L1 - Soil Classification 28-08-09

CLASSIFICATION OF SOILS Lecture 1 (28-08-2009)
By Dr. H.B.NAGARAJ Assistant Professor Department of Civil Engineering B.M.S. College of Engineering, Bangalore
Syllabus
PART A UNIT 3
3. CLASSIFICATION OF SOILS
Purpose of soil classification, basis for soil classification
Particle size classification MIT classification and IS classification, Textural classification
Unified soil classification and IS classification - Plasticity chart and its importance, Field identification of soils.
Dr. H.B.NAGARAJ, Asst Prof in Civil Engineering B.M.S. College of Engineering, Bangalore
CONTRIBUTORS TO THE GROWTH OF SOIL MECHANICS

1. KARL VON TERZAGHI 2. DONALD. W.TAYLOR 3. RALPH. B. PECK 4. ARTHUR CASAGRANDE 5. ALEC WESTLEY SKEMPTOM 6. LAURITUS BJERRUM
KARL VON TERZAGHI
Born
October 2, 1883 Prague, Czech Republic October 25, 1963
Died
Winchester, Massachusetts, United States f A St t of America i
THE FATHER OF SOIL MECHANICS

Education Terzaghi had his basic education in Graz, Austria. He received his degree in Mechanical Engineering in 1904, even though his favorite subjects were geology, philosophy, and astronomy. astronomy
Terzaghi after graduation fulfilled a compulsory one year military service. While fulfilling his military obligations obligations, Terzaghi translated and greatly expanded a popular English geology field manual into his native language, German. He returned to the Technical University in Graz for one year after this d thi and combined th study of geology bi d the t d f l with courses on subjects such as highway and railway engineering engineering.
Early Life
Early professional years

His first job was as a junior design engineer for the firm Adol Baron Pittle, Vienna. He became involved in the geological problems the firm faced. faced He later focused on the design and construction of steel reinforced structures. He embarked on an ambitious and challenging project to construct a hydroelectric dam in Croatia, and a more chaotic project in St. Petersburg with great success. During six months in Russia, he developed some novel graphical methods for the design of industrial tanks, which he submitted as a thesis for his PhD at the university. university
Early professional years

In 1912 he moved to United states In the US on his own he undertook an engineering tour of major dam US, own, construction sites in the West to gather reports and first-hand knowledge of the problems of many different projects. When World War - I broke out, he found himself drafted into the army as an officer. After a short stint managing an airfield, he became a professor in the Royal Ottoman College of Engineering in Istanbul (now Istanbul y g g g ( Technical University). In 1925 he published much of this in his research findings, Erdbaumechanik auf bodenphysikalischer Grundlage (Fundamental Principles of Earth Mechanics) which revolutionized the field to great acclaim. It resulted in a job offer from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, which he accepted immediately.
One of his first tasks in the USA was to bring his work to the attention of engineers. This h Thi he proceeded t d b writing a d d to do by iti series of articles for the Engineering News Record. He found the facilities at MIT and set up a new laboratory geared to making measurements on soils with instruments of his own devising. He entered a new phase of prolific publication and a rapidly growing and bli ti d idl i d lucrative involvement as an engineering consultant on many large-scale projects.
Later years
In 1938 Terzaghi emigrated to the United States and took up a post at Harvard U i H d University. B f it Before th end of the d f the war, he consulted on the Chicago Subway system, the Newport News system Shipways construction, and raising the Normandie, among others. , g He became an American citizen in March 1943. He remained as a part-timer at Harvard university until his retirement in 1953 at the mandatory age of 70 70.
Later years
The American Society of Civil Engineers established in 1960 the Karl Terzaghi author Award to an "author of outstanding contributions to knowledge in the Legacy fields of soil mechanics, subsurface and earthwork engineering, and d th k i i d subsurface and earthwork construction". The Terzaghi and Peck Library, which is managed by the Norwegian Geotechnical Institute, Oslo, Institute in Oslo Norway holds an extensive collection of his papers. The Mission Dam in British Columbia, Canada, Canada was renamed his honor as the Terzaghi Dam in 1965. Dr. H.B.NAGARAJ, Asst Prof in Civil Engineering
B.M.S. College of Engineering, Bangalore
In 1936 Terzaghi served as the Chairman of the First International Conference on S il Mechanics and C f Soil M h i d Foundation Engineering, which was held in Harvard University. y On that occasion the International Society of Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering was founded founded, Terzaghi was elected as its first president. He H continued t h ld thi position up ti d to hold this iti to the Fourth International Conference at London in 1957.
Administrative Achievements
Important Contributions to Soil Mechanics

