Evi, Joy Qoriyanti, Rini Rizki, Siska

FACTOR GROUP
Group III
Evi Sriwahyuni Joy Juli Great Simanjuntak Qoriyanti Rini Prautami Rizki Husnaini Siska Nopa Tambunan

Academic year 2010/2011 MATHEMATICS EDUCATION BILINGUAL 2009

Factor Group by Group III

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Evi, Joy Qoriyanti, Rini Rizki, Siska

FACTOR GROUP
In the previous chapter has introduced the concept of subgroups, which is a subset of a group and that is a group of the same operations, which are operations that exist within the Group. In this chapter will be introduced with Normal subgroups of the subgroups that have additional properties. The combination of cosset of Normal subgroups can form a group called the Group factor. If H is a normal subgroups of the group (G, *), the set of cosset G|H = {H*g | g G} form group (G, *) which defined by H (g 1 ) * H (g 2 ) = H (g 1 * g 2 ), called the factor group G by H.

Brief Description:

Definition:

Suppose H is a normal subgroup of group G and suppose G|H = {ah; a G}. For each of aH, bH G|H is defined (aH) (bH) = abH, then this operation is a binary operation.

Theorem 1

Order of Group factor (G|H, *) is the number cosset of H in G, so that: Ind. |G|H | = Ind | G: H | = |G| / |H|

Proof: Because for every a, b G so ab G, it is clear that the abH is left cosset of H. Then abH G|H. Now, we show that well-defined operation. This means that if aH = aH and bH = bH. We must show ab H = (aH)(bH) = abH.

To demonstrate this, suppose that aH = aH and bH = bH. As a result there are h 1 , h 2 H sehingga a = ah 1 dan b = bh 2 . Therefore abH = ah 1 bh 2 H. Since then h 2 H so h 2 H = H and consequently abH = ah 1 bH. Because H is normal subgroup of group G, then bH = Hb. Then,

abH = ah 1 bH = ah 1 Hb = aHb = abH

So (aH)(bH) = abH for all aH, bH G|H is a binary operation on G|H.

Theorem 2

Suppose H is a normal subgroup of group G. The set left cosset of H, G|H = {aH; aG} by operation (aH)(bH) = abH for all aH, bH G|H is a group. Factor Group by Group III Page 2

Evi, Joy Qoriyanti, Rini Rizki, Siska Proof: G|H = {aH; a G} by operation (aH)(bH) = abH for all aH, bH G|H is a group. 2. Take of arbitrary ah, bH, cH G|H aH (bH.cH) = abcH = (abH)(cH) = aH (bcH)

1. Take of aritrary a, b G, ab G. It means abH is left cosset H in G (closed property is satisfied)

4. Take of arbitrary a G a-1 G. a-1 is left cosset H in G. (invers property is satisfied) Let (G, +) = Z6 = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5} is a group and H = {0, 2, 4} are the subgroups of G. Determine the factor group of G by H, namely (G|H).

3. e G aH.e = e.aH = aH, e G (identity property is satisfied)

= (aH.bH) cH

(assacoative property is satisfied)

Example 1:

Completion: The first be shown that the group is Normal subgroups, where cosset left same with cosset right. (G, +) = Z6 = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, its generator 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5

Left Cosset

0 + H = 0 + {0, 2, 4} = {0, 2, 4} 1 + H = 1 + {0, 2, 4} = {1, 3, 5} 2 + H = 2 + {0, 2, 4} = {2, 4, 0} 3 + H = 3 + {0, 2, 4} = {3, 5, 1} 4 + H = 4 + {0, 2, 4} = {4, 0, 2} 5 + H = 5 + {0, 2, 4} = {5, 1, 3} Right Cosset H + 0 = {0, 2, 4} + 0 = {0, 2, 4} H + 1 = {0, 2, 4} + 1 = {1, 3, 5} H + 2 = {0, 2, 4} + 2 = {2, 4, 0} H + 3 = {0, 2, 4} + 3 = {3, 5, 1} H + 4 = {0, 2, 4} + 4 = {4, 0, 2} H + 5 = {0, 2, 4} + 5 = {5, 1, 3} So, 0 + H = H + 0 = {0, 2, 4}
Factor Group by Group III

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Evi, Joy Qoriyanti, Rini Rizki, Siska

The Elements of Group factor is 2. Suppose we take left cosset:

Now we will determine the group factor G by H which is formed from Normal subgroups are: Ind. |G|H| = Ind |G: H| = |G| / |H| = 6 / 3 = 2

So

1 + H = H + 1 = {1, 3, 5} 2 + H = H + 2 = {2, 4, 0} 3 + H = H + 3 = {3, 5, 1} 4 + H = H + 4 = {4, 0, 2} 5 + H = H + 5 = {5, 1, 3}

Then

: subgroups of H = {0, 2, 4} is a normal subgroups.

: left cosset = right cosset

0 + H = 0 + {0, 2, 4} = {0, 2, 4} 1 + H = 1 + {0, 2, 4} = {1, 3, 5} 2 + H = 2 + {0, 2, 4} = {2, 4, 0} 3 + H = 3 + {0, 2, 4} = {3, 5, 1} 4 + H = 4 + {0, 2, 4} = {4, 0, 2} 5 + H = 5 + {0, 2, 4} = {5, 1, 3}
Then:

The full list of Group Cayley are: Table Group factor of G = Z 6 by H = {0, 2, 4}

The Elements of Group factor is 2:

0 + H = 2 + H = 4 + H = {0, 2, 4} 1 + H = 3 + H = 5 + H = {1, 3, 5} 0 + H = {0, 2, 4} = H 1 + H = {1, 3, 5}

Look at the group of integers Z. The set 4Z = {.., -8, -4, 0, 4, 8, ..} is a normal subgroup of Z, because Z is a commutative group. The left cosset of 4Z are

Example 2

+ H 1+H

H H 1+H

1+H 1+H H

0 + 4Z = {, -8, -4, 0, 4, 8, ...}

Factor Group by Group III

1 + 4Z = {, -7, -3, 1, 5, 9, }

2 + 4Z = {, -6, -2, 2, 6, 10, }

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Evi, Joy Qoriyanti, Rini Rizki, Siska

3 + 4Z = {, -5, -1, 3, 7, 11, }

The Cayley table of Z | 4Z is

So the set of all left-of 4Z is cosset Z|4Z = {0+4Z, 1+4Z, 2+4Z, 3+4Z}

4 + 4Z = {, -4, 0, 4, 8, }

0+4Z 1+4Z 2+4Z 3+4Z

0+4Z 0+4Z 1+4Z 2+4Z 3+4Z

1+4Z 1+4Z 2+4Z 3+4Z 0+4Z

2+4Z 2+4Z 3+4Z 0+4Z 1+4Z

3+4Z 3+4Z 0+4Z 1+4Z 2+4Z

From the table we can see that

1(1+4Z) = 1+4Z

2(1+4Z) = (1+4Z) + (1+4Z) = 2+4Z 3(1+4Z) = (2+4Z) + (1+4Z) = 3+4Z

4(1+4Z) = (3+4Z) + (1+4Z) = 0+4Z

So Z | 4Z is a cyclic group order of 4, so Z | 4Z = Z4.

In particular the example above shows that the factor group of a cyclic group is a cyclic group.

Factor Group by Group III

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