place of publication. 10.2 When should you reference? When you: Quote the author's exact words Copy the author's tables, figures and/or diagrams Paraphrase an author's ideas using your own words Summarise the author's ideas 10.3 Why should you reference your work? There are numerous benefits of referencing. Referencing appropriately: Avoids plagiarism and the subsequent failing of the assessment and/or unit Lends credibility to your view in that citing other works substantiates your own line of argument Gives recognition to authors/sources whose arguments/empirical research you have used Allows the reader of your assignment to locate the articles, texts and electronic sources you have used in your writing Demonstrates to the reader the breadth of your research, that is, the range of sources you have used Demonstrates how up-to-date your research is Demonstrates the depth of the research ie how effectively you have utilised the extant literature in a particular field or discipline 10.4 Referencing systems There are a number of different referencing styles which can be adopted for academic writing. The two most common are: Author-date systems such as the Harvard or APA (American Psychological Association) systems Numeric styles such as the Vancouver, footnote or endnote systems, often referred to as the "documentary-note" system. 10.4.1 Author-Date System Although very popular, there appears to be no one universally accepted author-date system. For example, there are several versions of the "Harvard" system, which can create confusion for students. Nevertheless, all authordate systems have one thing in common - the name/s of the author/s and the year of publication are listed first. Hence the name, "author-date" system. 10.4.2 Author-date System for in-text citations As mentioned previously, the term "in-text" means that you cite an author or source within the text of your assignment, at a point where his or her point/argument appears. Every fact or idea which you have used to establish your own line of argument must be accurately and consistently cited. Generally, the in-text reference should show: the last name/s of the author (or authors) the year of publication page number (if it is a direct quotation, statistics, a table or diagram The following examples illustrate generally how in-text citations can be used in assignments.

Deegan (2002) suggests there are numerous methods which may be adopted. OR Few authors have approached the topic in this way (Deegan, 2002). If you have cited the arguments/ideas of more than one author, the in-text citation would show: Consideration of expatriate adjustment is becoming increasingly important (Mahoney & Trigg, 2001; Stone, 2002). OR Mahoney & Trigg (2001) and Stone (2002) consider the social adjustment of expatriate employees to be an increasingly significant issue. 10.4.3 Author-date reference list A reference list is a list of all the sources you have used in the body of your assignment. It is arranged alphabetically according to the authors' last names and is placed at the end of the assignment. Although the author/s and date are invariably listed first, in some author-date systems there will variation in terms of the use of brackets, the use of full-stops, commas and colons, the abbreviation of "pp." for pages and the positioning of the place of publication. The following table provides examples of what the Faculty of Business and Economics recommends you include in a reference list. Remember to provide an alphabetic list of the authors and do not group references by type of publication. The reference list or end-text references for texts should include the following: Author/s names and initials Book title (in full) Edition or volume number if it is not the first edition Name of publisher Place of publication For example:

Please note the following: the title should be the one which appears on the title page of the book, rather than the front cover, as these may differ the title of the book is italicised there is minimal capitalisation of the title any edition other than a first edition is noted after the title of the work the publisher's place of publication is usually the site of their main editorial office. If more than one place is shown, cite only the first-listed place. The reference list or end-text references for journal articles should include the following: Author/authors Title of article Title of journal Issue details Volume details Page numbers of article

For example:

