AU Powerlab

USER REFERENCE MANUAL

FOR
GAUSS – SEIDEL LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS
DOCUMENT NO. ANLFII – URM – 1.0

MAY 2004
ANNA UNIVERSITY
CHENNAI – 600 025
 CONTENTS

Page No.

1. ABOUT THE PROGRAM

1.1 Introduction 1-1

1.2 Utility of the Program 1-1

1.3 Features of the Program 1-1

1.3.1 Method used 1-1
1.3.2 Computational details 1-2
1.3.3 Program capability 1-2

2. GETTING STARTED
2.1 Introduction 2-1
2.2 Opening the Menu Screen 2-1
2.3 Operations Using the Menu Screen 2-3
2.3.1 Creation of a new data file 2-3
2.3.2 Modifying an existing data file 2-5
2.3.3 Selecting a file for running the program 2-6
2.3.4 Running the program 2-6
2.3.5 Viewing output file 2-6
2.3.6 Manual 2-7
2.3.7 Exit 2-7

3. DETAILS OF INPUT
3.1 Data Requirements 3-1
3.2 Input Through Console 3-1
3.3 Input Through File 3-1

4. SAMPLE SYSTEM STUDY

4.1 Single-Line Diagram and Data 4-1
4.2 Sample Input Data File 4-1
4.3 Sample Output File 4-1
ANNEXURES

I 6-BUS, 7-LINE POWER SYSTEM A-1

II INPUT FILE FOR GAUSS-SEIDEL POWER FLOW A-3
III OUTPUT FILE A-4
 CHAPTER 1 ABOUT THE PROGRAM

1.1 Introduction
Load flow analysis is one of the basic tools used in power system studies. It is
concerned with the steady-state analysis of the system when it is working under a
normal balanced operating condition. The analysis determines the bus voltages
(complex variables) of the system for a given network configuration (line/transformer
connectivity), bus demands and a chosen generation schedule. This manual describes
the details of using the software module ‘Gauss-Seidel – Load Flow Analysis’ which
has been developed for use in laboratory environment.

1.2 Utility of the Program

The program can be used to carry out load flow analysis for small and medium size
power systems. It suits well for radial distribution systems with high R/X ratio. The
program helps to

(i) Identify the overloaded /underloaded lines and transformers as well as

overvoltage / under voltage buses in the system.

(ii) Investigate the effects on bus voltages, line/transformer flows and network
losses due to the following control actions.

a) Variation of voltage settings of P-V buses.

b) Variation of tap-settings of transformers.
c) Variation of shunt compensation of P-Q buses.
d) Generation shifting or rescheduling.

(iii) Carry out contingency studies for generator/load outages and

line/transformer outages.

1.3 Features of the Program

1.3.1 Method used

This program uses Gauss-Seidel iterative method for computing the bus voltages. This
method is simple to program and require less computer memory. There are other
efficient methods like Newton method and Fast Decoupled Power Flow method, which
are very effective for large sized systems. The program has been developed for a
laboratory environment to check the results of the program to be developed by the
students.

The bus generation/ demands are characterized by complex power injected into the
network. The transmission lines/transformers are characterized by their PI equivalent
networks. Shunt capacitors/reactors are treated as constant admittances. The buses
connected to generating plants, Synchronous and Static VAR compensators with the
facility of adjusting reactive source to maintain bus voltage magnitude at desirable level
are treated as P-V buses (Voltage –controlled buses).

1-1
1.3.2 Computational details
The load flow model in complex variable form is used and the complex voltages of all
the buses except the slack bus are iteratively improved until the maximum voltage
difference in the latest two iterations is less than the specified tolerance in voltage
magnitude in per unit. In addition to computing the maximum voltage difference at each
iteration, this program also outputs the maximum active/reactive bus power mismatch at
each iteration to enable comparing the convergence behaviour of this method with the
Newton and Fast Decoupled Power Flow methods. Only the diagonal elements of YBUS
matrix are stored. Acceleration factor is used to change the convergence rate of the
method.

