C|v|| rocedure Cut||ne

Iane kess|er Ia|| 2010

Cha||eng|ng Iur|sd|ct|on
4 Cha||eng|ng Iur|sd|ct|on |n kender|ng State(D|rect Attack)
4 uefendanLs 1sL opLlon ls Lo appear ln Lhe orlglnal acLlon aL Lhe beglnnlng of Lhe sulL
and ob[ecL Lo Lhe courLs exerclse of [urlsdlcLlon over her
O ome sLaLes do a speclal appearance
uL can only dlscuss [urlsdlcLlon lssue noL merlL lssues lf merlL lssues
dlscussed defendanL walved [urlsdlcLlon and sub[ecL Lo courLs [udgmenL
ederal courLs under rule 12(b) are more flexlble and allow one Lo ralse
ob[ecLlons wlLhouL Lhe above problem
4 Cha||eng|ng Iur|sd|ct|on |n the Lnforc|ng Court (Co||atera| Attack) where the [udgment |s
be|ng domest|cated
O nforclng courL home of Lhe defendanL
O f Lhere ls a defaulL [udgmenL made Lhen one can brlng a
collaLeral aLLack and challenge Lhe defaulL [udgmenL
4 uefendanLs second opLlon ls Lo lgnore Lhe orlglnal sulL enLlrely buL Lhe courL may
defaulL agalnsL and lf one ls wrong abouL the [ur|sd|ct|on |ssue the [udgment |s
enforceab|e
O IoJqmeots of otbet stotes ote oot eofotceJ lf tbey ote lovollJ
O uefendanL has rlghL Lo sLay away lf o coott locks [urlsdlcLlon over
hlm
O ome sLaLe wlll noL dlrecLly enforce Lhe [udgmenL of anoLher courL 1here are
sLeps
,usL obLaln recognlLlon of Lhe [udgmenL by
lllng new acLlon on Lhe [udgmenL ln Lhe enforclng sLaLe
[udgmenL on Lhe [udgmenL
lle a cerLlfled copy of [udgmenL Lo avold flllng new acLlon
@be loll loltb ooJ cteJlt cloose of tbe u5 coostltotloo (ArLlcle I secLlon
1)
equlres Lhe courLs of each sLaLe Lo honor Lhe [udgmenLs of oLher sLaLes
by enLerlng [udgmenLs upon Lhem and allowlng ouLofsLaLe credlLors Lo
collecL
O LkCL1ICN 1he enforclng courL may lnqulre as Lo wheLher Lhe
renderlng courL had [urlsdlcLlon ln Lhe orlglnal acLlon and refuse
enforcemenL lf lL dld noL
O Co||atera| Attack when a court |acks persona| [ur|sd|ct|on
over

4 LaLe CourLpeclal Appearance
4 1he u appears ln courL for Lhe sole purpose of challenglng Lhe courLs personal
[urlsdlcLlon over her
CannoL be dlscuss Lhe merlLs of Lhe case oLherwlse you wlll be consenLlng Lo
[urlsdlcLlon ln LhaL courL
4 ederal CourLlrsL Appearance
4 u flrsL legal acLlon musL be Lo challenge [urlsdlcLlon buL Lhe u may also ralse oLher
lssues aL Lhe same Llme
4 lmlLed Appearance
4 uldellnes for esolvlng reLrlal ,oLlons


State Sub[ect Matter Iur|sd|ct|on
4 LaLes are courLs of are courL of general [urlsdlcLlon and can hear any Lype of case

Iedera| Sub[ect Matter Iur|sd|ct|on
4 ederal courLs are llmlLed Lo hear parLlcular Lypes of cases because Lhey are noL meanL Lo
Lake over Lhe [obs of sLaLe courLs
a D|vers|ty Iur|sd|ct|on
| Comp|ete D|vers|ty Iur|sd|ct|on kequ|rements
D|verse art|es
O 5trowbridqe requ|rement that you can have mu|t|p|e defendants from
the same state and mu|t|p|e p|a|nt|ffs from the same state but cannot
have an state |n common
O Must be part|es of d|fferent states
O DS c|t|zen v Iore|gner
O DS c|t|zen w]Iore|gner v DS c|t|zen w] fore|gner
Amount |n Controversy
O Must meet more than 57Sk (57S00001 |s okay but 57S000 even |s
not)
,usL ueLermlne ClLlzenshlp
State C|t|zens
a uomlclle LesL
1 ,usL |ntend Lo sLay ln LhaL sLaLe
1 esldence !ob eLc
2 no deflnlLe plans Lo leave
2 ,usL be phys|ca||y present ln LhaL sLaLe
**unless Lhere ls boLh Lhen old domlclle conLlnues***
b CorporaLlons clLlzenshlp ls deLermlned by
**corporaLlons can have dual clLlzenshlp**
1 1he Landard for ueLermlnlng
1 1oLal AcLlvlLy 1esL ooks aL dally acLlvlLles and all
aspecLs of corporaLlons acLlvlLles
f noL sufflclenL Lhen
2 nerve 1esL where Lhe braln of Lhe company ls
2 1he sLaLe where Lhey are lncorporaLed
Iore|gn C|t|zens
a Cases beLween clLlzens of dlfferenL sLaLes wlLh an allen added as an
addlLlonal plalnLlff or defendanL ls proper
b A person cannoL be a clLlzen of a sLaLe unless she ls also a clLlzen of Lhe
u
l owever an allen admlLLed Lo Lhe unlLed LaLes for permanenL
resldence ls LreaLed as a clLlzen of Lhe sLaLe ln whlch she ls
domlclled
IMCk1AN1
O Jhen a represenLaLlve ls represenLlng Lhe Lrue plalnLlff
1he domlclle of a represenLaLlve ls noL Laken lnLo accounL for dlverslLy buL Lhe
underlylng esLaLe (of Lhose who dled) or acLual parLy LhaL maLLers for a d|vers|ty
dec|s|on 1hls can be applled Lo Lhose who cannoL represenL Lhemselves
,eeL AmounL ln ConLroversy (73k+ noL 73k)
a AmounL ln ConLroversy noL ewarded
l egal CerLalnLy does noL appear Lo a legal cerLalnLy LhaL lL wlll be
less Lhan amounL ln conLroversy
1 ueallng w/ punlLlve paln and sufferlng emoLlonal
damages loss of buslness prlceless lLems ln[uncLlon or
speclflc performance
2 CannoL geL an ln[uncLlon unless Lhere ls lrreparable
damages
3 unlLlve uamages can be lncluded buL cannoL be Lhe sole
basls
1 noL sufflclenL Lo equal ln AC musL have an some
amounL ln conLroversy IN ADDI1ICN Lo Lhe
punlLlves
1 our ways Lo deLermlne cosL for n[uncLlon
1 Ialue Lo Lhe plalnLlff
2 CosL for Lhe defendanL Lo comply
3 ueLermlne Lhe cosL or value Lo Lhe parLy lnvoklng federal
[urlsdlcLlon (make sense bc defendanL has Lhe ablllLy Lo
move Lhe case Lo fed courL)
4 f Lhe value ls meL elLher by Lhe plalnLlff or defendanL
ll AggregaLlng Clalms
1 lngle asserLs Lwo or more clalms(relaLed or unrelaLed)
agalnsL a s|ng|e D Lhe amounLs may be added LogeLher
Lo reach Lhe requlred amounL
2 CannoL be Lhe same clalm w/ dlfferlng Lheorles
3 lngle CANNC1 aggregaLe amounLs soughL from
dlfferenL umusL meeL requlremenL agalnsL each u
lndependenLly
xcepLlon unless Lhe defendanLs have a Common
Dnd|v|ded Interest
(|e marr|ed ASk WnC LLSL)
4 ,ulLlple s MA NC1 add Lhelr clalms LogeLher Lo meeL
Lhe amounL requlred
S As |ong as 1 sat|sf|es the amount requ|rement others
may [o|n as co p|a|nt|ffs even |f they are seek|ng |ess
lll CounLer Clalms??? Can Lhey be added LogeLher Lo meeL Lhe amounL
ln conLroversy??

b Iedera| uest|on Iur|sd|ct|on
o nolmes @est Lhe federal law musL be whaL creaLes Lhe cause of acLlon
b 5mltb @est noL necessary Lo eod federal law Lo allege a valld cause of
acLlon buL have Lo rove a proposlLlon of a federal law Lo esLabllsh Lhelr
sLaLe law clalm
c Ctoble @est 1he plalnLlff has Lo prove a subsLanLlal federal lssue
J sboto @est arlslng under" means lncludlng a federal lngredlenL