Consolidation Theory One-dimensional One dimensional consolidation apparatus Effective stress principle Bearing capacity theory Tunneling Classification and support system
Important Publications
Together with Ralph Peck, Karl Terzaghi, p g , published in 1948 the most influential text book in geotechnical engineering: Soil Mechanics in Engineering Practice . Practice A Third Edition of this book, with additional co-author, Gholamreza Mesri, was published in 1996.
Influence of Terzaghis work on the Soil Mechanics Profession

Not only did Terzaghi start soil mechanics, but also he exerted a profound influence on it until his death. Two d T days b f before h di d h was dili he died he diligently working tl ki on a professional paper. Terzaghis writings contain significant contributions g g g on many topics, especially consolidation theory, foundation design and construction, cofferdam analysis, analysis and landslide mechanisms mechanisms. Probably Terzaghis most important contribution to the profession was his approach to engineering problems, which h t bl hi h he taught and d ht d demonstrated t t d
With the death of Karl Terzaghi on October 25, 1963, the engineering 25 1963 profession lost one of its most eminent and colorful personalities, the founder of soil mechanics. mechanics
Ralph B. Peck
Born
October 23, 1912 Winnipeg, Canada February 18, 2008
Died
Albuquerque, Albuquerque New Mexico
Education
Civil Engineering Degree in 1934 Doctor of Civil Engineering Degree in 1937 Both degrees from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in Troy, New York.
Professional Career of Prof R.B.Peck

1937 to 1938 - structural detailer for American Bridge Company. 1938-39 1938 39 - Laboratory assistant to Arthur Casagrande at Harvard University 1939 to 1942 - Assistant subway engineer for the City of Chicago, representing Karl Terzaghi who was a consultant on the Chicago Subway Project 1942 - joined the University of Illinois j y Continued as Professor of Foundation Engineering from 1948 to 1974
Professional Achievements of Prof R.B.Peck

An acclaimed international expert in the field of soil mechanics, Ralph Peck p g has helped to change the face of the Earth through his discoveries of the way soils behave. Through his work on the Chicago subway in the early 1940s he emerged as one of the undisputed leaders in the f development and practice of soil g g mechanics and foundation engineering.
Professional Achievements of Prof R.B.Peck

As a distinguished professor at the School of Engineering of the University of Illinois, he conducted field and laboratory research on stabilization of railroad beds and embankments, the mechanics of earth dams, the stability of retaining walls, and the settlement of foundations. Peck has served as a consultant for major foundation projects j p j throughout the world, from the Trans-Alaska Pipeline, to rapid transit systems in Chicago, San Francisco, and Washington, to dams in Turkey and Greece, to the Dead Sea dikes in Israel. President Ford awarded Peck the National Medal of Science in 1974.
Professor Peck o esso ec regularly returned to the University of Illinois twice each year to give a series of lectures and to continue close association l i ti with students and faculty members.
Arthur Casagrande
Born August 28 1902 28, Austria 1981 United States
Died
Professional Career
He worked at the Bureau of Public Roads and as a Research Assistant under Terzaghi at MIT MIT. While at MIT, he worked on soil classification, shear testing, and frost action in soils. He was the "right hand" of Terzaghi for several years and made, or contributed to making, the fundamental developments of Soil Mechanics. p He later became a Professor of Soil Mechanics at Harvard University. Many of his students were inpired by Casagrande and entered the field of Soil Mechanics; these men have later become the creators of the Geotechnical Engineering fi ld as we k E i i field know i today. it d
Researcher
Being a pioneer Professor Casagrande worked on the pioneer, fundamental problems of Soil Mechanics, such as soil classification, seepage through earth, and shear strength. It i I is safe to assume that the "A Li " on the plasticity f h h "A-Line" h l i i chart is after "Arthur. Most geotechnical engineers, haven't seen half as many g g , y dams he worked on. To honor his lasting contributions to this area of geotechncial engineering his former students have created "Embankment-Dam Engineering -- the Casagrande Volume" (Wiley, 1974).
INDEX PROPERTIES OF SOILS