Please note the following: Minimal capitalisation is suggested for the titles of articles Double quotation marks should be used for the title of an article Italics and maximum capitalisation is recommended for the title of the journal The volume number, issue number and page reference should follow the journal title 10.5 Example of an author-date reference list Reference list The Age, (2004) "Commission rejects plan to test Tax Office staff", 7 January, News p. 3. Burns, A. (1999), Collaborative Action research for English Language teachers, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Clegg, S.R., Hardy, C. & Nord, W.R. (eds.) (1996), Handbook of Organization Studies, Sage Publications, London. Coghlan, D. (2002a), "Facilitating learning and change", Organization Development Journal, Vol. 20, No. 2. Coghlan, D. (2002b), "Putting 'research' back into OD and action research", Organization Development Journal, Vol. 20, No. 1. Department of Industry, Science and Technology (2004), Australian business innovation: a strategic analysis, Australian Government Printing Service, Canberra. dependent variables," Organization Development Journal, Vol. 20, No. 2. Eichenwald, K. (2004), 'Ex-Enron figure reported near a plea of guilty', New York Times, 8 January, viewed 20 Sept. 2004, <http:www.nytimes.com/2004/01/08business08ENROhtml?hp>. Hopkins, P. (2004), "Parmalat cooked the books worldwide: police", The Age, 7 January, Business, p. 2. Krimmerman, L. (2001), "Participatory action research: Should social inquiry be conducted democratically?", Philosophy of Social Sciences, Vol. 31, No. 1. Luthans, F. (2002), Organizational Behavior, 9 th edn, McGraw-Hill Irwin, Boston. Newman, H.L. & Fitzgerald, S.P. (2001), "Appreciative inquiry with an executive team: Moving along the action research continuum", Organization Development Journal, Vol. 19, No. 9. Sanchez-Runde, C., Massini, S. & Quintanilla, J. (2003), 'People management dualities', in Innovative forms of organizing, eds. A.M. Pettigrew, R. Whittington, L. Melin, C. Sanchez-Runde, F.A.J van den Bosch, W. Ruigrok & T. Numagami, Sage Publications, London. Shell revised 2004, viewed 9 Nov. 2004, <http:www.shell.com>. Waddell, D.M., Cummings, T.G. & Worley, C.G. (2004), Organisation Development and Change, Pacific Rim 2 nd edn, Nelson Thomson Learning, South Melbourne. "What are we going to do about taxation anyway?" (2003), (television program), Corporate World Series, SBS Television, Melbourne, 24 May. Warne, S. & Simon, A. (2003), "The difficulties of defining, measuring and leading organisational innovation", in Proceedings of theSixth International Research Conference on Quality, Innovation and Knowledge Management, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, pp. 44-48. Zhang, M.M. & Yu, T.T. (2002), "Analysis of demand for electronic stock trading: a statistical approach", Journal of Accounting and Finance Research, Vol. 10, No. 4, pp. 49-59, viewed 7 Jan. 2004, available from Proquest.

10.6 Examples of in-text and end-text citations using the author-date system AUTHOR-DATE SYSTEM Use of page numbers If you refer to a direct quotation, table, figure, etc or the passage is long, it is appropriate to include page numbers in the intext citation. In-text: Stone (2002, p. 29) favours a "pluralistic approach comprising a number of factors, including..."

Reference list: Two or three authors In-text references generally comprise the author/s' last name and year of publication. In-text:

Rob Stone, R. (2002), Human resource management, John Wiley & Sons, Milton, Qld. Mahoney & Trigg (2001) have examined a number of issues in relation to...

Reference list:

Mahoney, D. & Trigg, M. (2001), International business: a managerial perspective, 2 nd edn, Pearson Education, Sydney. diffe Resentment-based resistance can be differentiated on the premise that perceptions of organisational fairness provide grounds for resistant behaviour (Folger & Starlicki, 1999). Folger, R. & Starlicki, D.P. (1999), "Unfairness and resistance to change: hardship as mistreatment", Journal of Organizational Change Management, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 35-50. A boundaryless organization is one "whose design is not defined, or limited to, the horizontal, vertical or external boundaries imposed by a predefined structure" (Robbins, Bergman, Stagg & Coulter, 2003, p. 292). OR OR A A boundaryless organisation is one "whose design is not defined, or limited to, the horizontal, vertical or external boundaries imposed by a predefined structure" (Robbins et al. 2003, p. 292). Rob Robbins, S.P., Bergman, R., Stagg, I. & Coulter, M. (2003), Management, 3 rd edn, Prentice Hall, Sydney. Despite the prevalence of phased transitional models supporting organisational change (Lewin, 1951 cited in Agocs, 1997; Scott & Jaffe, 1991 cited in Bovey & Hede, 2001b), many companies undervalue the role of process and people. Agocs, C. (1997), "Institutionalized resistance to organizational change: denial, inaction and repression", Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 16, No. 9, pp. 917-931. Current levels of competition demand that firms consider new ways of organising (Sanchez-Runde, Massini & Quintanilla, 2003).

Two or three authors - journal article

In-text:

Reference list:

More than three authors Although it is preferable to acknowledge all authors the first time the work is referred to, it is also acceptable to use the abbreviation "et al" meaning "and the following". In any case, all authors must be cited in the reference list.