1.3.3 Program capability

The program can be used for systems with a maximum of 100 buses, 150
lines/transformers, 30 shunt elements and 20 P-V buses. This has been mainly
developed for laboratory environment to check the validity of the program developed by
the student in the laboratory class.

1-2
 CHAPTER 2 GETTING STARTED

2.1 Introduction
This chapter describes the procedure for accessing the Gauss-Seidel Load Flow
Analysis module in the AU Powerlab Software Package. The program module has
features for creating new data file, editing already stored sample system data, running
the program and viewing the results. The details of the procedure to use the features are
given in the following sections.

2.2 Opening the Menu Screen

After the successful installation of the AU Powerlab software package, the AU

Powerlab icon will appear on the desktop. The opening window for AU Powerlab and
the Menu Screen for the ‘Gauss-Seidel – Load Flow Analysis’ module are obtained as
follows

1. Click the AU Powerlab icon on the desktop. A window carrying Anna University
frontage will appear on the screen and will disappear within few seconds. Then the
Student Log-on Window will appear (Fig 2.1)

Fig 2.1 Student Log-on Window

2. Enter the student information in the respective boxes. After entering all
information, click Enter button. Then the Opening Window for AU Powerlab will
appear (Fig 2.2)
2-1
 Fig 2.2 Opening Window for AU Powerlab

3. Click the button, ‘Load Flow Analysis’ in the Opening Window. Then another
window containing the title of the sub-modules in ‘Load Flow Analysis’ will
appear (Fig 2.3).

Fig 2.3 Title of the Modules in Load Flow Analysis

2-2
 4. Click the button ‘Gauss-Seidel Method’ in the window. Then the Menu Screen
for this module will appear (Fig 2.4). The following are the operations that can
be performed under this module:

i. Create New File

ii. Modify Existing File
iii. Select File for Running
iv. Run
v. View Output
vi. Manuals
vii. Exit

Fig 2.4 Menu Screen for Gauss-Seidel – Load Flow Analysis

2.3 Operations Using the Menu Screen

The details of operations that can be performed using the Menu Screen are given below.

2.3.1 Creation of a new data file

1. Click the ‘create new file’ button, then the window for entering the file name will
appear (Fig. 2.5). Enter the file name (maximum eight alphameric characters) and
then click ok. The text editor (wordpad) window will appear (Fig 2.6).

2-3
Fig. 2.5 Window for Entering File Name

Fig 2.6 Text Editor (Word Pad) Window

2-4
2. Enter the input data in the sequence as given in chapter three.

3. After entering all the input data, save the file, close the text editor window and
control will return to Menu Screen.

4. If the complete data could not be entered in one sitting, then the file created with
partial data can be saved. The remaining data can be entered in the next sitting by
accessing the saved file using the procedure explained in the next section.

2.3.2 Modifying an existing data file

1. Click ‘Modify Existing File’ button in the Menu Screen, Then the File-Open
Dialogue Window will appear (Fig 2.7).

Fig 2.7 File-Open Dialogue Window

2. Select the desired file and then click open. The desired data file appears on the
word pad. (Fig 2.8). The necessary modifications are carried out and the modified
file is saved either in the original name or in a new file name. Then close the text
editor window.

2-5
 Fig 2.8 The Desired Data File

2.3.3 Selecting a file for running the program

Click ‘Select data file for running ’ button. Then the File-Open Dialogue Window will
appear (Fig 2.7). Select the required file and click open button. Then the control will
return to Menu Screen. Now the run and view output buttons will be enabled.

2.3.4 Running the program

Click Run button. Then the “Gauss Seidel Method” module will be executed and a
message ‘Stop program terminated’ will appear. Close the DOS prompt window by
entering ‘Exit’. Then the control will return to Menu Screen.

2.3.5 Viewing output file

Click, view output button. The output file will appear in a text editor. A print of this
result can be taken if desired. When this window is closed, the control will return to
Menu Screen. It may be noted that the output of the previous run will be erased and the
output of the latest run will be stored in the output file. The output of the latest run will
also be erased when the session is completed and the user quit the program.

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2.3.6 Manuals

Click the Manuals button. A drop-down menu with buttons, ‘Lab Manual’ and ‘ User
Reference Manual’ will appear. Click either of the buttons to view the relevant part of
the respective Manual.

