Chapter 3 Part1

August 30, 2011 Electrical Sciences I
1
Ms. M. Subha
Ms. T. Haripriya
Prof. N. Moorthy Muthukrishnan
& Research scholars
Dept. of Electrical Engineering
BITS-Pilani, Hyderabad campus
Electrical Sciences - I
2
Chapter 3
Time Domain Circuit Analysis
Outline
Types of Energy Storage Elements
Inductor
Inductor in Circuits
Inductor Current Continuity Principle
Current-Voltage relationship in Inductor
Energy Storage in Inductor
3
Outline (Contd..)
Types of Energy Storage Elements
Capacitor
Applications
Capacitor in Circuits
Current-Voltage relationship in Capacitor
Energy Storage in Capacitor
4
Energy Storage Elements
5
Energy Storage Elements
Study of two energy storage elements
Capacitor
Inductor
Capacitors and inductors
used in circuits to store energy and
deliver it back to rest of the circuit.
Ideally these elements do not dissipate
energy.
6
Energy Storage Elements (Contd..)
7
Capacitors store energy in electric field.
Inductors store energy in magnetic field.
Capacitors and inductors
- are passive elements
can store energy supplied by circuit
can return stored energy to circuit
can not supply more energy to circuit
than is stored.
Inductor
8
Inductor
9
An inductor is a two-terminal device that consists of a
coiled conducting wire wound around a core.
A current flowing through the device produces a magnetic
flux | and this flux forms closed loops threading its coils.
i
+
_
v N
N|
Inductor (Contd)
10
N |
Magnetic field
dt
d
N V
|
=
Faradays Law
| = Magnetic flux (unit: Weber = Wb)
| = Li = inductance * current
L is the inductance
Unit of inductance: Henry (H) or (Wb/A) or (V.s/A)
Inductor
11
Inductor
12
Inductance : Definition
The property of an electric device
by which a time-varying current
through the device produces a
voltage across it.
where L is the constant of
proportionality called
inductance.
Inductor in Circuits
13
Series Connection
(Similar to Resistors)
Inductor in Circuits (Contd)
14
Parallel Connection
Inductor Current Continuity
Principle
15
An abrupt (or instantaneous) change in current is
impossible since an infinite voltage would be
required. This means that the inductor current
must be continuous.
Principle
16
DC Steady-State Property
Consider a circuit with inductors (and other elements) and
only dc sources.
If the circuit stays for a very long time without any
switching taking place (i.e. circuit is in steady-state mode),
then every inductor behaves as a short circuit. This is
because all currents in the circuit would be constants and
their derivatives are zero.
If i is direct current (dc), then i(t) = K (constant) and v = 0
Principle
17
Find the voltage across inductor, L = 0.1 H, when
the current of inductor is
Example Problem 1:
Principle
18
Find the voltage across inductor, L = 0.1 H, when
the current of inductor is
Example Problem 1:
V
Current-Voltage relationship for
Inductor
19
Voltage across the inductor is
By integrating the above relation
Integral Relationships
Current-Voltage relationship
of an Inductor
20
Voltage across the inductor is
By integrating the above relation
Integral Relationships
Current-Voltage relationship
of an Inductor
21
In general if t > t
0
,
}
+ =
t
t
dt t v
L
t i t i
0
) (
1
) ( ) (
0
Current Voltage Relationship
of an inductor
22
Example Problem 2: Consider an inductor with L = 0.1 H
and i(0) = 2 A. Find the inductor current when the
voltage across the inductor is represented by the
following signal.
of an inductor
23
Example Problem 2: Consider an inductor with L = 0.1 H and i(0) = 2 A. Find the
inductor current when the voltage across the inductor is represented by the following
signal.
Energy storage in an Inductor
24
The energy stored in the inductor
(stored in the magnetic field) is
The power in an inductor is
Energy storage in an Inductor
25
Note:
for w(t) 0 for all t [or all i(t)],
the inductor is a passive Element.
It does not generate or dissipate energy
but only stores Energy.
Instantaneous change
in Current
26
The current through an inductor cannot
change instantaneously .
This means that
the inductor current must be continuous.
in Current
27
}