In-text:

Reference list:

One author citing another

In-text:

Reference list:

Chapter in an edited book Two entries are required - the author of the chapter as well as the editors of the book.

In-text:

If the work has been edited but the author's role is of major importance, list the work under the author's name and acknowledge the role of the editor. In this example, the abbreviation is shown as "eds" for the plural but "ed." Would apply for one editor.

Reference list:

Sanchez-Runde, C., Massini, S. & Quintanilla, J. (2003), "People management dualities", in Innovative forms of organizing, eds. A. M. Pettigrew, R. Whittington, L. Melin, C. Sanchez-Runde, F.A.J. van den Bosch, W. Ruigrok & T. Numagami, Sage Publications, London.

Multiple works by the same In-text: author in same year When you refer to more than one work by the same author, list the publication years in chronological. If the works were published in the same year, use lower-case letters of the alphabet. Reference list:

Identification of this process has been explored through a number of theories (Lewin, 1951 cited in Agocs, 1997; Bovey & Hede 2001a; Scott & Jaffe, 1991 cited in Bovey & Hede 2001b), all of which recognise the need for breaking with the past, transitioning through a period of uncertainty and identifying with the new.

Bovey, W.H. & Hede, A. (2001a), "Resistance to organisational change: the role of defence mechanisms", Journal of Managerial Psychology, Vol. 16, No. 8, pp. 534-548. Bovey, W.H. & Hede, A. (2001b), "Resistance to organizational change: the role of cognitive and affective processes", Leadership & Organization Development Journal, Vol. 22, No. 8, pp. 372-382. The role of government in developing innovation in the community is increasing in importance (Department of Industry, Science and Technology 2004).

Author unknown but there is a sponsoring organisation Occasionally there may not be an identifiable author for, say, a report or an article. In this instance, use the name of the sponsoring organisation in the citation.

In-text:

Reference list:

Department of Industry, Science and Technology (2004), Australian business innovation: a strategic analysis, Australian Government Printing Service, Canberra. Italian magistrates were in the process of unravelling Parmalat's global units when...(Hopkins, 2004, p. 2) Hopkins, P. (2004), "Parmalat cooked the books worldwide: police", The Age, 7 January, 2004, Business, p. 2. The Tax Office has asked 1000 of its staff to undergo controversial aptitude and psychological tests (The Age, 7 January, 2004, p. 3) The Age, "Commission rejects plan to test Tax Office staff", 7 January, 2004, News p. 3. Some doubt was cast on the probity of the producers ("What are we going to do about taxation anyway?", 2003, television program, SBS Television, Melbourne, 24 May).

Newspaper article - specified author

In-text: Reference list:

Newspaper article unspecified author

In-text:

Reference list: Audio-visual material including films, videos, TV and radio programs These should be listed by title in the reference list. In-text:

Reference list:

"What are we going to do about taxation anyway?" (2003), (television program), Corporate World Series, SBS Television, Melbourne, 24 May. Hull & Read (2003, p. 29) suggest that "in the main, employees want an organisational environment where there is mutual respect."

Unpublished works When citing an unpublished thesis, manuscript or paper, present the title of the document followed by the type of document. Note that the title of the working paper is not italicised. Nor is the place of publication stated as it is inferred.

In-text:

Reference list:

Hull, D. & Read, V. (2003), "Simply the best workplaces in Australia", working paper, ACIRRT, University of Sydney. There were a number of limitations to the study (B. Cooper, [ Monash University] (2004, pers. comm., 31 January).

Personal communication In-text: If you have obtained information directly from an individual or organisation through an interview, phone conversation, meeting or correspondence, this should be acknowledged in an in-text reference. Note that if you acknowledge the organisation, this should be included in square brackets within the citation. This type of source is not referred to agai n in the reference list. Reference list: Conference paper In-text: Reference list:

Not applicable There appears to be no universally accepted definition of innovation (Warne & Simon, 2003). Warne, S. & Simon, A. (2003), "The difficulties of defining, measuring and leading organisational innovation", in Proceedings of theSixth International Research Conference on Quality, Innovation and Knowledge Management, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, pp. 44-48. Attracting appropriate defence personnel has been an issue in the past, however, staff retention is proving to be an even more difficult task (Department of Defence, 2002). Department of Defence (2002), Defence review 2000: our future defence force, public discussion paper prepared for the Commonwealth Government, Department of Defence, Canberra. Consideration of this point was made in the early 1990s (House of Representatives Standing Committee on Legal & Constitutional Affairs, 1992). House of Representatives Standing Committee on Legal & Constitutional Affairs (1992), Half Way to Equal: Report of the Inquiry into Equal Opportunity and Equal Status for Women in Australi a , Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra.