1. Water content 2. Specific G it 2 S ifi Gravity 3. Particle Size distribution 4. 4 Atterberg limits 5. In-situ density 6. Relative density y
Particle Size Distribution SIEVE ANALYSIS:TEST PROCEDURE
(# 80 mm) )
(# 4.75 mm)
Sieve Analyses
(# 75 m)
Particle Size Distribution HYDROMETER:TEST PROCEDURE
Dispersing agent used is a solution sodium hexametaphospate shall be used in distilled water at a rate of 40g of sodium hexametaphospate per litre of solution. The above pictures shows the of preparation of Blank Solution
About 50g of the sample is taken into a 250mL beaker and cover with 125mL of the Dispersing solution and allow it to soak for about 16 hours.
At the end of the soaking period transfer the solution into the dispersion cup and stir it properly by the stirring apparatus for about a minute
After the dispersion, dilute the soultion to 1000ml.By placing th palm on t of th cylinder t l i the l top f the li d turn it upside id down for about a min. Take hydrometer readings at 2,5,15,30,60 2 5 15 30 60 250 and 1440 min Note the temperature min. each time.
LIQUID LIMIT :TEST PROCEDURE
Liquid Limit Definition Thewatercontent atwhichagroove cutinasoilpaste willcloseupon25 repeateddropsofa brasscupwitha rubberbase
Soil Constants : Test Procedure
The soil is prepared as per the Indian Standards, the soil is passed through a 425m sieve is taken to a required amount and mixed with water until a uniform consistency is achieved. y
The liquid limit device is calibrated such that the height fall is 13mm. The soil is then taken into the cup such that the surface is parallel to the horizontal. Then using a grooving tool the soil is taken out such that the grooving tool is always perpendicular to the cup at the time contact contact.
Viewshowing groovecutin groove cut in soilpastewith standard standard groovingtool

View showing the closure of the groove over a distance of 1/2 (13 mm)
Blows are given such the handle is revolved at 2 revolutions per second. The Th no. of bl f blows required f th soil t f il iis noted and a sample along i d for the il to fail t d d l l the failure plane is taken for moisture content readings. This is done for different blows ranging between 15 to 35 blows.
LL Test Results
w water co ontent, %
LL= w%
Interpolate LL water content at 25 blows
25
Log N
Plastic Limit Definition
The water content at which a soil changes Thewatercontentatwhichasoilchanges fromaplasticconsistencytoasemisolid consistency DefinedbyLaboratoryTestconceptdeveloped byAtterbergin1911. by Atterberg in 1911
Plastic Limit Test Thewatercontent atwhicha1/8 (3mm)threadof soilcanberolled outbutitbeginsto crackandcannot thenbererolled
Definition of Plasticity Index

Plasticity Index is the numerical difference between the Liquid Limit and the Plastic Limit water contents It represents the contents. range in water contents over which a soil behaves in a plastic manner PL w % PI = LL - PL LL
plastic (remoldable) ( )
Definition of Non-plastic IfthesoilhasaPIofzero,or eitheroftheAtterbergtests cannotbeperformed,thesoil issaidtobenonplastic
CLASSIFICATION OF SOILS
Introduction
Soil classification is the arrangement of soils into different groups such that the soils in a particular group have similar behaviour. As there are a wide variety of soils covering earth, it is desirable to t systematize or classify the soils t ti l if th il into broad groups of similar behaviour. behaviour
Soils, in general, may be classified as cohesionless and cohesive or as coarse-grained and fi i d d fine-grained. i d These terms, however, are too general and include a wide range of engineering properties. Hence, additional means of , categorization are necessary to make the terms more meaningful in engineering practice. These terms are compiled to form soil classification systems systems.
Purpose of Classification of Soils

Natural soil deposits are never homogeneous in character; wide variations in properties and behaviour are commonly observed. Deposits that exhibit similar average properties, in general, may be grouped together, as a class. Through classification of soils one can obtain an Th h l ifi ti f il bt i appropriate, but fairly accurate, idea of the average properties of the soil group or a soil type which is type, of great convenience in any routine type of soil engineering project. g gp j
Purpose of Classification of Soils contd From engineering point of view, classification may be made based on the y suitability of a soil for use as a foundation material or as a construction material. For complete knowledge of soil behaviour of soils all the engineering properties are soils, determined after conducting a large number of tests.
Purpose of Classification of Soils contd A classification system thus provides a common language between engineers dealing with soils. It is useful in exchange of information and experience between the geotechnical engineers. g
Purpose of Soil classification