1he ule we follow ls
e JelllleoJeJ kole (Mottley) lf Lhe plalnLlffs relles on federal law as her
source of rellef
,usL asses Lhe federal courLs sub[ecL maLLer [urlsdlcLlon based on Lhe
plalnLlffs complalnL
CannoL [usL refer Lo federal sLaLuLe buL lL hos to be the reoson for the
oction
xcetion if the federo ow is necessory to determine the stote
ow coim then it is okoy

|Cvera|| Is there an overa|| ru|e to be fo||owed or can I app|y any of the above??
| Lssent|a| e|ement to prov|ng the c|a|m
|| Substant|a| federa| quest|on
||| Cause of act|on be|ng a federa| quest|on
|v 1he |ssue |s of federa| |nterest
v It w||| be one of those rare case
S|de note
n a dlverslLy case can you add a defendanL Lo defeaL dlverslLy??
1he courL wlll see lf Lhere ls a fraudulenL [olnder and Lhen may noL allow lL

ersona| Iur|sd|ct|on
ersonal !urlsdlcLlon nu 1C ,1 1C Cn
1 ,usL meeL Lhe appllcable sLaLe long arm sLaLuLe(or sLaLe sLaLuLe equlvalenL) and Lhen
2 1he long arm sLaLuLe (or sLaLe sLaLue equlvalenL) musL noL offend due process under Lhe
consLlLuLlon
O If you do not meet the requ|rements of the LAS then |ook|ng at due process |s
unnecessary
1 Long arm statutes
4 LaLes may exerclse personal [urlsdlcLlon Lo Lhe level LhaL Lhe consLlLuLlon allows
O uL ln cerLaln sLaLes choose Lo llmlL Lhelr rlghL exerclse personal [urlsdlcLlon Lo Lhe
ouLer boarders of Lhe consLlLuLlon
easons for llmlLlng
O 1hey do noL wanL Lo wasLe Lhelr sLaLe resources
O y llmlLlng Lhey are noL saylng Lhere ls no rellef buL Lhere ls [usL noL rellef
here
O 1hey do noL wanL Lo wasLe Llme Lrylng Lo flgure ouL whlch cases have
[urlsdlcLlon because lL can be a messy analysls
4 1hough unllkely lf Lhere ls no A Lhen do a consLlLuLlonal analysls


2 1he Due rocess or Const|tut|ona| Ana|ys|s
1 Spec|f|c Iur|sd|ct|on(focuses on when the contacts that are assoc|ated or re|ated to
the c|a|m)
1 ,lnlmum ConLacLs/urposeful AvallmenL(lnLenLlonal avalllng self of Lhe
beneflLs of Lhe forum LaLe)
**focused on Lhe defendanL**
**u musL purposefully dlrecL lLs acLlon Loward Lhe sLaLe raLher Lhan
a mere acL o place a producL lnLo Lhe sLream of commerce
o coooot foctots lf Lhese facLors are meL lL ls more llkely LhaL mlnlmum
conLacLs can be esLabllshed
l ueslgnlng a producL for Lhe forum LaLe
ll adverLlslng
lll esLabllshlng channels for provldlng regular advlce Lo cusLomers
lv markeLlng Lhe producL Lhrough a dlsLrlbuLor who has agreed Lo
serve s Lhe agenL ln LhaL sLaLe
b ffects @est (colJet) requlres (help esLabllsh ,C) used for only
|ntent|ona| harm
l u expressly oimed hls LorLlous conducL aL Lhe forum sLaL
ll e aware LhaL hls lnLenLlonal conducL would cause harm ln Lhe
forum sLaLe
**ersonal [urlsdlcLlon ls ok where Lhe effecLs of Lhe u
conducL ls felL ln Lhe forum LaLe**
c 2lppo @est (JebslLes)
l asslve a webslLe LhaL merely makes lnformaLlon avallable Lo Lhose
lnLeresLed ls noL grounds for !
ll nLeracLlve where users exchange lnformaLlon Lhe exerclse of
[urlsdlcLlon ls deLermlned by examlnlng Lhe level of lnLeracLlvlLy and
commerclal naLure of Lhe exchange of lnfo LhaL occurs on Lhe
webslLe
lll AcLlve lf Lhe u was enLerlng conLracLs wlLh resldenLs of Lhe forelgn
[urlsdlcLlon LhaL lnvolve Lhe knowlng and repeaLed Lransmlsslon of
compuLer flles over Lhe lnLerneL personal [urlsdlcLlon ls proper
2 alrness acLors when the MC are not c|ear
a Lhe burden on Lhe defendanL
b Lhe lnLeresLs of Lhe forum sLaLe
c Lhe s lnLeresL ln obLalnlng rellef
d Lhe lnLersLaLe [udlclal sysLems lnLeresL ln obLaln Lhe mosL efflclenL
resoluLlon of conLroversles and
l ow havlng Lhe case here effecLs lnLersLaLe [udlclal lnLeresLs
e Lhe shared lnLeresL of Lhe several LaLes ln furLher fundamenLal
subsLanLlve soclal pollcles
| ou do not need fa|rness factors |f the MC are a|ready strong
because MC |s des|gned to be fa|r
1 1he use of mlnlmum conLacLs depends on how closely
relaLed Lhe cause of acLlon ls relaLed Lo Lhose conLacLs
2 Jhen Lhe relaLlonshlp beLween ls furLher away Lhen we
need more conLacLs Jhen Lhe relaLlonshlp ls close we
need less conLacLs
3 1o deLermlne conLacLs Lhen we use Lhe CConnor
acLors
4 Jhen we have less conLacLs and Lhe conLacLs are
skeLchy Lhen you can use falr facLors Lo help declde
3 `Jherever Lhe producL ls regularly sold even lf Lhe
cannoL prove LhaL Lhey boughL lL Lhey Lhere Lhen Lhere
ls speclflc [urlsdlcLlonLhen Lhe burden ls on Lhe
defendanL Lo dlsprove speclflc [urlsdlcLlon
O uL lf a manufacLurer llmlLs lLs dlsLrlbuLlon Lo
cerLaln places Lhan no [urlsdlcLlon

2 enera| Iur|sd|ct|on
W||| one be sub[ect to I]D even when c|a|ms do not ar|se from connect|on w|th
the state?
(|s when the contacts are substant|a| and cont|nuous but do not ar|se from the
c|a|m)
eneral !urlsdlcLlon ls approprlaLe when Lhe us acLlvlLles ln Lhe sLaLe are so
subsLanLlal and conLlnuous LhaL she would expecL Lo be sub[ecL Lo sulL Lhere on
any clalm and would suffer no lnconvenlence from defendlng Lhere
ysLemaLlc and ConLlnuous
a usually Lhls happens when Lhe LoLallLy of defendanLs lnsLaLe acLlvlLy
glves her a raLher ermonent or continuous pteseoce wltblo tbe stote
l uefendanL ls resldenL of Lhe sLaLe
ll operaLes a buslness locaLed or lncorporaLed wlLhln Lhe sLaLe
lll ls an ouLofsLaLe corporaLlon LhaL consenLed Lo belng sued wlLhln
Lhe sLaLe or LhaL ls dolng buslness wlLhln Lhe sLaLe
lv 1he requlremenL of subsLanLlal [usLlce ls saLlsfled by Lhe facL LhaL
defendanL ls already ln Lhe forum sLaLe and hence llLlgaLlon
Lhereln would noL be Loo burdensome for her
1 An except|on |s trans|ent [ur|sd|ct|on

3 Consent and Not|ce
| ConsenL
4 ue A person can consent to persona| [ur|sd|ct|on
O xcetion the consent can be determ|ned unfa|r by the courts |f |t
v|o|ates fa|rness (due process)
4 Inc|ud|ng a reasonab|e forumse|ect|on c|ause may be perm|ss|b|e because
O Iorumse|ect|on c|auses conta|ned |n passage contracts are sub[ect to [ud|c|a|
scrut|ny for fundamenta| fa|rness
4 ornivo onsent loctors (fa|rness)
O s Lhe forum clause open Lo negoLlaLlon?
O s Lhere a beneflL for Lhe people LhaL have Lo submlL Lo Lhe forum
selecLlon clause?
3 s Lhere reason for Lhe forumselecLlon clause? uoes lL ellmlnaLe any exLra
llgaLlon?
4 s moLlve here Lo dlscourage law sulLs or badfalLh moLlve?

||noLlce
4 Iundamenta| to due process |n any proceed|ng wh|ch |s to be accorded f|na||ty
|s not|ce that |s reasonab|y ca|cu|ated under a|| c|rcumstances to appr|se
|nterested part|es of the pendency of the act|on and afford them an
opportun|ty to present the|r ob[ect|ons
4 Not|ce must be of such nature as reasonab|y to convey the requ|red
|nformat|on and |t must afford a reasonab|e t|me for those |nterested to
make the|r appearance
ub||cat|on |s the on|y way and best way to not|fy unknown part|es but
when there are known part|es method of not|ce shou|d be better
4 Depend|ng on whether you are |n federa| or state court you |ook to the federa|
or state statutes that govern the method of serv|ce
4 ervlce of rocess
ersonal ervlce
O ersonal servlce ls requlred ln a condemnaLlon proceedlng where
Lhe landowners name and address were llsLed ln clLy records
O enerally any person over Lhe age of 18 and noL a parLy Lo Lhe
acLlon may serve process
ervlce by mall ls accepLable meLhod ln many cases
1he mechanlcs of servlng process ln federal courLs are
governed by ku|e 4
O ed and sLaLe rules are ofLen slmllar
4 ven lf we meeL Lhe sLaLe meLhod of servlce we sLlll musL meeL Lhe consLlLuLlonal sLandards