Government publications

In-text:

Reference list:

Parliamentary report

In-text:

Reference list:

Thesis

In-text:

Mana Managers may find it useful to consider resistance as a positive aspect of change implementation (Waddell, 1995). Waddell, D. (1995), Using resistance positively to implement new manufacturing methods in industry, PhD thesis, Monash University.

Reference list:

10.7 Author-date system for online/electronic sources If you are using one of the library's databases and you download a journal article as a PDF file, you do not have to show a URL because you have an exact copy of the article. In that case, simply cite using the method shown above. If you download a text-only version of the article, you would have to show the URL. Citing online/electronic sources follows many of the conventions already outlined above. Follow the same order for citing online sources in-text as you do for citing printed sources (eg last name of author or sponsoring organization, and then the year of publication). Details in the reference list may include some or all of the following depending on the nature of the publication: Author/s, editors, or the organisation responsible for the source Date of publication Title (If the title is abbreviated or not available, use the URL) Place of publication Publisher Type of medium (this will vary) Date of revision Date accessed/viewed (You need to specify the date on which you accessed the site since web sites can frequently change. If the web site includes both a date of creation and a revised date, use only the date it was revised.) URL 10.8 Examples of in-text and end-text citations using the author-date system AUTHOR-DATE SYSTEM - ELECTRONIC SOURCES Journal article In-text: from database PDF version A PDF version of a journal article should be considered in the same way as the hardcopy version. Reference list: Journal article from database full-text version The online version of this article is a text version. Jounal article from the internet - no specified author In-text: Zhang & Yu (2002) argue that it is essential to understand the factors influencing consumer demand for e-trading services.

Zhang, M.M. & Yu, T.T. (2002), "Analysis of demand for electronic stock trading: a statistical approach", Journal of Accounting and Finance Research, Vol. 10, No. 4, pp. 49-59. Zhang & Yu (2002) argue that it is essential to understand the factors influencing consumer demand for e-trading services. Zhang, M.M. & Yu, T.T. (2002), 'Analysis of demand for electronic stock trading: a statistical approach', Journal of Accounting and Finance Research, Vol. 10, No. 4, pp. 49-59, viewed 7 Jan. 2004, available from Proquest. Some of the negative consequences of poorly handled change management can include valued staff leaving the organisation, delays in important projects and a decline in productivity ("Overview of change management", 2003). Bak B BPR online Learning Centre (2003), "Overview of change management", viewed 16 Feb. 2004, < http://www.prosci.com/Change_managementOverview.htm>.

Reference list:

In-text:

Reference list:

Article from the internet - author specified

In-text:

Brand asset management enables companies to maximise the long-term value of their brands from two important perspectives ( Davis, 2001). Davis, S. (2001), "Principles of brand asset management", AMA Newsletter, Vol. 1, No. 46, (2001), American Marketing Association, viewed 26 Nov. 2003, < http://www.marketing power.com>. Empirical research conducted by Luca and Gray (2003) suggests that the contribution of knowledge workers to organisational performance is yet to be determined. Luca E. & Gray J. (2003), "Are Australian knowledge workers prepared to go the 'extra mile'? OCB in an Australian context", in Proceedings of the 17 th ANZAAM Conference, CD-ROM, Edith Cowan University, WA. Loyalty programs are still popular amongst corporate travellers (American Express Corporate Travel Newsletter, 2003). American Express Corporate Travel Newsletter, "Airline news", (2003), viewed 2 July 2005, < http://www.aexp.be/Topics/TravellersTools>. Relationship marketing is by no means a new concept (Christopher, Payne & Ballantyne 2002). Christopher, M., Payne, A. & Ballantyne D. (2002), Relationship marketing: creating shareholder value, viewed 5 May 2004, Monash eBook collection <http: www.netLibrary.com/ebook>. Eichenwald (2004) suggested that former Enron executives were pressed by prosecutors into providing information implicating others. Eichenwald, K. (2004), "Ex-Enron figure reported near a plea of guilty", New York Times, 8 January, viewed 20 Sept. 2004, <http:www.nytimes.com/2004/01/08business08ENROhtml?hp>. Throughout the early twentieth century, Royal Dutch Shell expanded its operations through acquisitions in Europe, Africa and the Americas (Shell, 2004). Shell revised 2004, viewed 9 Nov. 2004, <http:www.Shell.com>.