Classifying soils into groups with similar behavior, in terms of simple indices, can provide geotechnical engineers a general guidance about engineering properties of the soils through p the accumulated experience. Communicate between Engineers
Simple Indices GSD, LL, GSD LL PI Classification System (Language) Estimate Engineering properties ti Achieve Engineering purposes
Use the accumulated experience i

Dr. H.B.NAGARAJ, Asst Prof in Civil Engineering B.M.S. College of Engineering, Bangalore 52
Requirements for a Soil Classification System It should have a limited number of groups. It should be based on the engineering properties, which are most relevant f th purpose f which th l t for the for hi h the classification has been made. It should be simple and should use the terms, which are easily understood.
Soil Classification Systems
1. Particle size classification 2. 2 Textural classification 3. Highway Research Board (HRB) classification 4. Unified Soil Classification 5. Indian Soil Classification
Particle Size Classification The size of individual particles has an important influence on the behaviour of soils. It is a general practice to classify the soils into four broad groups, namely, Gravel Sand Silt size, and Clay size.
Silt size and Clay size

While classifying the fine grained soils on the basis fine-grained of particle size, it is a good practice to write silt size and clay size and not just silt and clay. In general usage, the term silt and clay are used to denote the soils that exhibit plasticity and cohesion over a wide range of water content. The soil y p y properties with clay-size particles may not exhibit the p p associated with clays. For eg. Rockflour has the particles of the size of the clay particles, but does not possess plasticity. It is classified as clay size and not just clay in the particle clay-size size classification systems.
Particle Size Classification Contd
Classification based on particle size is of immense value in the case of coarse-grained soils rather than fineg grained soils because the behaviour of such soils depends mainly on the particle size, whereas fine-grained soils d il depend on th plasticity d the l ti it characteristics.
Particle Size Classification Contd

Classification based on particle size is of immense p value in the case of coarse-grained soils rather than finegrained soils because the behaviour of such soils depends mainly on the particle size whereas fine-grained soils size, depend on the plasticity characteristics. Some of the classification systems based on particle size S f th l ifi ti t b d ti l i alone are: 1. U.S. Bureau of Soil and Public Road Administration (PRA) System Classification 2. International soil classification 3. M.I.T 3 M I T System 4. Indian Standard Classification H.B.NAGARAJ, Asst Prof in Civil Engineering Dr.
B.M.S. College of Engineering, Bangalore
U.S. Bureau of Soil and Public Road Administration (PRA) System Classification Cl ifi ti
This is one of the earliest classification systems developed in 1895 by the U.S. Bureau of soils.
0.005 mm m 0.010 mm m 0.05 mm m 0.25 mm m 0.50 mm m 1.0 mm m 2.0 mm m Fine Gravel Gravel
Clay Cl (Size)
Silt (Size)
Very Fine Fi
Fine
Medium Sand
Coarse
International soil classification

This system was proposed for g y p p general use at the international Soils Congress held at Washington in 1927. This was known as the Swedish Classification system before it was adopted as International system system. In this system, an additional term Mo (Majla) has been used for soil particles in the size range between sand and silt ilt
International soil classification

0.0002 mm 0.006 mm 0.002 mm 0.06 mm m 0.02 mm m 0.05 mm m 0.1 mm 0.2 mm m
m 0.5 mm
Ultra Clay Ult Cl (Colloids)
F Clay
F Silt
C MO (Majla)
M Sand
1.0 mm m
VC Gravel
2.0 mm m
M.I.T System
Prof. G. Gilboy at Massachusetts Institute of Technology y gy in U.S.A developed MIT system of classification of soils. In this system the soil is divided into four groups: system, a. Gravel, particle size greater than 2 mm b. Sand, particle size between 0.06 mm to 2 mm c. Silt size, particle size b t i ti l i between 0 002 mm t 0 06 mm 0.002 to 0.06 d. Clay size, particle size smaller than 0.002 mm (2 m)
MIT soil classification

0.0002 mm 0.006 mm m 0.02 mm 0.06 mm m 0.2 mm m
Clay Cl (Size) (Colloids)
Fine
Med
Coarse
Fine
Med Sand
0.6 mm m
Coarse Gravel
Silt (Size)
2.0 mm m
I.S. Classification (IS: 1498-1970)
0.002 mm m
0.075 mm m
m 0.425 mm
4.75 mm m
Clay Cl (Size)
Silt (Size)
Fine
Med Sand
Coarse
Fine
Coarse Cobble Boulders
Gravel
300 mm
m 20 mm
80 mm m
2 mm
Textural Classification System