Ienue
4 oLh sLaLe and federal courL sysLem have venue rules LhaL are sLaLuLes LhaL resLrlcL sulLs
Lo a courL LhaL has some senslble relaLlonshlp Lo Lhe parLles or Lo Lhelr dlspuLe
4 LaLe courL venue rules usually resLrlcL sulL Lo a counLy wlLhln Lhe sLaLe where one of Lhe
parLles resldes or has a place of buslness or where Lhe clalm arose
4 Ienue ls consldered a personal prlvllege of Lhe defendanL whlch may be walved
O under Lhe ederal ules of Clvll rocedure Lhe defendanL walves her ob[ecLlon Lo
venue by falllng Lo ralse lL when she responds Lo Lhe plalnLlffs complalnL
O A defendanL walves her ob[ecLlon Lo venue by falllng Lo ralse lL when she responds
Lo Lhe plalnLlffs complalnL
O arLles may even agree ln advance Lo a parLlcular venue for sulLs LhaL may arlse
beLween Lhem
O ,any conLracLs conLaln such forum selecLlon clauses and Lhese have generally
been held enforceable ln Lhe federal courLs even lf Lhey lay venue ln a dlsLrlcL LhaL
would noL be proper under 1391
O 1here are speclallzed venue provlslons noL ln1391 LhaL seL ouL proper venue

4 1he aslc ederal Ienue rovlslon
O 1he federal venue sLaLue ls 28 uC 1391
ecLlons (a) and (b) of 1391 provlde Lhe baslc opLlons for venue ln mosL
federal cases
ecLlon (c) deflnes Lhe resldence of corporaLe defendanLs for purposes of
applylng secLlons (a) and (b) Lo cases lnvolvlng corporaLlons
1391(a) governs dlverslLy cases and auLhorlzes venue ln
1 A [udlclal dlsLrlcL where any defendanL resldes if o defendonts reside in
the some stote
2 A [udlclal dlsLrlcL ln whlch a subsLanLlal parL of Lhe evenLs or omlsslons
glvlng rlse Lo Lhe clalm occurred or a subsLanLlal parL of properLy LhaL ls
Lhe sub[ecL of Lhe acLlon ls slLuaLed or
3 A [udlclal dlsLrlcL ln whlch any defendanL ls sub[ecL Lo personal
[urlsdlcLlon aL Lhe Llme Lhe acLlon commenced lf Lhere ls no dlsLrlcL ln
whlch Lhe acLlon may be oLherwlse broughL
O All oLher cases (a clvll acLlon whereln [urlsdlcLlon ls noL founded solely on dlverslLy
of clLlzenshlp) are governed by 1391 (b) whlch provldes LhaL such cases may be
broughL
A [udlclal dlsLrlcL where any defendanL resldes if o defendonts reside in
the some stote
A [udlclal dlsLrlcL ln whlch a subsLanLlal parL of Lhe evenLs or omlsslons
glvlng rlse Lo Lhe clalm occurred or a subsLanLlal parL of properLy LhaL ls
Lhe sub[ecL of Lhe acLlon ls slLuaLed or
A [udlclal dlsLrlcL ln whlch an defendanL may be found lf Lhere ls no
dlsLrlcL ln whlch Lhe acLlon may oLherwlse be broughL
O 1hese provlslons focus on [udlclal dlsLrlcLs and noL sLaLes
O (a)(1) and (b)(1) focus on dlsLrlcLs
O esldes for venue purposes wlll be Lhe dlsLrlcL when Lhe defendanL acLually llves
4 Ienue ased on ndlvldual esldence
O oLh1391(a)(1) and (b)(1) auLhorlzes venue ln a [udlclal dlsLrlcL where any defendanL
resldes lf all Lhey all reslde ln one sLaLe
O oLh (a)(2) and (b)(2) auLhorlzes venue where Lhe clalm arose
4 under Lhls secLlon venue would be proper ln a [udlclal dlsLrlcL ln whlch a
subsLanLlal parL of Lhe evenLs or omlsslons glvlng rlse Lo Lhe clalm occurred or
a subsLanLlal parL of properLy LhaL ls Lhe sub[ecL of Lhe acLlon ls slLuaLed
4 1he purpose of Lhe venue provlslon ls Lo assure a relaLlonshlp beLween Lhe
underlylng evenLs LhaL are llLlgaLed and Lhe place where Lhe case ls Lrled uch
a relaLlonshlp wlll exlLs ln each of Lhe dlsLrlcLs where slgnlflcanL evenLs
lnvolved ln Lhe case Look place
4 1he allback rovlslons ln ecLlon 1391
O (a)(3) venue ln a [udlclal dlsLrlcL ln whlch any defendanL ls sub[ecL personal
[urlsdlcLlon aL Lhe Llme Lhe acLlon ls commenced lf Lhere ls no dlsLrlcL ln whlch Lhe
acLlon may oLherwlse be broughL
O (b)(3) auLhorlzes venue ln a [udlclal dlsLrlcL ln whlch any defendanL may be found
lf Lhere ls no dlsLrlcL ln whlch Lhe acLlon may be broughL oLherwlse
4 A defendanL ls usually found ln a dlsLrlcL lf she ls served wlLh process Lhere
buL someLhlng less such as belng sub[ecL Lo personal [urlsdlcLlon ln Lhe dlsLrlcL
may also sufflce
4 oLh of Lhese subsecLlons are fall back provlslons LhaL only apply lf Lhere ls no
dlsLrlcL anywhere ln Lhe unlLed LaLes ln whlch Lhe case can be broughL under
Lhe oLher subsecLlons of Lhe sLaLuLe
O o lf Lhere ls proper venue ln Lhe one Lhe flrsL Lwo secLlons Lhe Lhlrd
secLlons may noL be lnvoked

4 Ienue ased on a CorporaLlon esldence
O 1391(c) applles only Lo corporaLe defendanLs and says noLhlng abouL cases LhaL
concern corporaLe An1
O All Lhls provlslon does ls deflne corporaLe resldence for purposes of applylng (a)(1)
and (b)(1)
4 a defendant that is a corporation shall be deemed to reside in any judicial
district in which:
1. t is subject to personal jurisdiction at the time the action is
commenced.
2. n a State which has more than one judicial district and in which a
defendant that is a corporation is subject to personal jurisdiction at the
time an action is commenced, such corporation shall be deemed to
reside in any district in that State within which its contacts would be
sufficient to subject it to personal jurisdiction if that district were a
separate State, and, if there is no such district, the corporation shall
be deemed to reside in the district within which it has the most
significant contacts.


Iorum Non Conven|ens and 1ransfer (app||es to fore|gn party cases)
lotom Noo cooveoleos
O 1here are Llmes when a courL has sub[ecL maLLer [urlsdlcLlon over a case personal
[urlsdlcLlon over Lhe defendanL and proper venue under Lhe venue sLaLuLes
O orum non Convenlens
App||ed when a federa| or state court th|nks and sends a case to a fore|gn
country (forum non slLuaLlon)or when a federal or sLaLe courL Lhlnks and sends
a case Lo a dlfferenL sLaLe(forum non slLuaLlon)
O A ederal courL cannoL Lransfer a case based on Lhls Lo sLaLe courL or vlsa
versa
O ibert ba|anc|ng test
rlvaLe nLeresL acLors
O ocaLlon of Lhe evenLs glvlng rlse Lo Lhe case osslblllLy Lo vlew of
premlses
O 1he ablllLy Lo lmplead oLher parLles ln Lhe courL
O 1he relaLlve ease of access Lo sources of proof
O AvallablllLy of compulsory process for aLLendance of unwllllng and he
cosL of obLalnlng aLLendance of wllllng wlLnesses
ubllc nLeresL acLors
O JheLher Lhe dlspuLe lnvolves local people or evenLs
O CourL congesLlon
O ocallzed conLroversles declded aL home
O orum needs Lo be aL home wlLh Lhe law LhaL govern Lhe acLlon
O Also welgh ln favor of dlsmlssal because of cholceof law problems