Reference list: CD-ROM conference paper In-text:

Reference list: Electronic magazine In-text: Reference list: Online book In-text: Reference list: Online newspaper In-text: Reference list: Web page of an organization In-text:

Reference list:

10.9 Documentary-note System for in-text referencing The documentary-note system is a numeric system which may incorporate either footnotes or endnotes. As with all systems of referencing you will need to consult your unit outline, your tutor or unit co-ordinator to establish which form of numeric system is required. This section of the chapter on referencing covers footnoting. There are three parts to this style: The note identifiers. Numbers are usually placed at the end of a sentence or clause and before all punctuation marks except the full stop at the end of a sentence. Only one number is used at a time even if more than one source is being cited. A single note signifies that all sources will be referred to in the accompanying footnote. The use of superscript numerals is recommended for both footnotes and endnotes. In relation to tables and figures, the notes are placed at the base of the table or figure and not at the bottom of the page. A bibliography or reference list is placed at the end of the assignment. According to the Style Manual (2002), the term "bibliography" refers to a list of sources used for the assignment plus any sources the author considers to be of interest to the reader. For academic purposes it may be more appropriate to use the term "reference list" which means the list of sources an author has cited for a particular assignment or paper, however you will need to consult with your tutor to establish whether a bibliography or a reference list is required. Business Law and Taxation students should consult with their unit co-ordinators and tutors regarding the specific referencing system required for their discipline. The following publications and web sites may also prove helpful:

Fong, C. (1998), Australian Legal Citation A Guide, Prospect, Sydney. Melbourne University Law Review Association Inc., (1999), Australian Guide toLegal Citation, LULRA Inc., Melbourne, (see:http://www.law.unimelb.edu.au/mulr/aglc.htm). Rozenberg, P. (1998), Australian Guide to Uniform Legal Citation, LBC Information Services, Sydney, (a preliminary version of the electronic-materials section is available at: http://www.murdoch.edu.au/elaw/issues/v4n4/rozenb44.html). Stuhmcke, A. (1998), Legal Referencing, Butterworths, Sydney. Australian Guide to Legal Citation can be accessed or purchased at: http://mulr.law.unimelb.edu.au/aglc.asp. The PDF version is 167 pages long, and available at: http://mulr.law.unimelb.edu.au/PDFs/aglc_dl.pdf. 10.10 Examples of in-text, footnoting and end-text citations for the documentary-note system DOCUMENTARY-NOTE SYSTEM One Author, first citation Use superscript numerals for the in-text citation. Subsequent citations Latin terms such as "ibid" (ibidem - in the same place); "op cit." (opera citato - in the work previously cited); loc cit. (loco citato - in the place cited) and "id." (idem - the same) can be used for second and subsequent citations. The year is positioned after the place of publication . Two or three authors The initials of the authors are placed first in the footnote. In-text: This approach takes into consideration several significant factors.3
3

First footnote: Subsequent footnotes:

R. Stone, Human resource management, John Wiley & Sons, Milton, Qld., 2002, pp.54-65. 4 Stone, p. 32. 5 ibid. 6 id.

Bibliography: In-text: Footnote:

Rob Stone, R., Human resource management, John Wiley & Sons, Milton, Qld., 2002. Mahoney and Trigg have examined a number of issues in relation to... 6 D. Mahoney & M. Trigg, International business: a managerial perspective, 2 nd edn, Pearson Education, Sydney, 2001. Mahoney, D. & Trigg, M., International business: a managerial perspective, 2 nd edn, Pearson Education, Sydney, 2001. Folger Folger & Starlicki differentiate resentment-based resistance on the premise that perceptions of organisational fairness provide grounds for resistant behaviour. 4
4 R. Folger & D.P. Starlicki, "Unfairness and resistance to change: hardship as mistreatment", Journal of Organizational Change Management, Vol. 12, No. 1, 1999, pp. 35 - 50. 6

Bibliography:

Two or three authors - journal article

In-text:

Footnote:

The year is positioned before the page numbers.