The visual appearance of a soil is pp called its texture. The texture depends upon the particle size shape of particles and size, gradation of particles and gradation of particles. The Th textural classification l l ifi i incorporates only the particle size. Here, the term texture is used to , express the percentage of the three constituents of soils, namely, sand, silt and clay. clay
Clay mineralogy and how it affects water holding and plasticity characteristics are not evaluated with this classification system
Textural Classification System Contd

According to the textural classification system the system, percentages of sand (size 0.05 to 2.0 mm), silt (size 0.005 to 0.05 mm) and clay (size less than 0.005 mm) are plotted along the three sides of an equilateral triangle. The equilateral triangle is divided into 10 zones, q g , each zone gives a type of soil. The soil can be classified by determining the zone in which it lies lies. A key is given that indicates the directions in which the lines are to be drawn to locate the point.
Textural Classification Chart (Adapted from U.S. Public Roads Administration)
To use the graph, take the known clay, silt, clay silt and percentages of the sample and follow the colour- coded grid lines to th t the point where th i t h they intersect. Where would a sample containing containing t i i t i i 15 % clay, 70 % silt, and 15 % sand be located?
Another example. If a soil contains 30 % sand, sand 20 % silt and 50 % clay.The point (P) falls in the zone labeled clay. Therefore, the soil y is classified as clay.

The textural classification system is useful for classifying soils consisting of different constituents. constituents The system assumes that the soil does not contain particles larger than 2-mm size. i However, if the soil contains a certain p percentage of soil p g particles larger than 2 g mm, a correction is required in which the sum of the percentages of sand, silt and clay is increased to 100 % %.
The textural classification system is useful for classifying soils consisting of different constituents. For e.g. if a soil contains 20 % particles of size larger than 2-mm size, the actual sum of the pe ce tages of sand, silt and clay particles s percentages o sa d, s t a d c ay pa t c es is 80 %. Let these be respectively 12, 24, and 44 %. The corrected percentages would be obtained by multiplying with a factor of 100/80. Therefore, the corrected percentages are 15, 30 and 55 %. The textural classification of the soil would be done based on these corrected percentages. p g
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L1 - Soil Classification 28-08-09

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CLASSIFICATION OF SOILS Lecture 1 (28-08-2009)

Particle size classification MIT classification and IS classification, Textural classification

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE GROWTH OF SOIL MECHANICS

KARL VON TERZAGHI

October 2, 1883 Prague, Czech Republic October 25, 1963

Winchester, Massachusetts, United States f A St t of America i

THE FATHER OF SOIL MECHANICS

Early professional years

Early professional years

Important Contributions to Soil Mechanics

Influence of Terzaghis work on the Soil Mechanics Profession

October 23, 1912 Winnipeg, Canada February 18, 2008

Albuquerque, Albuquerque New Mexico

Professional Career of Prof R.B.Peck

Professional Achievements of Prof R.B.Peck

Professional Achievements of Prof R.B.Peck

INDEX PROPERTIES OF SOILS

Particle Size Distribution SIEVE ANALYSIS:TEST PROCEDURE

Particle Size Distribution HYDROMETER:TEST PROCEDURE

LIQUID LIMIT :TEST PROCEDURE

Soil Constants : Test Procedure

Viewshowing groovecutin groove cut in soilpastewith standard standard groovingtool

Interpolate LL water content at 25 blows

Plastic Limit Definition

Definition of Plasticity Index

Definition of Non-plastic IfthesoilhasaPIofzero,or eitheroftheAtterbergtests cannotbeperformed,thesoil issaidtobenonplastic

Purpose of Classification of Soils

Purpose of Soil classification

Use the accumulated experience i

Soil Classification Systems

Silt size and Clay size

Particle Size Classification Contd

Particle Size Classification Contd

International soil classification

International soil classification

Ultra Clay Ult Cl (Colloids)

MIT soil classification

Clay Cl (Size) (Colloids)

I.S. Classification (IS: 1498-1970)

Coarse Cobble Boulders

Textural Classification System

Textural Classification System Contd

Textural Classification Chart (Adapted from U.S. Public Roads Administration)

Textural Classification System Contd

Textural Classification System Contd

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