=
t
dt t v
L
t i ) (
1
) (
Current at time t = a is
} } }
e +

e +

+ = = e +
a
a
a a
dt t v
L
dt t v
L
dt t v
L
a i ) (
1
) (
1
) (
1
) (
e + = > e a t at 0 For
}

=
a
dt t v
L
a i ) (
1
) (
in Current
28
) ( ) ( , 0 As a i a i = e + e
dt t v
L
a i a i
a
a
}
e +
+ = e + ) (
1
) ( ) (
Hence current through an inductor
can not change instantaneously
Inductor : Summary
29
Inductor : Summary
30
Capacitor
31
Capacitor
32
A capacitor is a device used in a variety of electric circuits
The capacitance, C, of a capacitor is defined as the ratio of
the magnitude of the charge on either conductor (plate) to
the magnitude of the potential difference between the
conductors (plates)
Capacitance C = Q/V
Units: Farad (F)
1 F = 1 C / 1V
A Farad is very large.
Often will see F or pF
Parallel Plate Capacitor
33
The capacitance of a device depends on the
geometric arrangement of the conductors
For a parallel-plate capacitor whose plates are
separated by air:
d
A
C
o
c =
Permittivity of the free space:
8.854x10
-12
F/m
A Area of plates
d - Distance between the plates
Material
r
Parallel Plate Capacitor (Contd)
34
Find the capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor
having the following properties:
A = 1 cm
2
, d = 1 mm,
Dielectric Material: Bakelite,
r
= 5
1. Mica 7
2. Nylon 2
3. Bakelite 5
4. Paper 3.5
C = A /d, where =
o
r
C = (5)(8.85 x 10
-12
) (0.01) / (0.001)
= 0.4425 pf
Find the plate area if C = 1F.
Types of Dielectrics
Application of Capacitor
35
Computers use capacitors in
many ways
Some keyboards use
capacitors at the bases of
the keys
When the key is pressed, the
capacitor spacing decreases
and the capacitance
increases
The key is recognized by the
change in capacitance
More Applications of Capacitor
36
Barriers to direct currents
Storing memory in a computer chip
Storing a charge for an electronic flash camera
Adjusting a tuned circuit such as in a radio
Capacitor in Circuits
37
Capacitors in Circuits
38
Parallel Connection
The total charge supplied by the source:
Q
tota l
= Q
1
+Q
2
= V
ab
(C
1
+C
2
)
Equivalent capacitance C
eq
= C
1
+ C
2
Q
1
and Q
2
are not
necessarily equal
but V
ab
is the same.
Q
1
=C
1
V
ab
, Q
2
=C
2
V
ab
The equivalent capacitance of a parallel combination of
capacitors is greater than any of the individual capacitors
(Contd)
39
Parallel Connection of N Capacitors
C
p
= C
1
+ C
2
+ + C
N
Equivalent Circuit
Note:
Initial voltage of C
p
is same as C
i
(Contd)
40
Series Connection
The total charge supplied by the source:
V
ab
=V
1
+V
2
=> Q/C = Q
1
/C
1
+ Q
2
/C
2
Equivalent capacitance 1/C
eq
=1/C
1
+1/C
2
Q Total charge of the capacitors.
Q
1
= C
1
V
1
Q
2
= C
2
V
2
Total Charge Q = Q
1
+ Q
2
The equivalent capacitance of a series combination of capacitors is
always less than any of the individual capacitors in combination
Q
1
Q
2 V
ab
+
-
(Contd)
41
Series Connection of N Capacitors
1/C
s
=1/C
1
+1/C
2
+..1/C
N
Equivalent Circuit
I-V relationship of a Capacitor
42
Current-Voltage Relationship
of a Capacitor
43
Current flowing through a capacitor:
If voltage across a capacitor is constant
(i.e. dc source), then v = K and i = 0
of a Capacitor
44
Voltage across a capacitor:
of a Capacitor (Contd)
45
Example Problem 3:
Find the current in the capacitor C=1 mF when the voltage
across the capacitor is represented by the following signal.
of a Capacitor (Contd)
46
Solution:
Energy stored in a Capacitor
47
48
The power in the capacitor is given by
since
49
Energy stored in a capacitor is
Since the capacitor was uncharged at t = - , v(-) = 0
The capacitor is a passive element for w(t) 0 for all v(t).
Instantaneous change in Voltage
50
}