@toosfet
4 28 uC 1404(a) ls Lhe federal Lransfer of venue sLaLuLe
O under secLlon a [udge may Lransfer a case flled ln her courL LhaL should be llLlgaLed
elsewhere Lo Lhe more approprlaLe federal dlsLrlcL lnsLead of dlsmlsslng lL for forum
non convenlens
1404(a) or Lhe convenlence of parLles and wlLnesses ln Lhe
lnLeresL of [usLlce a dlsLrlcL courL may Lransfer any clvll acLlon
Lo any oLher dlsLrlcL or dlvlslon where lL mlghL have been
broughL
1hls abouL convenlence of
venue noL abouL wheLher
lL ls proper
O L applles Lo cases LhaL are properly flled ln Lhe Lransferor dlsLrlcL
1406(a) 1he dlsLrlcL courL of a dlsLrlcL ln whlch ls flled a case
laylng venue ln Lhe wrong dlvlslon or dlsLrlcL shall dlsmlss
or lf lL be ln Lhe lnLeresL of [usLlce Lransfer such case Lo any
dlsLrlcL or dlvlslon ln whlch lL could have been broughL
1hls applles when plalnLlff
chooses an lmproper venue
and Lhe courL does noL have
personal [/d
O 1hls sLaLue glves Lhe federal [udge Lhe auLhorlLy Lo dlsmlss raLher Lhan Lransfer
O econd lL allows Lhe [udge Lo Lransfer even Lhough Lhe venue ls lmproper
O L llmlLs Lhe dlsLrlcLs Lhe case can be Lransferred Lo
L may only be broughL Lo a dlsLrlcL where lL may have been broughL
O 1o llmlL Lransfer Lo a dlsLrlcL LhaL would be a proper venue and have
personal [urlsdlcLlon over Lhe defendanLs
O 1he vlrLue of Lhls secLlon ls LhaL lL allows a courL Lo save a s acLlon lf she
flles ln Lhe wrong venue shorLly before Lhe llmlLaLlons perlod passes
O As long as Lhe case was flled ln Lhe wrong venue before Lhe
llmlLaLlons perlod ran Lhe [udge can send lL Lo a dlsLrlcL LhaL ls
proper under LhaL venue sLaLuLe and lL wlll conLlnue on even
Lhough lL only reached Lhere proper courL afLer Lhe passage of Lhe
llmlLaLlons perlod
O L also saves Lhe Lhe Lrouble of drafLlng a new complalnL refllllng
lL ln Lhe new dlsLrlcL and servlng Lhe us wlLh process
4
lNc ooJ @toosfet
O 1oday 1404(a) raLher Lhan Lhe common law forum non convenlens docLrlne
governs mosL cases LhaL are broughL ln federal courL f Lhe case should be llLlgaLed
ln anoLher dlsLrlcL Lhe federal courL wlll Lransfer lL Lo LhaL dlsLrlcL under 1404(a)
raLher Lhan dlsmlss for forum non convenlens
O owever lf Lhe proper forum under Lhe balanclng LesL analysls ls anoLher counLry
Lhe Lransfer sLaLuLe does noL apply Congress could noL requlre a courL ln anoLher
counLry Lo accepL a Lransferred case 1hus u,A for forum non convenlens ls
Lhe courLs only opLlon
O noLe 1404(a) allows Lransfer of a case Lo a dlsLrlcL where lL mlghL have been
broughL whlch means where lL could have orlglnally been flled where venue and p
[/d would have been proper
Io|nder
!olnder allows parLles Lo [oln and [oln clalms
4
Io|nder of art|es (ku|e 20)
ku|e 20 (a) governs [olnder of parLles by Lhe plalnLlff ln he complalnL LhaL ls
when a may sue more Lhan one defendanL ln Lhe acLlon and when she may
[oln wlLh oLher plalnLlffs as coplalnLlffs ln a sulL
O ue 20{o){1) author|zes p|a|nt|ffs to sue together |f they assert c|a|ms
ar|s|ng out of the same transact|on or occurrence (or ser|es of
transact|ons or occurrences) and the|r c|a|ms aga|nst the defendant or
defendants w||| |nvo|ve a common quest|on of |aw or fact
O ku|e 20(a)(1) Lhe plalnLlff decldes wheLher Lo sue wlLh one or more co
plalnLlffs or Lo go lL alone
1C [oln as co plalnLlffs Lhe s clalms agalnsL Lhe u musL
Arlse from Lhe same underlylng evenLs (or serles of evenLs) and
nvolve llLlgaLlon of aL lesL one common quesLlon of elLher law or
facL
a 1hls encourages efflclenL llLlgaLlon
!olnLly as a unlL seeklng one collecLlve sum
everally sulng lndlvldually (he wanLs x and she wanLs ?)
AlLernaLlvely elLher ls flne for Lhe courL declde
O ue 20 {o){2) a||ows the p|a|nt|ff to sue mu|t|p|e defendant |n a s|ng|e
act|on |f the same cr|ter|a are met
IMCk1AN1 ue 20{o) does not requ|re part|es to be [o|ned whenever
the cr|ter|a |n the ru|e are met In|t|a||y the [o|nder |s |eft to the
p|a|nt|ff
O ku|e 20(a)(2) esLabllshed Lhe same sLandard for [olnlng mulLlple
defendanLs ln a slngle acLlon 1C [oln as codefendanLs Lhe s clalms
agalnsL Lhe u musL
l Arlse from Lhe same underlylng evenLs (or serles of evenLs) and
ll nvolve llLlgaLlon of aL lesL one common quesLlon of elLher law or
facL
a L does so for Lhe same reason as sald abovemore efflclenL
and avolds lnconslsLenL ouLcomes lf Lhe llLlgaLes he clalms
agalnsL dlfferenL defendanLs LogeLher
4 D 21 can llmlL Lhe amounL of parLlesLhe courL can add or drop any parLy from a
sulL

O
Io|nder of C|a|ms (ku|e 18)
4 1he LradlLlonal rule ln Amerlcan courLs has been LhaL Lhe plalnLlff ls masLer of hls
clalms and LhaL lL ls up Lo Lhe lalnLlff (or hls lawyer) Lo declded who Lhe parLles Lo
Lhe sulL wlll be and whlch clalms wlll be asserLed ln Lhe acLlon
4 D 18 a||ows (MA br|ng as many c|a|ms as |t has) a party to br|ng as many
c|a|ms as |t has aga|nst a party
O ku|e 18(a) provldes LhaL a parLy seeklng rellef from an opposlng parLy may [oln
wlLh hls orlglnal clalm any addlLlonal clalms LhaL he has agalnsL that opposlng
parLy
l Clalm
ll CounLerclalm
lll Crossclalm
lv 1hlrdparLy clalm
O unllke ule 20 (a) Lhere ls no common LransacLlon or
occurrence requlremenL ln ule 18(a)
1hls applles noL only Lo Lhe orlglnal plalnLlff buL also Lo any parLy seeklng
rellef agalnsL anoLher parLy wheLher on a clalm counLerclalm a cross
clalm or Lhlrd parLy clalm
1here ls no requlremenL Lo do Lhls
Clalm precluslon buL lf you do noL brlng Lhe clalm you mlghL noL be
able Lo brlng Lhe clalm
4 ue 1l |ays out ru|es for counterc|a|ms and crossc|a|ms
O ule 13 auLhorlzes parLles once Lhey are properly [olned ln a law sulL Lo asserL
addlLlonal clalms agalnsL opposlng parLles (counLerclalm)
O ule 13 auLhorlzes a defendlng parLy ln a sulL Lo asserL clalms back agalnsL a
parLy who has clalmed agalnsL hlm
compolsotykole 1J(o) a pleadlng MDS1 sLaLe as a counLerclalm any
clalm LhaLaL Lhe Llme of lLs servlcearlses from Lhe same LransacLlon or
occurrence as Lhe clalm agalnsL hlm
Jhlch means LhaL he musL asserL lL ln Lhe orlglnal clalm or lose lL
letmlsslvekole 1J(b) Lhe defendlng parLles may also asserL
counLerclalms LhaL are compleLely unrelaLed Lo Lhe orlglnal clalm
A permlsslve counLer clalm lnvolves d|fferent events from Lhe maln
clalm and Lhe courL wlll almosL cerLalnly order separaLe Lrlal of Lhe
permlsslve counLerclalm (ku|e 42(b))
uL Lhls rule allows a defendanL once broughL Lo Lhe courL Lo seLLle
all clalms agalnsL hls opponenL wlLhouL havlng Lo flle a separaLe
sulL
ctossclolmskole 1J(q) provldes for asserLlon of crossclalms arlslng ouL
of Lhe same LransacLlon or occurrence as Lhe maln clalm
A cross clalm ls a clalm asserLed by one parLy agalnsL a coparLy (or
someone on Lhe same slde of Lhe clalmanL)
2Lep rocess
O Cnce Lhe flrsL clalm relaLes Lo Lhe same LransacLlon Lhen
O ?ou can add exLra clalm pursuanL Lo 18(a)
4 Cverall Lhe deslgns he lawsulL and decldes who and wlLh whom she wlll sue buL
ule 14 ls Lhe excepLlon
O L glves Lhe defendlng parLles a llmlLed opporLunlLy Lo brlng ln a new parLy Lo
Lhe acLlon and Lo redeslgn Lhe sulL
O ue 14{o) a defendlng parLy may brlng ln a LhlrdparLy defendanL ln order Lo
pass on all or parL of her llablllLy Lo Lhe parLy seeklng rellef from her
CJI a u CAnnC1 brlng ln a person who mlghL be llable Lo her (Lhe
defendanL) for some relaLed damage LhaL she suffered he may only
brlng ln a Lhlrd parLy defendanL who may be responslble Lo relmburse her
for parL or all of Lhe [udgmenL Lhe plalnLlff recovers from her
1hls also applles where one defendanL has a rlghL Lo force anoLher parLy
Lo share ln a [udgmenL Lhe plalnLlff recovers
(a)(1) 1here ls a Llmlng lssues and lL says Lhe who or ,A? be llable
O ue 42 {o) Lhe [udge can consolldaLe clalms
O ue 42{b) allows [udge Lo call for separaLe Lrlal for lssues or clalms