2.3.7 Exit

To quit from the operations performed under the Menu Screen click Exit button

2-7
 CHAPTER 3 DETAILS OF INPUT
3.1 Data Requirements

The data required for the module ‘Gauss Seidel Method’ can be classified
into:
i. Data to be fed through console:
An interactive query calling for the user’s option on convergence process
will appear on the console while executing this module. The details are given
in Section 3.2.

ii. Data to be read from a stored data file:

Before running the module a data file should be created containing all the
required data and in the specific sequence given in Section 3.3. This file can
be created using the editor facility as explained in chapter 2.

Before keying in the data file, it is preferable to compile the following data
from the single-line diagram and data of the power system to be studied.

a) System Data.
b) P-V Bus Data. (including slack bus)
c) P-Q Bus Data.
d) Transmission Line Data.
e) Transformer Data.
f) Shunt Element (Capacitor/Reactor) Data.

The user is urged to refer to chapter 4 on sample system study for illustration.

3.2 Input Through Console

While the module is run on the computer, the following interactive query appears on
the screen, requiring the response (YES/NO) of the user.

DO YOU WANT CONVERGENCE DETAILS? (YES:y, NO:n)

If the convergence details are required, then the user should respond by entering ‘y’
followed by tapping ‘Return’ key.

3.3 Input Through File

The data file to be created should contain the following groups of data in the sequence
indicated. As the data is to be read in free format, each data should be separated by a
blank.

Group 1: Student information

(i) Title of Experiment

(ii) Case Title
(iii) Name of Student
(iv) Roll Number of Student
(v) Semester Number
(vi) Date of Experiment
3-1
 The sub-group (i) consists of two lines of data, character string (up to 80 character per
line) bearing the title of the experiment. Each one of the sub-groups (ii) to (vi)
consists of one line of data, character string (up to 80 characters) bearing respective
information.

Group 2: System data

System data consists of one line of data as shown below:

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
INTEGER REAL

1 : Number of buses.

2 : Number of P-V buses which includes all the voltage-controlled buses such
as generator buses(including slack bus), synchronous condenser buses and
SVC buses in which a specific voltage magnitude is maintained.

3 : Number of load buses, dummy buses(neither generation nor load is

present) and such generator buses in which voltage magnitude is not
controlled)

4 : Number of transmission lines.

5 : Number of transformers.

6 : ID number of slack bus.

7 : Number of shunt elements(capacitor/reactor).

8 : Maximum number of iterations to be performed.

9 : Base MVA of the system.

10 : Convergence tolerance for voltage difference in p.u.(normally choose a

value of 0.0001 p.u.)

11 : Acceleration factor.

Group 3: P-V Bus data (including slack bus)

This group consists of one line of data for each P-V bus.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

INTEGER REAL

3-2
1: ID number of the bus
2: Active power generation in MW
3: Active power demand in MW
4: Reactive Power demand in MW
5: Upper limit of reactive power generation in MVAR
6: Lower limit of Reactive power generation in MVAR
7: Voltage magnitude in p.u. to which the P-V bus is to be regulated.

The total number of lines needed for this group of data is equal to the number of P-V
buses (Including slack bus)

Group 4 : P-Q bus data

1 2 3 4

INTEGER REAL

This group consists of one line of data for each P-Q bus
1: ID number of the bus
2: Active power demand in MW
3: Reactive power demand in MW
4: Assumed voltage magnitude in p.u

The total number of lines needed for this group of data is equal to the number of
P-Q buses

Group 5 : Transmission line data

This group consists of one line of data for each transmission line as shown below

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

INTEGER REAL

where
1: ID Number of the line
2: ID number of the sending end bus of the line
3: ID number of the receiving end bus of the line
4: Resistance of the line in per unit
5: Reactance of the line in per unit
6: Half-line charging susceptance in per unit
7: Rating of the line in MVA

3-3
Group 6 : Transformer data
This group consists of one line of data for each transformer as shown below:

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

INTEGER REAL

where
1: ID number of the transformer
2: ID number of the tap side bus of the transformer
3: ID number of the non-tap side bus of the transformer
4: Resistance of the transformer in per unit
5: Reactance of the transformer in per unit
6: Off-nominal tap ratio
7:Rating of the transformer in MVA

Group 7: Shunt element (capacitor / reactor) data

This group consists of one line of data for each shunt element as shown below:

1 2 3

INTEGER REAL

where
1: ID number of the shunt element
2: ID number of the bus to which the element is connected
3: Rated capacity in MVA
(positive for capacitor and negative for reactor)

3-4
 CHAPTER 4 SAMPLE SYSTEM STUDY

4.1 Single – Line Diagram and Data

Single – line diagram and data of a 6- bus, 7- line power system taken up for sample
study are given in Annexure I

In the single-line diagram, the buses, lines, transformers and shunt elements are
numbered serially and these ID numbers are used in the preparation of data. The P-V
bus data, P-Q bus data, transmission line data, transformer data and shunt element data
in Annexure I are used for creating data file in the sequence given in section 3.3

4.2 Sample Input Data File

The sample input data file prepared for running the module ‘Gauss – Seidel Method’ is
given in Annexure II. While the module is run, an interactive query ‘DO YOU WANT
CONVERGENCE DETAILS? (YES: y, NO: n)’ appears on the screen. Let the user
enter ‘y’ and tap the ‘Return Key’.

4.3 Sample Output File

The output file generated by running the module is given in Annexure III. The output
consists of details of input data, details of convergence characteristics and results of
study. Under details of convergence characteristics, maximum voltage difference,
maximum P mismatch and maximum Q mismatch are presented iteration-wise. This
result is presented since the user has opted for it during the interactive query. The
“Results of Study” contains “System Details”, “Convergence Details”, “Bus Results”,
“Transmission Line / Transformer Results” and “Summary of Results”. “ Bus Results”
presents bus-wise generation, load voltage magnitude, angle and compensating MVAR
(Positive for static capacitor and negative for reactor)

“Transmission Line / Transformer Results” presents active and reactive power flows,
MVA flow in both the direction of each line / transformer. It also presents MVA rating;
active and reactive power losses associated with each line / transformer. “ Summary of
results” presents two tables; Generation + compensation and load + losses matching
each other. It also presents total system active and reactive power losses as a percentage
of total system generation.

4-1
 ANNEXURE I 6-BUS, 7-LINE POWER SYSTEM

Single-Line Diagram

Slack S1
G
3 4
L1 L4
1

L5
L2 L3
T2 T1

5 6 2
a:1 S2 1:a
G

Data for the System

Buses : 6, numbered serially from 1 to 6

Lines : 5, numbered serially from L1 to L5
Transformers : 2, numbered serially as T1 and T2
Shunt Load : 2, numbered serially as S1 and S2
Base MVA : 100

Transmission Line Data:

Line ID. Send Bus Receive Resist Reactance Suscept. Rating

No No. Bus No. P.U P.U. B/2 P.U MVA
1 1 3 0.01 0.030 0.000 60.0
2 1 5 0.05 0.180 0.005 40.0
3 2 4 0.03 0.080 0.005 60.0
4 3 4 0.02 0.035 0.0 60.0
5 3 5 0.04 0.150 0.0 40.0

Transformer Data:

Transformer Send (*) Receive Resist. Reactance Tap Ratio Rating

ID.No Bus No. Bus No. P.U P.U. MVA
1 2 6 0.0 0.06 1.02 60.0
2 5 6 0.0 0.08 1.01 60.0

(*) Note: Tap side bus of the transformer should be taken as the sending end bus.

A-1
Shunt Element Data:

Shunt ID No. Bus ID. No. Rated Capacity

MVAR (*)
1 4 0.5
2 6 0.5

(*) Note: Sign for capacitor : +ve

Sign for inductor : -ve

P-V Bus Data (1 slack bus; Remaining P-V buses)

Bus ID Generation, MW Demand Gen. Limit Scheduled

No. MVAR Volt (p.u)
Schedule Max Min MW MVAR Max Min
1 ? 200 40 0.0 0.0 100.0 -50.0 1.02
2 80.0 100 20 0.0 0.0 50.0 -25.0 1.02

P-Q Bus Data

Bus ID No Demand Volt. Mag.

