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8- Africa South of the Sahara

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The Challenge
Africa: cradle of humanity. Resources: water; farming areas; minerals but worlds poorest region. Instability: armed internal conflicts (e.g. Congo, Sierra Leone). Deserts (e.g. Sahara, Namib), impoverished soils, and diseases (malaria, trypanosomiasis, HIV/AIDS). Africans: own social systems (political organizations) and cultural expressions (fashion/dressings).

Kings at festivals

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Fashion show: Ghana

fashion/dressing for males

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Distinctive Physical Geography

Plateaus: rise steeply from the ocean in many places. Ancient plateau rocks: sites of minerals (gold and diamonds). Volcanic peaks Mount Kilimanjaro, Ethiopian Highlands, Cameroun Highlands, etc. Delta rocks of Nigeria to Angola contain oil. South Africa: sedimentary rocks contain coal.

Plateaus of Mpumalanga, South Africa

Victoria Falls

Rapids on the Congo River8

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Rift valleys: East Africa. Rift valley lakes: Albert, Tanganyika, Malawi. Lake Victoria, source of River Nile. Lake Victoria is not a rift valley lake.
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Major Rivers
Niger, Nile, Congo, and Zambezi. Rivers: source of industrial and domestic water and navigation. Waterfalls, rapids, and shallowness of rivers: interrupt navigation. Niger has marshy delta. Few natural port sites (Freetown) .

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Tropical Climates
Climates: Tropical Region: within Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn. Hot and all-year at the equator. Sahara and Namib deserts: hot and arid. Crops: rubber, cocoa, coffee, cotton, tropical fruits, and vegetables. The sun and presence of big game (animals) promotes tourism.
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tropical rain forest

savanna landscape

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A Desert scene

A Rhino

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Distinctive Human Geography

Evolutionists believe Homo sapiens appeared here and spread to the rest of the world. People groups: Masai and Bantus. Great Zimbabwe: center of a trading empire in AD 1100s. African religion: animism (worshipping of gods and spirits in rivers, tree groves, and rock outcrops). Land communal possession (no one owns it). Large families: blessing; and childlessness, a curse.
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Witch Doctor, South Africa

A Dogon mask Mali

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Shifting Control AD 600s: Islam spread from Arabia into northern and eastern parts of Africa through trade. Trade goods- salt, gold, ivory, and slaves. Some West African empires: Ghana (AD 7001240), Mali (1050-1500), and Songhai (13501600). Had Universities at Timbuktu and Djenne (West Africa) and employed scholars from Greece, Egypt, and Arabia.
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1324: Mansa Musa, a Mali emperor, went on pilgrimage to Mecca with 500 porters each with a golden staff. East Africa: Arabs established trading ports: e.g. Zanzibar and Pemba. Arabs exported slaves and ivory to Persia, Arabia, and China. Number sent: about 5 million. Lingua franca (language) in East Africa: Swahili.

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Some West African Empires

Trade routes on the Sahara Desert and some city-states

Trade routes on the Sahara Desert

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European Traders
From mid-1400s, Europeans entered west and southern parts of Africa. Goods of exchange: alcohol, guns, and sugar for slaves, gold, ivory, and palm products. Parts of Western Africa - labeled Ivory Coast, Gold Coast, and Slave Coast.

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Ivory tusks of elephants

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Palm tree with fruits

Gold ore and nuggets/bars

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Labor on plantations in the Americas led demand for slaves. Slaves: New World: over: 12 million. Trade called triangular trade between Africa (for slaves), the Americas (cotton, sugar, etc), and Europe (manufactured goods). Antislavery movements: late 1700s Atlantic slave trade abolished: 1808 Freed slaves locations: Liberia, Freetown, and Libreville (Gabon). The returnees: seldom integrated with local populations and resulted in ethnic conflicts.

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The Colonial Period

Partition of Africa: Berlin Congress (18841885). Africa occupied and colonized: by Europeans. Colonies: sources of raw materials (cocoa, palm oil, peanut, etc) and minerals. Europeans set up homes in Africa: South Africa, Kenya, and South West Africa. European settlers: resisted by the local population. After the WWI: Germany lost her territories.
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Political Independence 1948: South Africa institutes the apartheid policy. Gold Coast: independent (1957) named Ghana. Violent transfer of power in e.g. Kenya, Mozambique, and Angola. Portuguese colonies (e.g. Angola) independent in 1975; Namibia independent: 1990. Military coups replaced governments: e.g. Ghana, Nigeria, etc.
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Growing and Mobile Populations High populated areas (a) at traditional empires locations (b) where agricultural produce and mineral extraction existed, and (c) administrative capitals and coastal areas. Low population areas e.g. Sahara desert margins and southwest (Namibia). Population growth through: investments in modern medical facilities and treatments. Fall in death rates, resulted in population growth and it is young.
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Population Distribution in Africa Sahara desert

Namibia

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Annual population growth is 3%. 1980 population (380 million); 700 million in 2006. Little use of birth reduction methods. Large families: signs of maleness and old age social security help system. Migration Pull reasons: economic reasons (paid employment). Affect the educated and professionals (doctors, etc) move to materially-rich Western countries (USA, Canada, etc) (known as brain drain). Push reasons: fleeing from violence e.g. political and religious persecution, ethnic conflicts/civil wars/famine (Rwanda, Congo, etc), and change of government (South Africa). 32

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HIV/AIDS Pandemic AIDS occurrence is pandemic (a disease that has a long-term presence around the world). Contraction methods: unprotected sexual contact, HIV-contaminated blood or fluids, and infection from mother to baby. Southern Africa: the epicenter of global HIV/AIDS pandemic.

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Graphic images of HIV/AIDS patients

An AIDS patient being helped

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More images about AIDS

Women visiting a rest-stop of drivers of trucks

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Exploding Cities
Two-thirds of population rural and subsistence farmers. Some cities: Accra, Cape Town, Harare, Addis Ababa. Urban areas centers of wage employment, better health, and educational facilities. Shantytowns (slums): house over 70% of the urban population. Shantytowns: lack facilities like pipe water or sewerage systems; have high incidence of urban crimes (drug use, prostitution, etc).

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Cape Town South Africa

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Harare - Zimbabwe

Accra - Ghana

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Addis Ababa Ethiopia

Slums in Africa South of the Sahara

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Local and Global Connections: Cell Phones

Africa: 3% landline phone in 2001. 50 million cell phone subscribers in 2001. Ethiopia: lowest usage and has one cell phone network. 2005: United Nations Digital Divide Fund to help reduce technology gap between rich and poor worlds.

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GSM, Global System for Mobile communications in Africa South of the Sahara

5 Cell phone Companies in Ghana

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Cell Phones- Use in Africa

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Tourism
Tourist industry: potential foreign currency earner in Eastern and Southern Africa. Places of interest: slave trading centers (West Africa), Robben Island (Mandela incarceration place), etc. with big game.
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Cape Town

Safari Visitors

Robben Island Elmina Castle

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Culture Shock
Many Africans: earn low wages. Discrimination in terms of gender, race, ethnicity, religion, and education. Jobs of women: care for children, collect wood, water, raise crops, and cook meals. Only 13% of women: Parliamentarians. Liberia: First female president in Africa: Johnson Sirleaf.

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Some work done by women: care for children and collect wood

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Liberian President Johnson Sirleaf

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