HealthScouter Pregnancy: Pregnancy Stages and New Mother Self Advocate Guide
By Equity Press
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For the most honest, objective opinion, HealthScouter provides a patient's view of
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overcome your own. This reference will help you see through obscure medical jargon and limited treatment options and empower you to better understand the issues that really matter: Diagnosis + Symptoms + What to Expect + Treatment Options +
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HealthScouter Pregnancy - Equity Press
Pregnancy
Equity Press-HealthScouter.com
5055 Canyon Crest Drive
Riverside, California 92507
www.healthscouter.com
Purchasing this book entitles you to free updates at www.healthscouter.com/Pregnancy
Edited By: Shana McKibbin
Includes Pregnancy from Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pregnancy
Pregnancy
ISBN 978-1-60332-261-4
Edited Components are Copyright (c) 2009 Equity Press
Smashwords Edition
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled GNU Free Documentation License
.
HealthScouter and Equity Press do not provide medical advice. The contents of this book are for informational purposes only and are not intended to substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek advice from a qualified physician or health care professional about any medical concern, and do not disregard professional medical advice because of anything you may read in this book or on a HealthScouter Web site. The views of individuals quoted in this book are not necessarily those of HealthScouter or Equity Press.
Equity Press does not endorse any company or product, and listing on the HealthScouter Web site is not linked to corporate sponsorship. We do not make a claim to being comprehensive or up to date. If you would like to recommend information to include in this book, please contact us – we would be very happy to hear from you.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Terminology
Progression
Initiation
Prenatal Period
Perinatal Period
Postnatal Period
Duration
Childbirth
Diagnosis
Physiology
First Trimester
Second Trimester
Third Trimester
Prenatal Development and Sonograph Images
Physiological Changes in Pregnancy
Hormonal Changes
Musculoskeletal Changes
Physical Changes
Cardiovascular Changes
Respiratory Changes
Metabolic Changes
Renal Changes
Management
Nutrition
Weight Gain
Immunological Tolerance
Drugs in Pregnancy
Sexuality During Pregnancy
Abortion
Complications and Complaints
Context
Pre-eclampsia
Diagnosis
Epidemiology
Causes
Pathogenesis
Differential Diagnosis
Complications
Treatment and Prevention
Magnesium Sulfate
Dietary and Nutritional Factors
Aspirin Supplementation
Exercise
Immunological Tolerance
Pregnancy Over Age 50
Medical Considerations
Mythological References
Cases of Pregnancy Over Age 50
Debate
Postpartum Depression
Postpartum Exhaustion
Relation to Baby Blues
Symptoms
Risk Factors
Evolutionary Psychological Hypothesis
Effects on the Parent-Infant Relationship
Security
Attachment Study
Prevention
Nutrition
Treatment
Postpartum Psychosis
References: Pregnancy
References: Pre-eclampsia
References: Pregnancy over age 50
References: Postpartum Depression
GNU Free Documentation License
Introduction
Pregnancy (latin graviditas) is the carrying of one or more offspring, known as a fetus or embryo, inside the uterus of a female. In a pregnancy, there can be multiple gestations, as in the case of twins or triplets. Human pregnancy is the most studied of all mammalian pregnancies. Obstetrics is the surgical field that studies and cares for high risk pregnancy. Midwifery is the non-surgical field that cares for pregnancy and pregnant women.
Childbirth usually occurs about 38 weeks after fertilization (conception ), i.e., approximately 40 weeks from the last normal menstrual period (LNMP) in humans. The World Health Organisation defines normal term for delivery as between 37 weeks and 42 weeks. The calculation of this date involves the assumption of a regular 28-day period.
Terminology
One scientific term for the state of pregnancy is gravid , and a pregnant female is sometimes referred to as a gravida .[1] Neither word is used in common speech. Similarly, the term parity
(abbreviated as para
) is used for the number of previous successful live births. Medically, a woman who has never been pregnant is referred to as a nulligravida
, and in subsequent pregnancies as multigravida
or multiparous
.[2][3][4] Hence during a second pregnancy a woman would be described as gravida 2, para 1
and upon delivery as gravida 2, para 2
. Incomplete pregnancies of abortions, miscarriages or stillbirths account for parity values being less than the gravida number, whereas a multiple birth will increase the parity value. Women who have never carried a pregnancy achieving more than 20 weeks of gestation age are referred to as nulliparous
.[5] The medical term for a woman who is pregnant for the first time is primipara .[6]
The term embryo is used to describe the developing offspring during the first eight weeks following conception , and the term fetus is used from about two months of development until birth.[7][8]
In many societies' medical or legal definitions, human pregnancy is somewhat arbitrarily divided into three trimester periods, as a means to simplify reference to the different stages of prenatal development. The first trimester carries the highest risk of miscarriage (natural death of embryo or fetus ). During the second trimester, the development of the fetus can be more easily monitored and diagnosed. The beginning of the third trimester often approximates the point of viability, or the ability of the fetus to survive, with or without medical help, outside of the uterus.[9]
Progression
Initiation
Pregnancy occurs as the result of the female gamete or oocyte being penetrated by the male gamete spermatozoon in a process referred to, in medicine, as fertilization
, or more commonly known as conception
. After the point of fertilization
it is referred to as an egg. The fusion of male and female gametes usually occurs through the act of sexual intercourse. However, the advent of artificial insemination and in vitro fertilisation have also made achieving pregnancy possible in cases where sexual intercourse does not result in fertilization (e.g. through choice or male/female infertility).
Prenatal Period
Prenatal or antenatal development is the process in which an embryo or fetus (or foetus) gestates during pregnancy, from fertilization until birth. Often, the terms fetal development , foetal development, or embryology are used in a similar sense.
After fertilization, the embryogenesis starts. In humans, when embryogenesis finishes, by the end of the 10th week of gestational age, the precursors of all the major organs of the body have been created. Therefore, the following period, the fetal period, is described both topically on one hand, i.e., by organ, and strictly chronologically on the other, by a list of major occurrences by weeks of gestational age.
Perinatal Period
Perinatal defines the period occurring around the time of birth
, specifically from 22 completed weeks (154 days) of gestation (the time when birth weight is normally 500g) to seven completed days after birth. [10]
Legal regulations in different countries include gestation age beginning from 16 - 22 weeks (five months) before birth.
Postnatal Period
Postnatal (Latin for 'after birth', from post meaning after
and natalis meaning of birth
) is the period beginning immediately after the birth of a child and extending for about six weeks. A more correct term would be postpartum period, as it refers to the mother (whereas postnatal refers to the infant). Less frequently used is puerperium.
Biologically, it is the time after birth, a time in which the mother's body, including hormone levels and uterus size, return to prepregnancy conditions. Lochia is post-partum vaginal discharge, containing blood, mucus, and placental tissue.
During the first stages of this period, the newborn also starts his/her adaptation