MW MVAR Assumed (p.u)
3 10.0 5.0 1.0
4 57.7 30.0 1.0
5 20.0 15.0 1.0
6 25.0 15.0 1.0

A-2
 ANNEXURE II INPUT FILE FOR GAUSS-SEIDEL POWER FLOW

LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS I: SOLUTION OF LOAD FLOW RELATED PROBLEMS

BY GAUSS-SEIDEL METHOD
CASE:9 6-BUS 7-LINE SYSTEM-BASE CASE: FOR USER REFERENCE MANUAL
SARAVANAN
200031124
VII
20 APRIL 2004
6 2 4 5 2 1 2 100 100.0 0.0001 1.40
1 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 -50.00 1.02
2 80.00 0.00 0.00 50.00 -25.00 1.02
3 10.00 5.00 1.00
4 57.70 30.00 1.00
5 20.00 15.00 1.00
6 25.00 15.00 1.00
1 1 3 0.010 0.030 0.000 60.0
2 1 5 0.050 0.180 0.005 40.0
3 2 4 0.030 0.080 0.005 60.0
4 3 4 0.020 0.035 0.000 60.0
5 3 5 0.040 0.150 0.000 40.0
1 2 6 0.000 0.060 1.020 60.0
2 5 6 0.000 0.080 1.010 60.0
1 4 0.5
2 6 0.5

A-3
 ANNEXURE III OUTPUT FILE

STUDENT INFORMATION

TITLE OF EXPERIMENT:
LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS I: SOLUTION OF LOAD FLOW RELATED PROBLEMS
BY GAUSS-SEIDEL METHOD

CASE TITLE:
CASE:9 6-BUS 7-LINE SYSTEM-BASE CASE: FOR USER REFERENCE MANUAL

NAME OF THE STUDENT/USER:

SARAVANAN

ROLL NUMBER:
200031124

SEMESTER:
VII

DATE OF EXPERIMENT:
20 APRIL 2004

SYSTEM DATA

TOTAL NO OF BUSES : 6 NO OF GEN BUSES : 2

NO OF LOAD BUSES : 4 SLACK BUS ID NO : 1
NO OF TRANSMISSION LINE: 5 NO OF TRANSFORMER : 2
NO OF SHUNT ELEMENT : 2 MAX ITERATIONS : 100
TOLERANCE VOLT : .00010 ACCELRATION FACTOR : 1.400
SYSTEM BASE MVA : 100.00

GEN BUS DATA

BUS PGEN PLOAD QLOAD MAX MIN VMAG

NO. MW MW MVAR MVAR MVAR P.U.

1 .0000 .0000 .0000 100.0000 -50.0000 1.0200

2 80.0000 .0000 .0000 50.0000 -25.0000 1.0200

LOAD BUS DATA

BUS PLOAD QLOAD VMAG

NO. MW MVAR P.U.

3 10.0000 5.0000 1.0000

4 57.7000 30.0000 1.0000
5 20.0000 15.0000 1.0000
6 25.0000 15.0000 1.0000

TRANSMISSION LINE DATA

LNO SBUS RBUS R-IN-PU X-IN-PU HBC-IN-PU RATMVA

1 1 3 .01000 .03000 .00000 60.00000

2 1 5 .05000 .18000 .00500 40.00000
3 2 4 .03000 .08000 .00500 60.00000
4 3 4 .02000 .03500 .00000 60.00000
5 3 5 .04000 .15000 .00000 40.00000