=
t
dt t i
C
t v ) (
1
) (
Voltage at time t = a is
} } }
e +

e +

+ = = e +
a
a
a a
dt t i
C
dt t i
C
dt t i
C
a v ) (
1
) (
1
) (
1
) (
dt t i
C
a v a v
a
a
}
e +
+ = e + ) (
1
) ( ) (
}

=
a
dt t i
C
a v ) (
1
) (
e + = e> a t at 0 For
Instantaneous change in Voltage
51
) ( ) (
, 0 As
a v a v = e +
e
dt t i
C
a v a v
a
a
}
e +
+ = e + ) (
1
) ( ) (
Hence voltage across a capacitor
can not change instantaneously
Capacitors: Summary of main results
52
Capacitors: Summary of main results
53
Duality
54
Duality
55
Both circuits are described by the same pair of equations:
dt
di
L Ri v
v v v
s
s
+ =
+ =
2 1
dt
dv
C Gv i
i i i
s
s
+ =
+ =
2 1
dt
dy
a v a x x x x
s s 2 1 2 1
; + = + =
Duality (Contd)
56
Original Circuit Dual Circuit
Series connection Parallel connection
Parallel connection Series connection
Voltage ( x volts) Current ( x amperes)
Current ( x amperes ) Voltage ( x volts)
Resistance ( x ohms) Conductance( x mhos)
Conductance ( x mhos) Resistance (x ohms)
Capacitance ( x farads) Inductance( x henries)
Inductance ( x henries) Capacitance(x farads)
Duality (Contd)
57
Examples of dual quantities:
} }

dt t v
L
dt t i
C
dt
dv
C
dt
di
L
Gv Ri
) (
1
) (
1
Obtaining the dual
of a planar network
58
Step 1. Inside of each mesh, including the infinite
region surrounding the circuit,
place a node.
Step 2. Going from one node to another,
cross each element in the circuit ONCE placing
the dual of each common element between nodes
A circuit has a dual
if and only if, it is a planar network.
59
Duality (Contd)
Example 1:
60
Duality (Contd)
Ex.2 . Draw the dual network for the given network
shown in the figure
61
Solution :
Duality (Contd)
NATURAL RESPONSE OF
FIRST ORDER CIRCUITS
62
Outline
Natural Response of 1
st
order circuits
1
st
order circuits
Natural Response
1
st
order RC circuit
63
64
Any circuit with
a single energy storage element,
an arbitrary number of sources, and
an arbitrary number of resistors is
a circuit of order 1.
Any voltage or current in such a circuit
is the solution to a 1st order differential
equation.
1
st
Order Circuits?
Natural Response?
65
Source free response is the
NATURAL RESPONSE
Source free response results from
energies stored in dynamic circuit
elements and is characterized
by the nature of circuit itself
66
1
st
Order - RC Circuit
Switch is a. Closed for t < 0 s
b. Open for t > 0 s
67
1
st
Order Natural Response
- RC Circuit (Contd)
For t < 0,
the circuit is a DC circuit
since the capacitor behaves as Open Circuit.
By Voltage division
s 0 for ) ( <
+
= t
R R
RV
t v
g
68
1
st
Order - RC Circuit (Contd)
Switch opens at t = 0 s and
remains open for t > 0 s.
Since voltage across capacitor can not change
instantaneously.
g
R R
RV
v
+
= ) 0 (
0 , 0 = + >
R C
i i t
0 = +
R
v
dt
dv
C
For
First Order Differential Equation
69
1
st
- RC Circuit
} }
= =
=
dt
RC
dt
dt
dv
v RC dt
dv
v
v
RC dt
dv
1 1 1 1
1
dt
RC v
dv
dt
dt
dv
v
} } }
= =
1 1
K
RC
t
t v + = ) ( ln
70
1
st
K
RC
t
K
RC
t
e e e t v
+
= = ) (
K
e v t = = ) 0 ( , 0 At
RC
t
e v t v t