Supp|ementa| Iur|sd|ct|on
4 upplemenLal [urlsdlcLlon codlfles ln ecLlon 1367 Lwo commonlaw concepLs
pendanL and anclllary [urlsdlcLlon
O endanL [urlsdlcLlon allows a plalnLlff Lo [oln a sLaLe clalm wlLh a federal quesLlon
clalm ln her complalnL oLh clalms are asserLed agalnsL Lhe same defendanL
1he dlsLrlcL courL has pendenL sub[ecL maLLer [urlsdlcLlon over Lhe nonfederal
clalm
O Anclllary [urlsdlcLlon exlsLs where a plalnLlff asserLs a federal quesLlon or
dlverslLy clalm ln her complalnL and anoLher parLy (eg he defendanL) or
nonparLy asserLs a clalm over whlch Lhe dlsLrlcL lacks orlglnal federal quesLlon
or dlverslLy [urlsdlcLlon
1hls glves Lhe dlsLrlcL courL sub[ecL maLLer [urlsdlcLlon over Lhe laLLer
clalm
4 upplemenLal !urlsdlcLlon(ecLlon 1367) ln any lawsulL for whlch Lhe courL has
federal quesLlon or dlverslLy [urlsdlcLlon Lhe courL shall have supplemenLal
[urlsdlcLlon over all clalms LhaL are so relaLed Lo Lhe federal quesLlon or dlverslLy
clalm LhaL Lhey form parL of Lhe same case under ArLlcle
O 1hls means LhaL all Lhe clalms musL derlve from a common nucleus of operaLlve
facLs
1hls lncludes Lhe addlLlonal clalms asserLed by Lhe plalnLlff buL also Lhose
asserLed by oLher parLles as well such as crossclalms and counLerclalms
O 1367(a) xcepL as provlded ln subsecLlons (b) and (c) or as
expressly
provlded oLherwlse by ederal sLaLuLe ln any clvll acLlon of
whlch Lhe
dlsLrlcL courLs have orlglnal [urlsdlcLlon Lhe dlsLrlcL courLs
shall
have supplemenLal [urlsdlcLlon over all oLher clalms LhaL are
so relaLed
Lo clalms ln Lhe acLlon wlLhln such orlglnal [urlsdlcLlon LhaL
Lhey form
parL of the same case or controversy under ArLlcle of Lhe
unlLed
LaLes ConsLlLuLlon uch supplemenLal [urlsdlcLlon shall
lnclude clalms
LhaL lnvolve Lhe [olnder or lnLervenLlon of addlLlonal parLles
O Dnder 1l7 lf Lhe plalnLlff brlngs a proper federal clalm or
dlverslLy clalm so LhaL Lhe federal courL has orlglnal
[urlsdlcLlon Lhe courL may hear all Lhe clalms LhaL are parL of
Lhe same case or controversy under ArLlcle

4 lmlLs on upplemenLal !urlsdlcLlon 1367(b)
(b) n any clvll acLlon of whlch Lhe dlsLrlcL courLs have orlglnal
[urlsdlcLlon founded solely on 1332 (based so|e|y on d|vers|ty) of
Lhls LlLle Lhe dlsLrlcL courLs shall noL have supplemenLal [urlsdlcLlon
under subsecLlon (a) over c|a|ms by p|a|nt|ffs aga|nst persons made
parLles under ule 14 19 20 or 24 of Lhe ederal ules of Clvll
rocedure or over c|a|ms by persons proposed to be [o|ned as
p|a|nt|ffs under ule 19 of such rules or seeklng Lo lnLervene as
plalnLlffs under ule 24 of such rules when exerclslng supplemenLal
[urlsdlcLlon over such clalms would be lnconslsLenL wlLh Lhe
[urlsdlcLlonal requlremenLs of 1332
O 1here ls supplemenLal [urlsdlcLlon unless lL would vlolaLe Lhe
parameLers of dlverslLy under 1332
O lmlLs supplemenLal [urlsdlcLlon by noL exLendlng Lo
[olnder ln Lhose clrcumsLances LhaL would allow parLles
Lo clrcumvenL Lhe 5ttowbtlJqe kole (CompleLe ulverslLy)
O f a p|a|nt|ff adds an addlLlonal parLy LhaL desLroys
dlverslLy Lhen supplemenLal [urlsdlcLlon would be
lmproper
O 1he add|t|on of an add|t|ona| p|a|nt|ff
O f compleLe dlverslLy was desLroyed by addlng Lhe
sLaLe clalm Lhen supplemenLal [urlsdlcLlon ls
lmproper
When each |ndependent c|a|m has a |ts own bas|s for be|ng |n federa|
court there |s no need to do the supp|ementa| [ur|sd|ct|on |nqu|ry
4 lmlLs on upplemenLal !urlsdlcLlon 1367(c)
O 1he dlsLrlcL courLs may decllne Lo exerclse supplemenLal [urlsdlcLlon over a clalm
under subsecLlon (a) lf
1 Lhe clalm ralses a novel or complex lssue of LaLe law
2 Lhe clalm subsLanLlally predomlnaLes over Lhe clalm or clalms
over whlch Lhe dlsLrlcL courL has orlglnal [urlsdlcLlon
3 Lhe dlsLrlcL courL has dlsmlssed all clalms over whlch lL has
orlglnal [urlsdlcLlon or
O le a federal clalm
4 ln excepLlonal clrcumsLances Lhere are oLher compelllng
reasons for decllnlng [urlsdlcLlon
O 1hese are abouL Lhe dlsLrlcL courLs dlscreLlon Lo hear Lhe
clalms ln Lhe case
O Supp|ementa| Iur|sd|ct|on |s an |nqu|ry of Sub[ect
Matter Iur|sd|ct|on thus hav|ng supp|ement [ur|sd|ct|on
over a party wou|d not be appropr|ate because that |s a
persona| [ur|sd|ct|on |nqu|ry
Cvera||
1 1he courL musL deLermlne wheLher Lhere ls consLlLuLlonal power under ArLlcle 2
Lo hear Lhe supplemenLal clalm
l 1he consLlLuLlonal power Lo hear Lhe relaLed clalm exlsLs lf Lhere ls a proper
clalm wlLhln Lhe [urlsdlcLlon of Lhe federal courL and Lhe relaLed clalms rlses
from Lhe same nucleus of operaLlve facLs
ll 1he courL musL deLermlne wheLher Lhere ls a sLaLuLory granL of [urlsdlcLlon over
Lhe relaLed clalm
l As long as Lhe federal courL has a basls for orlglnal [urlsdlcLlon over Lhe
cases under Lhls secLlon Lhere ls sLaLuLory auLhorlLy Lo hear relaLed sLaLe
law clalms
a owever cerLaln clalms ln dlverslLy cases whlch would conLradlcL
Lhe llmlLs on [urlsdlcLlon ln secLlon 1332 are excepLed
lll Cnce Lhe courL deLermlnes LhaL lL has consLlLuLlonal and sLaLuLory auLhorlLy Lo
hear Lhe relaLed clalms lL musL declded abased on Lhe varlous dlscreLlonary
facLors ln secLlon wheLher Lo do so
kemova|
4 usually Lhe plalnLlff ls Lhe masLer of hls clalm however removal ls Lhe excepLlon
Lo LhaL
O Can remove based on the s c|a|m not on a defendants defense
O 28 uC 1441(a) only auLhorlzes removal of sLaLe acLlons of whlch Lhe dlsLrlcL
courLs of Lhe unlLed LaLes have orlglnal [urlsdlcLlon
O Some cases are not removab|e even |f the p|a|nt|ff cou|d have brought them |n
federa| court or|g|na||y
28 DSC 1441(b) prov|des that a d|vers|ty case |s on|y removab|e |f
none of the part|es |n |nterest proper|y [o|ned and served as
defendants |s a c|t|zen of the State |n wh|ch act|on |s brought
O If a defendant |s sued |n h|s own state he may not remove on the bas|s
of d|vers|ty
O If any of the defendants are from the home state |t cannot be removed
O lmlLaLlons on emoval
O ?ou cannoL remove Lo anoLher sLaLe courL or Lo a sLaLe courL ln a
dlfferenL sLaLe
O ?ou cannoL remove Lo a federal courL ln anoLher sLaLe or anoLher
dlsLrlcL ln Lhe same sLaLe
O ?ou CAn Cn? ,CI Lo Lhe federal dlsLrlcL courL for Lhe dlsLrlcL
and dlvlslon embraclng Lhe place where such acLlon ls pendlng ln
sLaLe courL
O ,eanlng LhaL you CAn Cn? remove Lo a federal dlsLrlcL courL
ln LhaL dlsLrlcL
O 1he usua| federa| venue ru|es do not app|y to removed act|ons 1391
does noL apply
O A case LhaL ls removable musL be removed Lo Lhe federal dlsLrlcL
courL for Lhe dlsLrlcL and dlvlslon embraclng Lhe place where such
acLlon ls pendlng ln sLaLe courL even lf LhaL federal dlsLrlcL courL
would noL have been proper venue under 1391 lf Lhe case had
been broughL ln federal courL lnlLlally
O ulfference beLween removal and Lransfer ls LhaL
emoval auLhorlzes Lransfer from Lhe sLaLe courL sysLem Lo Lhe federal courL
sysLem wlLhln Lhe same sLaLe
1ransfer dlsplaces Lhe plalnLlffs geographlcal cholce of llLlgaLlon whlle remove
dlsplaces Lhe plalnLlffs cholce of Lhe sLaLe courL sysLem ln favor of a federal
courL wlLhln Lhe same geographlcal area
L may be posslble Lo remove and Lransfer ln one sulL
4 1he general removal sLaLuLe applles Lo cases noL clalms when Lhe defendanL properly
removes a sulL Lo federal courL Lhe defendanLs enLlre sulL ls removed lncludlng noL only
Lhe speclflc clalm LhaL glves rlse Lo removal [urlsdlcLlon buL also any relaLed clalms LhaL he
federal courL has Lhe power Lo hear under supplemenLal [urlsdlcLlon
O ederal courL acqulres [urlsdlcLlon of Lhe enLlre acLlon
O emoval ls a oneway sLreeL a defendanL who ls properly sued ln a federal courL cannoL
remove Lo a sLaLe courL
4 More than one D
4A|| of the defendants have to agree to remova| otherw|se there cannot be remova|
4 rocedure for remova| set forth |n Sect|on 1446
O sLaLes LhaL a u or us musL flle noLlce of removal ln Lhe approprlaLe federal
dlsLrlcL courL LogeLher wlLh all pleadlngs process and oLher papers on flle ln
Lhe sLaLe acLlon
(a)A defendanL or defendanLs deslrlng Lo remove any clvll acLlon or
crlmlnal prosecuLlon from a LaLe courL shall flle ln Lhe dlsLrlcL courL of
Lhe unlLed LaLes for Lhe dlsLrlcL and dlvlslon wlLhln whlch such acLlon ls
pendlng a noLlce of removal slgned pursuanL Lo ku|e 11 of Lhe ederal
ules of Clvll rocedure and conLalnlng a shorL and plaln sLaLemenL of Lhe
grounds for removal LogeLher wlLh a copy of all process pleadlngs and
orders served upon such defendanL or defendanLs ln such acLlon
O ule 11 wlll provlde sancLlons for lylng
(b) 1he noLlce of removal of a clvll acLlon or proceedlng shall be flled
wlLhln LhlrLy days afLer Lhe recelpL by Lhe defendanL Lhrough servlce or
oLherwlse of a copy of Lhe lnlLlal pleadlng seLLlng forLh Lhe clalm for
rellef upon whlch such acLlon or proceedlng ls based or wlLhln LhlrLy days
afLer Lhe servlce of summons upon Lhe defendanL lf such lnlLlal pleadlng
has Lhen been flled ln courL and ls noL requlred Lo be served on Lhe
defendanL whlchever perlod ls shorLer
f Lhe case sLaLed by Lhe lnlLlal pleadlng ls noL removable a noLlce of
removal may be flled wlLhln LhlrLy days afLer recelpL by Lhe defendanL
Lhrough servlce or oLherwlse of a copy of an amended pleadlng moLlon
order or oLher paper from whlch lL may flrsL be ascerLalned LhaL Lhe case
ls one whlch ls or has become removable excepL LhaL a case may noL be
removed on Lhe basls of [urlsdlcLlon conferred by secLlon 1332 of Lhls
LlLle more Lhan 1 year afLer commencemenL of Lhe acLlon
O 1here ls a deadllne of a year Lo remove LhaL applles Lo removal on a
dlverslLy basls
O 1here are LhlrLy days Lo remove from Lhe Llme Lhe pleadlng was
amended pleadlng was flle