Bibliography

Folger, R. & Starlicki, D.P., "Unfairness and resistance to change: hardship as mistreatment", Journal of Organizational Change Management, Vol. 12, No. 1, 1999, pp. 35-50. A boundaryless organization is one "whose design is not defined, or limited to, the horizontal, vertical or external boundaries imposed by a predefined structure". 8 OR
8

More than three authors

In-text:

Any edition after the first edition should be cited. Note that a fullstop is not required for this

Footnote:

S.P. Robbins, R. Bergman, I. Stagg, & M. Coulter, Management, 3rd edn, Prentice Hall, Sydney, 2003, p. 292.

abbreviation. Bibliography: One author citing another In-text: Robbins, S.P., Bergman, R., Stagg, I. & Coulter, M., Management, 3 rd edn, Prentice Hall, Sydney, 2003. Despite the prevalence of phased transitional models supporting organisational change many companies undervalue the role of process and people.12 K. Lewin in C. Agocs, "Institutionalized resistance to organizational change: denial, inaction and repression", Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 16, No. 9, 1997, pp. 917-931. Agocs, C., "Institutionalized resistance to organizational change: denial, inaction and repression", Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 16, No. 9, 1997, pp. 917-931. Current levels of competition demand that firms consider new ways of organising.19
12

Footnote:

Bibliography:

Chapter in an edited book Two entries are required - the author of the chapter as well as the editors of the book. No fullstop required for the abbreviation of "editors".

In-text:

Footnote:

Sanchez-Runde, S. Massini & J. Quintanilla, "People management Dualities", in (eds.) A. M. Pettigrew, R. Whittington, L. Melin, C. Sanchez-Runde, F.A.J. van den Bosch, W. Ruigrok and T. Numagami, Innovative forms of organizing, Sage Publications, London, 2003, pp. 198-221. Sanchez-Runde, C., Massini, S. & Quintanilla, J., "People management dualities", in Innovative forms of organizing, (eds.) A. M. Pettigrew, R. Whittington, L. Melin, C. Sanchez-Runde, F.A.J. van den Bosch, W. Ruigrok & T. Numagami, Sage Publications, London, 2003. Identification of this process has been explored through a number of theories all of which recognise the need for breaking with the past, transitioning through a period of uncertainty and identifying with the new.23
23

12

Bibliography:

Multiple works

In-text:

If you want to refer to more than one source, you need only use one note identifier. The bibliographic information about each source should then be provided in the footnote.

Footnote:

H. Bovey & A. Hede, "Resistance to organisational change: the role of defence mechanisms", Journal of Managerial Psychology, Vol. 16, No. 8, 2001, pp. 534 548; W.H. Bovey & A. Hede, "Resistance to organizational change: the role of cognitive and affective processes", Leadership & Organization Development Journal, Vol. 22, No. 8, 2001, pp. 372 - 382; D.M. Waddell, T.G. Cummings & C.G. Worley, Organisation Development and Change, Pacific Rim 2 nd edn, Nelson Thomson Learning, South Melbourne, 2004.

Bibliography:

Bovey, W.H. & Hede, A., "Resistance to organisational change: the role of defence mechanisms", Journal of Managerial Psychology, Vol. 16, No. 8, 2001, pp. 534 548. Bovey, W.H. & Hede, A., "Resistance to organizational change: the role of cognitive and affective processes", Leadership & Organization Development Journal, Vol. 22, No. 8, 2001, pp. 372 - 382. Waddell, D.M., Cummings, T.G. & Worley, G.C.,

10

Organisation Development and Change, Pacific Rim 2 nd edn, Nelson Thomson Learning, South Melbourne, 2004. Author unknown but there is a sponsoring organisation Occasionally there may not be an identifiable author for, say, a report or an article. In this instance, use the name of the sponsoring organisation in the citation. In-text: The role of government in developing innovation in the community is increasing in importance.16

Footnote:

Department of Industry, Science and Technology, Australian business innovation: a strategic analysis, Australian Government Printing Service, Canberra, 2004. Department of Industry, Science and Technology, Australian business innovation: a strategic analysis, Australian Government Printing Service, Canberra, 2004. Italian magistrates were in the process of unravelling Parmalat's global units when... 21
21

16

Bibliography:

Newspaper article - specified author

In-text: Footnote: Bibliography:

P. Hopkins, "Parmalat cooked the books worldwide: police", The Age, 7 January, 2004, Business, p. 2.

Hopkins, P., "Parmalat cooked the books worldwide: police", The Age, 7 January, 2004, Business, p. 2. The Tax Office has asked 1000 of its staff to undergo controversial aptitude and psychological tests.8 "Commission rejects plan to test Tax Office staff", TheAge, 7 January 2004, News p. 3. TheAge, "Commission rejects plan to test Tax Office staff", 7 January 2004, News p. 3. Some doubt was cast on the probity of the producers. 49
8

Newspaper article unspecified author

In-text: Footnote: Bibliography:

Audio-visual material including films, videos, TV and radio programs These should be listed by title in the reference list .

In-text:

Footnote:

"What are we going to do about taxation anyway?", television program, Corporate World Series, SBS Television, Melbourne, 24 May, 2003. "What are we going to do about taxation anyway?", Corporate World Series, television program, SBS Television, Melbourne, 24 May, 2003. Hull & Read suggest that in the main, employees want an organisational environment where there is mutual respect.19

49

Bibliography:

Unpublished works When citing an unpublished thesis, manuscript or paper, present the title of the document followed by the type of document.

In-text:

Footnote:

19

D. Hull & V. Read, "Simply the best workplaces in

11

Australia", working paper, ACIRRT, University of Sydney, 2003. Note that the title of the working paper is not italicised. Nor is the place of publication stated as it is inferred. Personal communication Personal communications such as interviews, letters, emails, etc. can be referred to in a footnote, but they are not generally listed in the reference list. Bibliography: Hull, D. & Read, V, "Simply the best workplaces in Australia", working paper, ACIRRT, University of Sydney, 2003. There were a number of limitations to the study.81

In-text:

Footnote: Reference list: Conference paper In-text: Footnote:

81

B. Cooper, Monash University, pers. comm., 31 January, 2004.

Not applicable There appears to be no universally accepted definition of innovation.33 S. Warne & A. Simon, "The difficulties of defining, measuring and leading organisational innovation", in Proceedings of theSixth International Research Conference on Quality, Innovation and Knowledge Management, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 2003, pp. 44-48. Warne, S. & Simon, A., "The difficulties of defining, measuring and leading organisational innovation", in Proceedings of theSixth International Research Conference on Quality, Innovation and Knowledge Management, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 2003, pp. 44-48. Attracting appropriate defence personnel has been an issue in the past, however, staff retention is proving to be an even more difficult task.11
11 33

Bibliography:

Government publications

In-text:

Footnote: Bibliography:

Defence personnel to 2005: our future defence force, Department of Defence, Canberra, 2001.

Department of Defence, Defence personnel to 2005: our future defence force, public discussion paper prepared for the Commonwealth Government, Department of Defence, Canberra, 2002. Consideration of this point was made in the early 1990s.5
5

Parliamentary publications

In-text: Footnote:

House of Representatives Standing Committee on Legal & Constitutional Affairs, Half Way to Equal: Report of the Inquiry into Equal Opportunity and Equal Status for Women in Australia, Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra, April, 1992.

Bibliography list:

House of Representatives Standing Committee on Legal & Constitutional Affairs, Half Way to Equal: Report of the Inquiry into Equal Opportunity and Equal Status for Women in Australi a , Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra, April, 1992. Managers may find it useful to consider resistance as a

Thesis

In-text:

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potential positive to change implementation.4 Footnote: D. Waddell, "Using resistance positively to implement new manufacturing methods in industry", PhD thesis, Monash University, 1995. Waddell, D., "Using resistance positively to implement new manufacturing methods in industry", PhD thesis, Monash University, 1995.
4

Bibliography:

10.11 Examples of in-text, footnoting and end-text citations using the documentary-note system DOCUMENTARY-NOTE SYSTEM - ELECTRONIC SOURCES Journal article from database PDF version A PDF version of a journal article should be considered in the same way as the hardcopy version. In-text: Zhang & Yu argue that it is essential to understand the factors influencing consumer demand for e-trading services. 18

Footnote:

18 M.M. Zhang & T.T. Yu, "Analysis of demand for electronic stock trading: a statistical approach", Journal of Accounting and Finance Research, Vol. 10, No. 4, 2002, pp. 49-59.