= > ) 0 ( ) ( , s 0 For
RC is a time constant.
RC
t
R
e
R
v
R
t v
t i

= =
) 0 ( ) (
) (
71
1
st
Voltage across the capacitor for t 0s
72
1
st
RC
t
RC
t
RC
t
c
RC
t
R c
e
R
v
e v
RC
C
e v
dt
d
C
dt
t dv
C t i
e
R
v
t i t i

=
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
(
(
= =
= =
) 0 (
) 0 (
1
) 0 (
) (
) (
or
) 0 (
) ( ) (
Current through Capacitor for t 0
0 ) ( as 0 ) ( w
Joules ) 0 (
2
1
) 0 (
) (
2
1
) (
c
2
2
= =
=
=
v
Cv w
t Cv t w
c
c
73
1
st
At t = 0, Capacitor is charged to v(0) Volt
For t > 0 sec, Capacitor discharges through resistor
exponentially.
Where does this energy
go when t = ?
74
1
st
The power absorbed by the resistor is
( )
( )
RC
t
RC
t
R R
e
R
v
e
R
v
R
t Ri t P
2
2
2
2
0
0
) ( ) (
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
=
75
1
st
Total energy absorbed by the resistor is
( )
( )
| |
) 0 ( ) 0 (
2
1
1 0 ) 0 (
2
1
0
2
0
2
2
0
2
2
0
2
2
c
RC
t
RC
t
R
w Cv
Cv
e
R
v RC
dt e
R
v
W
= =
=
=
=

}
76
1
st
Find v
c
and i
c
for parallel RC circuit, when i
s
(t) is as
shown in the figure b.
Problem 1:
77
1
st
OC an as behaves Capacitor
case dc A 2 , s 0 For
0 s, 0 For
= <
= >
s
s
i t
i t
( ) V 6 2 3 3 and A 0 = = = =
s c c
i v i
78
1
st
Condition) V(Initial 6 ) 0 ( =
c
v
At t = 0 s, the applied current changes
instantaneously from 2A to 0A.
Voltage across the capacitor
cannot change instantaneously.
0 4
12
1
3
= = +
+ =
s c
c
c c
s
i v
dt
dv
dt
dv v
i
79
1
st
A
4
2
3
4
6
3
) (
) (
V
4
6
4
) 0 ( ) (
s 0 for
t
e
t
e t v
i t i
t
e
t
e v t v
t
c
R c
c c
= = =
=
>
Current source is equivalent to an open circuit for t >0
80
1
st
( )
( )
s 0 for A 2
24
12
1
6
12
1
12
1
) ( or
4
4
4
> =
=
=
=
t e
e
e
dt
d
dt
dv
t i
t
t
t
c
c
81
1
st
s 0
s 0
A 2
A 0
) (
and
s 0
s 0
V 6
V 6
) (
4
4
>
<
=
>
<
t for
t for
e
t i
t for
t for
e
t v
t
c
t
c
Outline
Natural Response of 1
st
order circuits
1
st
order RL circuit
82
83
1
st
Order - RL Circuit
Switch is a. Closed for t < 0
b. Open for t > 0
84
1
st
Order - RL Circuit
Switch is closed at t < 0s.
Inductor acts as short circuit for dc,
voltage across it is
0 = = = v v v
R L
g
R
R
V
t i
i
=
=
) (
, 0
85
1
st
Order - RL Circuit (Contd)
Switch opens at t = 0 sec
and remains open for t > 0.
Current through inductor can not change
instantaneously
, 0 For > t
0
, 0
= +
= +
i
L
R
dt
di
Ri
dt
di
L
First Order
Differential
Equation
g
R
V
i = ) 0 (
86
1
st
- RL Circuit
} }
= =
=
dt
L
R
dt
dt
di
i L
R
dt
di
i
i
L
R
dt
di
1 1
dt
L
R
i
di
dt
dt
di
i
} } }
= =
1
K
L
Rt
t i + = ) ( ln
87
1
st
- RL Circuit (Contd)
K
L
Rt
K
L
Rt
e e e t i
+
= = ) (
K
e i
t
=
=
) 0 (
, 0 At
L/R is a time constant.
88
1
st
L
Rt
e i t i t

= > ) 0 ( ) ( , s 0 For
L/R is a time constant.
L
Rt
L
Rt
e Ri e i
dt
d
L
dt
t di
L t v