4 AlLhough Lhe sLaLe courL loses power over Lhe case once lL has been removed Lhe
removal ls noL lrrevocable Sect|on 1447(c)
O f Lhe plalnLlff conLends LhaL Lhe case ls noL wlLhln Lhe federal courLs sub[ecL
maLLer [urlsdlcLlon or LhaL Lhe defendanL has noL properly followed Lhe
requlremenLs of procedure hls recourse ls Lo move ln Lhe federal courL Lo
remand Lhe case back Lo sLaLe courL
O f Lhe basls for Lhe moLlon ls fallure Lo comply wlLh Lhe procedural requlremenLs
Lhe remand moLlon musL be made wlLhln Lhe LhlrLy days afLer removal or lL ls
walved 1447(c)
O A mot|on to remand on the bas|s of |ack of sub[ect matter [ur|sd|ct|on
however may be made at any t|me pr|or to [udgment |n the case
What |f D wants to remand??? Can the D do that?
O Cnce the case |s remanded |t |s not rev|ewab|e and you can not
appea|
(d) An order remandlng a case Lo Lhe LaLe courL from whlch lL was
removed ls noL revlewable on appeal or oLherwlse excepL LhaL an order
remandlng a case Lo Lhe LaLe courL from whlch lL was removed pursuanL
Lo secLlon 1443 of Lhls LlLle shall be revlewable by appeal or oLherwlse