Bibliography: Zhang, M.M. & Yu, T.T., "Analysis of demand for electronic stock trading: a statistical approach", Journal of Accounting and Finance Research, Vol. 10, No. 4, 2002, pp. 49-59. Journal article from database full-text version The on-line version of the article is a text version. In-text: Zhang & Yu argue that it is essential to understand the factors influencing consumer demand for e-trading services. 7 M.M. Zhang, & T.T. Yu, "Analysis of demand for electronic stock trading: a statistical approach", Journal of Accounting and Finance Research, Vol. 10, No. 4, 2002, pp. 49-59, viewed 7 January, 2004, available from Proquest.
6

Footnote:

Bibliography: Zhang, M.M. & Yu, T.T., "Analysis of demand for electr electronic stock trading: a statistical approach" Journal of Accounting and Finance Research, Vol. 10, No. 4, 2002, pp. 49-59, viewed 7 January, 2004, available from Proquest. Journal article from the internet - no specified author In-text: Some of the negative consequences of poorly handled change management can include valued staff leaving the organisation, delays in important projects and a decline in productivity. 27
27

Footnote:

"Overview of change management", BPR Online Learning Centre 2003, http://www.prosci.com/Change_management Overview.htm, viewed 16 February, 2004.

Bibliography: Bak "Overview of change management", BPR Online Learning Centre 2003, http://www.prosci.com/Change_management Overview.htm, viewed 16 February, 2004. Article from the internet In-text: Brand asset management enables companies to maximise the long-term value of their brands from two important perspectives. 33

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Footnote:

33

S. Davis, "Principles of brand asset management", American Marketing Association, AMA Newsletter, Vol. 1, No. 46, 2001, http://www.marketing power.com, viewed 26 November, 2003.

Bibliography: Davis, S. 2001, "Principles of brand asset management", American Marketing Association, http://www.marketing power.com, viewed 26 November, 2003. CD-ROM In-text: conference paper Footnote: Empirical research by Luca & Gray suggests that the contribution of knowledge workers to organisational performance is yet to be determined. 51 E. Luca & J. Gray, "Are Australian knowledge workers prepared to go the 'extra mile'? OCB in an Australian context", in Proceedings of the 17 th ANZAAM Conference 2003, CD-ROM, Edith Cowan University, WA.
51

Bibliography: Luca, E. & Gray, J., 2003, "Are Australian knowledge workers prepared to go the 'extra mile'? OCB in an Australian context", in Proceedings of the 17 th ANZAAM Conference, CD-ROM, Edith Cowan University, WA, 2003. Electronic magazine In-text: Footnote: Loyalty programs are still popular amongst corporate travellers. 16 Airline news", American Express Corporate Travel Newsletter, revised 7 September, 2003, http://www.aexp.be/Topics/TravellersTools, viewed 2 July, 2005.
16

Bibliography: "Airline news", American Express Corporate Travel Newsletter , 7 September, 2003, http://www.aexp.be/Topics/TravellersTools, viewed 2 July 2005. Online book In-text: Footnote: Relationship marketing is by no means a new concept. 22
22 M. Christopher, A. Payne & D. Ballantyne, Relationship marketing: creating shareholder value, Monash eBook Collection, http: www.netLibrary.com/ebook, viewed 5 May, 2004.

Bibliography: Christopher M., Payne, A. & Ballantyne, D., Relationship marketing: creating shareholder value, Monash eBook Collection, http://www.netLibrary.com/ebook, viewed 5 May, 2004. Online newspaper In-text: Footnote: Eichenwald suggested that former Enron executives were pressed by prosecutors into providing information implicating others. 41
41 Eichenwald, "Ex-Enron figure reported near a plea of Guilty", New York Times, 8 January 2004, p. 4, http:www.nytimes.com/2004/01/08business08ENROhtml?hp, viewed 20 September, 2004.

Bibliography: Eichenwald, K., "Ex-Enron figure reported near a plea of guilty", New York Times, 8 January 2004, p. 4, http:www.nytimes.com/2004/01/08business08ENROhtml?hp, viewed 20 September, 2004. Web page of an organization In-text: Footnote: Throughout the early twentieth century, Royal Dutch Shell expanded its operations through acquisitions in Europe, Africa and the Americas. 9
9

Shell, revised 2004, http:www.shell.com, viewed 9 November, 2004.

Bibliography: Shell, revised 2004, http:www.shell.com, viewed 9 November, 2004.

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