A-4
 TRANSFORMER DATA

TNO SBUS RBUS R-IN-PU X-IN-PU TAP-IN-PU RATMVA

1 2 6 .00000 .06000 1.02000 60.00000

2 5 6 .00000 .08000 1.01000 60.00000

SHUNT ELEMENT DATA

SNO BUSNO CAPMVA

1 4 .50000
2 6 .50000

DETAILS OF CONVERGENCE CHARACTERISTICS

ITERATION COUNT = 1
MAXIMUM VOLTAGE DEVIATION = .02544
MAX PMISMATCH= .186981 MAX QMISMATCH= .115742
ITERATION COUNT = 2
MAXIMUM VOLTAGE DEVIATION = .00797
MAX PMISMATCH= .088971 MAX QMISMATCH= .146907
ITERATION COUNT = 3
MAXIMUM VOLTAGE DEVIATION = .00348
MAX PMISMATCH= .046836 MAX QMISMATCH= .029834
ITERATION COUNT = 4
MAXIMUM VOLTAGE DEVIATION = .00171
MAX PMISMATCH= .030184 MAX QMISMATCH= .036515
ITERATION COUNT = 5
MAXIMUM VOLTAGE DEVIATION = .00067
MAX PMISMATCH= .008491 MAX QMISMATCH= .006315
ITERATION COUNT = 6
MAXIMUM VOLTAGE DEVIATION = .00033
MAX PMISMATCH= .002846 MAX QMISMATCH= .003817
ITERATION COUNT = 7
MAXIMUM VOLTAGE DEVIATION = .00007
MAX PMISMATCH= .000998 MAX QMISMATCH= .001867

RESULTS OF STUDY

SYSTEM DETAILS

TOTAL NO OF BUSES : 6 NO OF P-V BUSES : 1

NO OF LOAD BUSES : 4 NO OF TRANSMISSION LINES : 5
NO OF TRANSFORMER : 2 NO OF SHUNT ELEMENTS : 2
SLACK BUS ID NUMBER : 1 SYSTEM BASE MVA : 100.00000

CONVERGENCE DETAILS

MAX ITERATIONS PRESCRIBED : 100 MAX ITERATIONS TAKEN : 7

CONV.TOL PRESCRIBED,P.U.VOLT : .00010 CONV.TOL. REACHED,P.U.VOLT: .00007
MAX PMISMATCH,P.U.MW : .000998 MAX QMISMATCH,P.U.MW : .001867

A-5
 BUS RESULTS

BUS PGEN QGEN PLOAD QLOAD VMAG VANG COMPENS

NO MW MVAR MW MVAR P.U. DEG. MVAR

1 33.69 39.02 .00 .00 1.0200 .00

2 80.00 26.78 .00 .00 1.0200 1.41
3 .00 .00 10.00 5.00 1.0085 -.29
4 .00 .00 57.70 30.00 .9988 -.36 .50
5 .00 .00 20.00 15.00 1.0002 -.38
6 .00 .00 25.00 15.00 .9907 .15 .49

TRANSMISSION LINE/TRANSFORMER RESULTS

FROM TO PFLOW QFLOW FLOW RATING PLOSS QLOSS

BUS BUS MW MVAR MVA MVA MW MVAR

1 3 27.29 30.08 40.62 60.00 .16 .48

3 1 -27.13 -29.61 40.16

1 5 6.39 8.94 10.99 40.00 .06 -.79

5 1 -6.33 -9.73 11.61

2 4 43.66 10.76 44.96 60.00 .59 .54

4 2 -43.07 -10.22 44.26

3 4 14.81 19.48 24.47 60.00 .12 .21

4 3 -14.69 -19.28 24.24

3 5 2.40 4.94 5.49 40.00 .01 .04

5 3 -2.39 -4.89 5.44

2 6 36.35 15.94 39.69 60.00 .00 .95

6 2 -36.35 -15.00 39.32

5 6 -11.38 -.42 11.39 60.00 .00 .11

6 5 11.38 .52 11.39

**** SUMMARY OF RESULTS ****

GENERATION
MW MVAR
GENERATION 113.69 65.80
COMP(CAP:+VE) .99
---------------------
TOTAL 113.69 66.79
---------------------

LOAD + LOSS
MW MVAR
LOAD 112.70 65.00
LINE/TRAN LOSS .94 1.53
---------------------
TOTAL 113.64 66.53
---------------------

TRANS. LOSS MW(PERCENT OF TOT. GEN) = .82

TRANS. LOSS MVAR(PERCENT OF TOT. GEN+COMP)= 2.29

A-6