C|a|m rec|us|on
4 Clalm precluslon ls a common |aw doctr|ne noL sLaLuLory
O ue 1hus we always look Lo Lhe law of Lhe flrsL case wherever Lhe flrsL case
was held
Lxcept|on lf Lhe case ls ln Lhe federal courL based on dlverslLy Lhen Lhe
federal courL musL look aL Lhe sLaLe law
4 es !udlcaLa Lhe maLLer has already been [udged
O Cnce Lhe parLles of a case have had a full and falr opporLunlLy Lo be heard under
Lhe flexlble rules everyLhlng comes Lo a halL
egardless of a parLys reason Lo rellLlgaLe a dlspuLe Lhe docLrlne of res
[udlcaLa sLands
O Jhlle Lhe ules are llberal res [udlcaLa ls sLrlcL
O Cnce Lhe [udgmenL has been enLered a sulL could be broughL Lo
enforce LhaL [udgmenL lf necessary buL no furLher could be broughL
on Lhe exLlngulshed clalm
n mosL [urlsdlcLlons Lhere are for prerequlslLes for res [udlcaLa
O 1here musL be a flnal [udgmenL
1 Jhen you have a [udgmenL ln a Lrlal courL and lL ls vacaLed Lhen you
may brlng Lhe second clalm(u 60 (b)(3)) buL noL when Lhe
appeal ls pendlng f lL pendlng Lhen Lhe courL can dlsmlss Lhe
second clalm because LhaL ls a flnal [udgmenL
O 1he [udgmenL musL be on Lhe merlLs
c 1he clalms musL be Lhe same ln Lhe flrsL and second sulLs and
d 1he parLles ln Lhe second acLlon musL be Lhe same as Lhose ln Lhe
flrsL (same parLles necessary ln order Lo preclude)
Whether c|a|m and |ssue prec|us|on sets forth a broad def|n|t|on of
c|a|ms
Whether the c|a|m form a conven|ent tr|a| un|t
Whether the part|es wou|d expect them to be together
Whether the facts are re|ated |n t|me space or mot|vated
1he ame Clalm equlremenL
O 1he deflnlLlon of a slngle clalm can vary from [urlsdlcLlons buL
under Lhe esLaLemenL of !udgmenLs approach a party who
asserted a r|ght to re||ef ar|s|ng out of a part|cu|ar transact|on or
occurrence must [o|n a|| c|a|ms she has ar|s|ng from |t or the
om|tted c|a|ms w||| be barred by res [ud|cata
O under Lhe LransacLlon or occurrence LesL precluslon Lurn on Lhe
rlghL Lo [oln Lhe clalm ln Lhe orlglnal acLlon noL on wheLher Lhe
clalm was acLually asserLed
O ConsequenLly c|a|ms need not have been actua||y
||t|gated to be barred ln a laLer acLlon Lhey need only
have been avallable Lo Lhe plalnLlff ln Lhe flrsL sulL
O 1he econd esLaLemenL approach whlch equaLes Lhe scope
of a clalm wlLh Lhe scope of Lhe underlylng LransacLlon or
occurrence LhaL gave rlse Lo Lhe sulL ls followed by Lhe federal
courLs and by many sLaLe courLs
O owever Lhere are oLher approaches
O ome courLs bar a second acLlon lf allowlng lL mlghL
lmpalr or conLradlcL Lhe [udgmenL ln Lhe flrsL lf Lhe
same evldence would supporL Lhe clalms ln boLh
acLlons or lf Lhe same prlmary rlghL ls aL lssue ln
boLh sulLs
!udgmenL Cn Lhe ,erlLs
O AnoLher res [udlcaLa prerequlslLe LhaL has ralsed lnLerpreLaLlve
problems ls Lhe requlremenL of a declslon on Lhe merlLs ln Lhe
flrsL acLlon
O 1he courL need noL declded Lhe facLs or conducL aL Lrlal aL all
for lLs [udgmenL Lo have full res [udlcaLa effecL
O Clearly a full Lrlal followed by a verdlcL and [udgmenL ls Lhe
paradlgm of a declslon on Lhe merlLs
O AL Lhe oLher exLreme some dlsmlssals such as dlsmlssals for
lmproper venue or lack of personal [urlsdlcLlon do noL bar a
second acLlon on Lhe raLlonale LhaL Lhe courL never reached
Lhe merlLs ln Lhe flrsL acLlon much less declded lL afLer a full
opporLunlLy Lo be heard
O 1he very basls of such dlsmlssals ls LhaL Lhe courL does
noL have Lhe power Lo reach Lhe merlLs because Lhe
plalnLlff has chosen an lmproper courL under Lhe Lhree
rlng analysls
O 1he econd esLaLemenL of !udgmenLs concludes LhaL such
dlsmlssals should bar llLlgaLlon on Lhe Lheory LhaL a plalnLlff
whose complalnL ls dlsmlssed for fallure Lo sLaLe a clalm ls
allowed llberal opporLunlLles Lo amend
O owever some sLaLe courLs allow a second acLlon under
Lhese clrcumsLances because comparaLlvely llLLle
llLlgaLlon efforL goes lnLo Lhese prellmlnary dlsmlssals
and hence a baslc value underlylng res [udlcaLa
preservaLlon of scarce resources ls noL compromlsed
O lnal !udgmenL
A [udgmenL musL be flnal before res [udlcaLa aLLaches 1here ls obvlously
llLLle polnL ln barrlng Lhe second acLlon on a clalm LhaL has noL yeL been
fully resolved ln Lhe flrsL
enerally courLs remaln free Lo reexamlne lnLerlocuLory rullngs made ln
Lhe course of sulL lncludlng a rullng dlsmlsslng one of Lhe plalnLlffs
clalms
O 1hus unLll Lhe flnal [udgmenL ls enLered ln Lhe Lrall courL lL remalns
Loo uncerLaln Lo supporL a res [udlcaLa plea ln a separaLe acLlon
beLween parLles
O owever many courLs glve res [udlcaLa effecL Lo a [udgmenL
once lL has become flnal ln Lhe Lrlal courL even lf an appeal ls
pendlng (1hls ls Lhe esLaLemenL vlew)
O under Lhls approach a [udgmenL may bar llLlgaLlon even
Lhough Lhe orlglnal case ls sLlll belng llLlgaLed and ls noL
yeL enforceable by execuLlon or oLherwlse
O ome courLs however only glve res [udlcaLa effecL
Lo [udgmenLs lf Lhe Llme for appeal has passed or
Lhe case has been flnally resolved by Lhe appellaLe
courL
4 es [udlcaLa ls used Lo bar evenLs LhaL have already been llLlgaLed from belng re
llLlgaLed for any kld of rellef arlslng from a parLlcular LransacLlon or occurrence lf lL
had prevlously broughL an acLlon agalnsL a u based on LhaL LransacLlon or
occurrence and Lhe prlor acLlons was declded on Lhe merlLs
O ars rellLlgaLlon on Lhe clalms LhaL were presenLed as well as Lhose LhaL could
have been presenLed ln Lhe flrsL acLlon LhaL also arose ouL of Lhe same seL of
facLs
Issue rec|us|on
4 CollaLeral sLoppel (lssue precluslon) ls narrowly focused
O L precludes rellLlgaLlng lssues LhaL were acLually llLlgaLed and declded ln a prlor
acLlon
f an lssue could have been ralsed ln Lhe flrsL case buL was noL expllclLly
ralsed and declded collaLeral esLoppel wlll noL bar llLlgaLlon on LhaL lssue
ln a subsequenL acLlon
ars rellLlgaLlon of speclflc lssues declde ln Lhe flrsL acLlon
rerequlslLes for collaLeral esLoppel
O L ls a docLrlne LhaL ls flexlble and varles from one [urlsdlcLlon Lo Lhe nexL
O 1he lssue ln Lhe second case musL be Lhe same as Lhe lssue ln Lhe flrsL
acLlon
1 Jhen Lhe sLandard of proof ls dlfferenL
1 eyond a reasonable doubL
2 reponderance of evldence
1 e careful of sLandards of proof
1 f lL ls hlgher and clvll case(lower) ls broughL agaln
Lhen he ls auLomaLlcally llable
2 or example lf you are gullLy ln a crlmlnal acLlon
Lhen you wlll be held llable ln clvll sulL because
Lhe sLandard ls hlgher ln Lhe crlmlnal case
O 1he lssue musL have been acLually llLlgaLed
1 1hls requlremenL wlll obvlously noL be saLlsfled when a parLy falled
Lo ralse an lssue ln a prevlous acLlon
2 An lssue may noL have been acLually llLlgaLed even Lhough lL was
ralsed ln a prlor acLlon
O ven lf an lssue was llLlgaLe ln a prlor acLlon collaLeral esLoppel wlll noL
bar llLlgaLlon unless Lhe lssue was acLually declded ln LhaL acLlon
4 L ls usually sald LhaL collaLeral esLoppel wlll noL apply unless declslon on
Lhe lssue ln prlor acLlon was necessary Lo Lhe courLs [udgmenL
3 ,aybe or maybe noL Lhe same parLles

1he Lr|e rob|em
If we are |n federa| court on d|vers|ty we fo||ow federa| procedure but substant|ve we
fo||ow the state |aw