=
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
= = ) 0 ( ) 0 (
) (
) (
R e i R t i t v
L
Rt
= = ) 0 ( ) ( ) (
89
1
st
Current through the inductor for t 0s
L/R
2L/R 3L/R
0.368i(0)
0.135i(0)
0.050i(0)
i(0)
i(t)=i(0)e
-Rt/L
0 ) ( as 0 ) (
Joules ) 0 (
2
1
) 0 (
) (
2
1
) (
2
2
= =
=
=
i w
Li w
t Li t w
L
L
L
90
1
st
Where does this energy go when t = ?
Energy stored in the inductor at t = 0 s
At t =
91
1
st
The power absorbed by the resistor is
( )
L
Rt
L
Rt
R R
e Ri
e i R
t Ri t P
2
2
2
2
0
) 0 (
) ( ) (
=
(
(
=
=
92
1
st
Total energy absorbed by the resistor is
( )
( )
| |
) 0 ( ) 0 (
2
1
1 0 ) 0 (
2
1
0
2
0 ) (
2
2
0
2
2
0
2
2
0
L
L
Rt
L
Rt
R R
w Li
Li
e i
L
dt e Ri dt t P W
= =
=
=
= =
} }
93
1
st
Find v
L
and i
L
for series RL circuit, when v
s
(t) is as
shown in the figure b.
Problem 1:
94
1
st
circuit short as behaves Inductor
case dc s 0 For
V 2 s 0 For
, t
, V t
s
<
= <
A 6
2
and V 0
3
1
3
1
= = = =
s
L L
v
i v
95
1
st
Condition) A(Initial 6 ) 0 ( =
L
i
At t = 0 s, the applied voltage changes
instantaneously from 2V to 0V.
Current through the inductor
cannot change instantaneously.
0 4
12
1
3
= = +
+ =
s L
L
L L
s
v i
dt
di
dt
di i
v
For t 0 s
96
1
st
V
4
2
3
4
6
) (
3
1
) ( ) (
A
4
6
4
) 0 ( ) (
s 0 For
t
e
t
e
t i t v t v
t
e
t
e i t i
t
L R L
L L
= = =
=
>
Voltage source is equivalent to
a short circuit for t 0 s
97
1
st
( )
( )
s 0 for V 2
24
12
1
6
12
1
12
1
) ( or
4
4
4
> =
=
=
=
t e
e
e
dt
d
dt
di
t v
t
t
t
L
L
98
1
st
s 0 for
s 0 for
V 2
V 0
) (
and
s 0 for
s 0 for
A 6
A 6
) (
4
4
>
<
=
>
<
t
t
e
t v
t
t
e
t i
t
L
t
L
Outline
Complete Response of 1
st
order
circuits
1
st
order RC circuit
Complete Response
99
COMPLETE RESPONSE OF
FIRST ORDER CIRCUITS
100
Complete response
101
Complete response
= transient response
+ steady-state response
OR.
Complete response
= natural response
+ forced response
102
Switch moves from a to b at time t = 0 s
Unit step function u(t) = 0 for t < 0 s
= 1 for t > 0 s
Therefore v
s
(t) = Vu(t)
First Order Circuits Complete Response
103
For t < 0 s and t = 0 s
v
c
= 0
For t > 0, v
c
increases
at a slower and slower rate until it completely
charges to V volts.
By KVL
for t < 0 s, v
R
= 0
at t = 0 s, v
R
= V
for t > 0 s, v
R
decreases to 0
104
s, 0 for 1 ) (
s 0 for 0 ) (
) (
1
- ) (
at KCL By
> =
< =
= +
=
t t u
t t u
t u
RC
V
v
RC dt
dv
dt
dv
C
R
v t Vu
v
C
C
C C
C
105
) 16 . 3 (
1
becomes equation al Differenti , s 0 for
. s 0 for V 0 ) (
. s 0 for zero is Excitation
capacitor the across voltage initial No
s, 0 for
RC
V
v
RC dt
dv
t
t t v
t
t
C
C
C
= +
>
< =
<
<
106
) ( ) (
) (
by sides both ying Multipl
RC
) (
1
) ( ) ( where
) ( ) (
) (
t f e t ax e
dt
t dx
e
e
V
t f
RC
a
t v t x
t f t ax
dt
t dx
at at at
at
c
= +
=
=
=
= +
General form of the equation
107
| |
| |
response. complete called is which
) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
by sides both ying Multipl
) ( ) (
) (
) (
) ( ) (
) (
) (
}
}
} }
+ = + =
+ =
=
= + =

t x t x Ae dt t f e e t x
e
A dt t f e t x e
dt t f e dt
dt
t x e d
t f e t ax e
dt
t dx
e t x e
dt
d
n f
at at at
at
at at
at
at
at at at at
108
) ( function forcing
) (
response ient or trans response natural
) ( ) (
response state - steady or response forced
where
t f
Ae t x
dt t f e e t x
at
n
at at
f
=
=
}
109
at
n f
at
n
at at at at
f
Ae
a
b
t x t x t x
Ae t x
a
b
b e
a
e bdt e e t x
b t ax
dt
t dx

+ = + =
=
=
|
.
|
\
|
= =
= +
}
) ( ) ( ) (
is response Complete
) ( is response Natural
1
) (
is response Forced
) (
) (
Constant
Forcing
function
110
V A A V v
v
t v
Ae V Ae
RC
RC V
t v
C
C
C
RC
t
RC
t
C
= = + =
= =
< =
+ = + =

0 e (0)
s 0 t setting V. 0 ) 0 ( Then
ously instantane change cannot
capacitor a across voltage
s 0 for t V 0 ) (
1
) (
0
Now solution to the differential equation
111
) ( 1 (t)
) t ( time all for expression Single
s 0 for 1 (t)
t u e V v
t e V Ve V v
RC
t
C
RC
t
RC
t
C
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
< <
>
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
= =

Now solution to the differential equation
112
RC
t
RC
t
RC
t
C
e
R
V
RC
e CV
e V
dt
d
C t i
t
dt
t dv
C t i

=
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
(
(
(
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
>
= =
<
1
1 ) (
s, 0
A. 0
) (
) (
s, 0 t
113
) ( ) (
: ) (i.e. time all for expression single
t u e
R
V
t i
t
RC
t
=
< <
114
115
Example 3.10
Find step responses i
L
(t) and v
L
(t) for series RL circuit
116
A 0 ) 0 (
ously instantane
change not can inductor rough Current th
A 0 ) ( Solution
0 excitation , 0 For
) (
) (
=
=
= <
= +
+ =
L
L
L
L
L
L
i
t i
t
t u
L
V
i
L
R
dt
di
dt
di
L Ri t Vu
By KVL
117
L
Rt
L
Rt
L
L
L
Ae
R
V
Ae
L R
L V
t i
L
V
i
L
R
dt
di
+ =
+ =
= +
>
) (
0 For t
118
R
V
A
Ae
R
V
i
i
t i
L
L
L
=
= + =
=
< =
0 ) 0 (
. A 0 ) 0 ( then
ously instantane change cannot
inductor rough the current th the And
s 0 for t A 0 ) (
0
119
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
= =
>

L
Rt
L
Rt
L
e
R
V
e
R
V
R
V
t i
t
1 ) (
s 0 for
) ( 1 ) (
) (i.e., all for ) (
t u e
R
V
t i
t t t i
L
Rt
L
L
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
< <
120
L
Rt
L
Rt
L
Rt
L
L
L
Ve
L
R
e
R
V
L
e
R
V
dt
d
L t v
t
dt
t di
L t v t

=
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
(
(
(
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
>
= = <
1 ) (
s, 0 For
V. 0
) (
) ( s, 0 For
121
) ( ) (
) ( time all for expression Single
t u Ve t v
t
L
Rt
L
=
< <
122
Step Responses for i
L
(t) and V
L
(t)
L/R 2L/R 3L/R
L/R 2L/R 3L/R

Chapter 3 Part1

Transféré par

Informations du document

Description originale:

Copyright

Formats disponibles

Partager ce document

Partager ou intégrer le document

Options de partage

Avez-vous trouvé ce document utile ?

Ce contenu est-il inapproprié ?

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

Chapter 3 Part1

Transféré par

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

August 30, 2011 Electrical Sciences I

Vous aimerez peut-être aussi