|ead|ng
1 Comp|a|nt
O 1he plalnLlff sLarLs Lhe acLlon by flllng Lhe complalnL and servlng lL on Lhe defendanL n
mosL cases Lhe defendanL responds by flllng an answer (ule 12(a)(1)(A)1hese pleadlngs
seL forLh Lhe baslc poslLlons of Lhe parLles abouL Lhelr dlspuLe Lhe clalms and defenses
Lhey hope Lo esLabllsh aL Lrlal
1 Je Lake Lhe dlspuLe and geL lL down on paper and Lhe documenL ls called a
complalnL
ule 8(a) Lells us whaL we need Lo have ln a complalnL
l rounds for ,!
ll JhaL Lhe pleader wanLs (shorL and plaln sLaLemenL LhaL you are enLlLled Lo
rellef)
lll JhaL klnd of rellef do Lhey wanL
2 Answer
reanswer moLlon
,oLlon Lo dlsmlss
Answer (espondlng Lo ComplalnL) ule 8(b) espond Lo facLual allegaLlons
l AdmlL
ll ueny ule 8 (b)(2)(4)
lll uo noL have any knowledge(knowledge ls personal knowledge)(Lherefore we
cannoL answer)ule 8(b)(3)
ule 8(b)(6) lf you do noL respond Lhen lL ls deemed admlLLed
f you respond lmproperly Lhen lL ls deemed admlLLed
?ou do noL have Lo respond Lo a nonfacLual pleadlng
lnclude afflrmaLlve defenses ule 8(c)
llCounLerclalm
l ule 7(a)(3) provldes
1 1haL a reply ls requlred when Lhe answer conLalns a counLer clalm LhaL ls
labeled as a counLerclalm
1 AmendmenLs As a ,aLLer of Course under ule 13
l ule 13(a) glves all parLles Lhe opporLunlLy Lo amend once as a maLLer of course or
of rlghL wlLhouL havlng Lo make a moLlon and have lL be granLed by Lhe [udge
l 1he flrsL parL of ule 13 (A)
O Can amend even lf Lhe u has answered or made a moLlon
O 1hls provlslon generally applles Lo s rlghL Lo amend because ln
mosL cases Lhe complalnL ls Lhe only pleadlng LhaL requlres a
responslve pleadlng an answer 1he provlslons auLhorlzes Lhe
plalnLlff Lo amend once wlLhouL leave of courL before she recelves
Lhe answer Lo her complalnL
ll ule 13(a)(1) Lells you when you can amend
2 1he Landard for AmendmenLs JlLh eave of CourL
l AfLer Lhe perlod for an amendmenL as of rlghL has gone by a parLy musL obLaln Lhe
courLs permlsslon or consenL of Lhe adverse parLy Lo amends lLs pleadlng
l ule 13(a)(2) whlch provldes LhaL Lhe courL should freely glve leave when
[usLlce so requlres
1 1hls ls a very llberal sLandard whlch Lells [udges Lo be flexlble ln allowlng
parLles Lo amend Lhelr pleadlng
1 aLlonale a parLy would only be able Lo recover by provlng exacLly
whaL she pleaded ln Lhe orlglnal complalnL whlch ls noL good and
Lhe ederal ules re[ecL Lhls
2 enera| ku|e |s that one can amend once before 21 days
O If |t |s after they need |eave of court
Amendments shou|d be free|y g|ven when [ust|ce so requ|res
O 1he court w||| |ook at th|s cr|ter|a
1 8ad fa|th
2 re[ud|ce to the nonmov|ng party (the party not
mak|ng the mot|on)
1 1h|s one |s the most |mportant
3 Dndue de|ay
4 Iut|||ty of the amendment (the amendment
wont f|x anyth|ng |f |t |s a||owed)
2 eflecLs Lhe vlew LhaL parLles should noL be barred from provlng a clalm
or defense slmply because Lhey had noL pleaded lL on Lhe flrsL day of Lhe
law sulL
1 f ln Lhe developmenL of Lhe case counsel develop new legal
Lheorles or become aware of new facLs LhaL mlghL supporL
recovery Lhey should be able Lo resLaLe Lhe poslLlons ln Lhelr
pleadlngs so LhaL Lhe Lrlal can be based on Lhls fuller undersLandlng
of Lhelr cases
1he merlLs should rule Lhe pleadlng raLher Lhan Lhe pleadlngs
consLralnlng Lhe merlLs
3 CounLerArgumenLs acLors upporLlng uenlal of eave Lo Amend
l AlLhough Lhe sLandard for granLlng amendmenLs ls generous amendmenLs are noL
lnvarlably granLed
l AL Lhe ouLseL Lhelr seems Lo be llLLle reason Lo deny amendmenLs slnce parLles
have yeL Lo do dlscovery however lf an amendmenL ls soughL laLer ln Lhe
process Lhe argumenL for denlal becomes conslderably sLronger
1 CourLs wlll Lend Lo deny lasL mlnuLe moLlons LhaL smacks of
manlpulaLlona sLraLeglc move Lo sprlng a new clalm aL Lhe lasL mlnuLe
(maklng lL dlfflculL Lo defend)
2 CourLs wlll also den amendmenL LhaL asserL legally lnsufflclenL or
example where Lhe added clalm falls Lo sLaLe a clalm upon whlch rellef
can be granLed or would be barred by Lhe sLaLuLe of llmlLaLlons
ll 1he [udges declslon under ule 13(a)(2) Lo allow or deny an amendmenL
requlres a close exerclse of [udgmenL lnfluenced by many facLors unlque Lo a
parLlcular case
1 Iery llkely lf Lhe Lrlal [udge granLs or denles Lhe moLlon lL wlll noL be
overruled
4 elaLlon ack of AmendmenLs under ule 13(c)
l ule 13(c)(1) provldes LhaL an amendmenL Lo a pleadlng relaLes back Lo Lhe daLe of
Lhe orlglnal pleadlng lf lL arlses from Lhe conducL LransacLlon or occurrence seL
forLh ln Lhe orlglnal pleadlng
l 1hls means LhaL Lhe clalm asserLed ln Lhe amended pleadlng wlll be LreaLed as
Lhough lL had asserLed ln Lhe orlglnal pleadlng
4 In determ|n|ng whether a c|a|m re|ated back and consequent|y shou|d be
a||owed |n v|o|at|on of the statue of ||m|tat|ons the court must determ|ne
whether the new c|a|m ar|ses from the same transact|on and whether the
defendant was put on not|ce of the c|a|m by s or|g|na| comp|a|nt
4 1hls relaLlon back provlslon addresses Lhe common slLuaLlon ln whlch a
parLy adds a clalm by amendmenL afLer Lhe llmlLaLlons perlod for Lhe
clalm has passed
4 ule 13(c ) (1)() provldes LhaL once you have sued Lhe defendanL for
parLlcular conducL or a cerLaln LransacLlon or occurrence an amendmenL
Lo add new clalms based on Lhe same conducL LransacLlon or occurrence
wlll be LreaLed for sLaLuLe of llmlLaLlons purposes as LhoughL lL had been
Lhe orlglnal complalnL
1 1hus Lhe sLaLuLe of llmlLaLlons wlll noL bar Lhe clalm even Lhough
ln facL lL was asserLed ln Lhe amended pleadlng afLer Lhe sLaLuLe of
llmlLaLlons had run
D|scovery
a cope of dlscovery
4 1he cope of dlscovery ls wlde and expands Lo any maLLer LhaL ls relevanL and nonprlvlleged
ule 26(b)(1)
b ,eLhods of dlscovery
l ulscovery ule 26
ulscovery applles Lo boLh sldes fleshes ouL Lhe facLs
I|ve types of d|scovery
O Interrogator|es ule 33
O Jhere ask Lhe oLher slde wrlLLen
O Depos|t|ons ule 30
O JheLher ask Lhe oLher slde oral sLaLemenLs
O Document D|scovery ule 34 (focus on 34 a)
O hys|ca|]Menta| Lxam|nat|ons ule 33
O 1hese musL be ordered by Lhe courL
O 1hls ls more of a prlvacy Lhlng
O Adm|ss|ons ule 36
O f Lhe facLs are noL dlspuLed Lhen lL would save Llme Lo admlL Lhem
upfronL
ulscovery has Lwo sLages
O In|t|a| d|sc|osure ule 26 (a)(1)
O ncludes Lhlngs LhaL musL be dlsclosed rlghL away
O enera| d|scovery ule 26 (b)(1)
O 1he klnd of dlscovery LhaL ls lmporLanL ls re|evant to a c|a|m or a defense
O elevanL lnformaLlon ls dlscoverable
O 1he lnformaLlon LhaL ls dlscoverable does noL necessarlly have Lo be
admlLLed aL Lrlal
O o you can dlscover someLhlng LhaL maybe relevanL even lf lL
ls noL admlsslble lf you are Lrylng Lo dlscover someLhlng Lo
lead Lo someLhlng admlsslble
c rlvacy
4 ?ou can ob[ecL Lo answer Lhe quesLlons 30 (c) (2)
4 1here are Lhree reasons Lo ob[ecL Lo answer
O 1o preserve a prlvllege
O nforce a llmlLaLlon ordered by Lhe courL
O Cr Lo presenL a moLlon under ule 30 (d)(3)
4 roLecLlve orders may be glven 26 (c) (c)(1) ls reasons why Lhe courL could lssue a
proLecLlve order
d Jork producL and experLs
l Work roduct
l 1he facL workproducL rule 26(b)(3)(a)
1 uocumenLs and Langlble Lhlngs prepared for a Lrlal by a parLy are noL
dlscoverable
2 un Lhe oLher parLy u1An1A needs Lhose Lhlngs and cannoL obLaln
Lhem Lhrough anoLher means
ll 1he oplnlon workproducL rule 26 (b)(3)(b)
1 AJA? C1C1u
lll lgned LaLemenLs(arLy)ule 26(b)(c)
1 ?ou are allowed access Lo your own sLaLemenL
2 AJA? AIA
ll Lxperts
l xperLs play a vlLal role ln many Lrlals
ll ederal separaLes Lhem lnLo Lwo caLegorles
1 1esLlfylng experLs Lhe ones who would do a good [ob for your case
l 1esLlfylng experLs have Lo dlsclose
2 ConsulLlng experLs usually ones LhaL are noL god for you
l ConsulLlng experLs do noL have Lo dlsclose
ll xcepLlon when Lhere are excepLlonal clrcumsLances
lll ?ou cannoL keep consulLlng wlLh Lhe L
3 26 (a)(2)
d 26(b)(4) Lalks abouL deposure
e ensurlng compllance
l eneral rovlslon (ule 26(g)) peclflc rovlslon (ule 37)
l ule 37 seLs forLh a serles of devlces deslgned elLher Lo ellclL Lhe lnformaLlon
or Lo respond Lo parLles refusal Lo supply lL
a under ule 37 a courL may lmpose punlshmenLs ranglng from awards of
expenses Lo dlsmlssals Lo an enLlre case or Lhe enLry of a defaulL
[udgmenL
l ecLlons d and f some sancLlons are avallable on Lhe occurrence of
mlsbehavlor
ll ecLlon b however oLher sancLlons cannoL be soughL unLll afLer Lhe
courL orders a parLy Lo comply
b ule 26 (g) makes up for any lack ln ule 37
keso|ut|on w|thout tr|a|
a defaulL [udgmenLs and dlsmlssal
b negoLlaLlon and seLLlemenL
c summary [udgmenL
d [udlclal managemenL of llLlgaLlon

Ident|fy|ng the 1r|er of Iact and 1r|a|
a dlvlded auLhorlLy
b [udges and [urles