wt.ude.uhcn.

nogard@eulmd :liam-E 7582-6822-4-688+ :xaF ,0990-5822-4-688+ :leT rohtua gnidnopserroC*

)1(

si metsys etanidrooc eht fo nigiro ehT .noitces dellaw -niht nepo fo aera latot eht si A dna noitces eht gnola Ad aera lamisetinifni fo setanidrooc eht era y dna x erehw A A Ady A--- = cY Adx A--- = cX 1 1 .)1( .qE yb nevig si noitces a fo setanidrooc )C( diortnec eht ,scinahcem cisab yB .tsrif detacol eb tsum noitces a fo )S( retnec raehs dna )C( diortnec eht ,eulav wC eht etaluclac oT .)5791( snieH dna )8691( sobmalaG no desab ,swollof sa dezirammus era snoitces dellaw-niht nepo fo )wC( stnatsnoc gnipraw rof smrof noitargetnI

snoitceS dellaw-nihT nepO fo stnatsnoC gnipraW rof smroF noitargetnI .2

.snoitces nepo leets demrof-dloc fo noitaulave lanoisrot no noitamitse retteb a rof gnikool era ohw esoht yfsitas lliw yduts ehT .elbailer dna etarucca si noitces nepo leets demrof-dloc a rof wC etupmoc ot dohtem lanoitatupmoc desoporp eht taht seilpmi sihT .elbigilgen era seulav wC detalubat dna detupmoc eht neewteb secnereffid eht taht swohs yduts evitarapmoc ehT .slaunam ngised ISIA eht ni detalubat seulav eht htiw gnirapmoc yb deifirev saw erudecorp desoporp eht fo ycarucca ehT .erudecorp desoporp eht fo sliated eht etartsulli ot detceles saw noitces evitatneserper a dna wC fo noitaluclac suoidet eht etatilicaf ot depoleved saw margorp retupmoc elpmis A .dessucsid dna detneserp si noitaluclac wC rof erudecorp laciremun pets-yb-pets a ,yduts siht nI .smelborp lanoisrot htiw gnilaed nehw sreenigne gnicitcarp rof lufesu yrev eb dluow

seulav wC gnitaulave rof hcaorppa elbailer dna elpmis A .detnarraw si sepahs hcus rof wC gnitupmoc rof ediug a ,launaM ISIA eht ni elbaliava ton ro ralugerri si noitces nepo eht nehW .sresu tsom ot detacilpmoc rehtar era detneserp salumrof eht ,)2002( launam ngised ISIA eht ni dedivorp era snoitces lacitcarp evitceles enin rof salumrof dna seulav wC eht hguohtlA .)3002 ,oaisH dna niL ;8991 ,euL dna ttirfillE ;5991 ,kcocnaH dna silegnapaP ;4991 ,nosnhoJ dna nomlaS ;3002 ,3991 ,ttirfillE dna euL ;3991 ,riaharT ;8891 ,otomukuF dna obuK ;6891 ,arcA dna ooY ;8791 kcocnaH( tsap eht ni enod neeb sah sa gnidoc retupmoc rof elbatius snoisserpxe laciremun yb detneserper eb nac wC rof smrof largetni detacitsihpos eht ,tluser a sA .stnemele etalp fo stniop noitcesretni evitucesnoc owt eht neewteb seitreporp gnipraw tinu fo noitairav raenil eht gnizingocer yb deifilpmis yltaerg eb nac snoitces dellaw -niht nepo rof stnatsnoc gnipraw fo noitatupmoC .)1991 ,uY ;5791 ,snieH ;9691 ,relsaB dna rennurblloK ;8691 ,sobmalaG ;2591 ,hcielB( srehcraeser suoiverp morf elbaliava era snoitargetni lacitamehtam gnivlovni yllausu wC rof salumrof xelpmoC .)wC( tnatsnoc gnipraw lanoitces fo noitanimreted eht morf sesira ytluciffid rojam eht sa sreenigne gnicitcarp rof boj enituor a ton si sesserts decudni -noisrot eseht fo noitaulavE .sserts lamron gnipraw dna sserts raehs gnipraw ,sserts raehs lanoisrot erup ni tluser lliw noisrot ot detcejbus snoitces dellaw-niht nepO

noitcudortnI .1

ytreporp lanoisrot ,leets demrof-dloc ,noitces dellaw-niht ,sserts lanoisrot ,tnatsnoc gnipraw :sdrowyeK .erawtfos retupmoc detacitsihpos a deen ton seod hcihw ,noitces nepo leets demrof-dloc yrartibra na rof tnatsnoc gnipraw eht gnitupmoc rof loot lufesu dna elbailer a si erudecorp desoporp ehT .slaunam ngised ISIA eht ni detsil esoht dna seulav detaluclac eht neewteb ecnereffid on yllautriv swohs nosirapmoC .noitces dellaw-niht nepo lareneg a fo tnatsnoc gnipraw eht gnitaulave rof erudecorp laciremun pets-yb-pets deliated a sesoporp repap sihT .slaunam ngised ISIA eht ni detsil ton snoitces rof stnatsnoc gnipraw eht gnitaulave fo aedi detimil evah sreenigne gnicitcarp tsom ,slaunam ngised ISIA eht ni elbaliava era snoitces leets demrof-dloc evitceles rof seulav dna salumrof wC hguohtlA .ngised enituor ot elcatsbo na gnitneserp suht dna ksat tluciffid dna suoidet a si noitces nepo dellaw-niht nepo na rof )wC( tnatsnoc gnipraw fo noitaluclac ehT

tcartsbA
nawiaT 204 ,gnuhciaT ,daoR gnauK-ouK 052 ,ytisrevinU gnisH-gnuhC lanoitaN ,gnireenignE liviC fo tnemtrapeD
niL uaH-gnihC dna uiL gniL-iuJ ,*euL .M gnuD

snoitceS nepO leetS demroF-dloC lareneG fo stnatsnoC gnipraW no noitaulavE laciremuN

rk.ro.cssk.www

903-792 )7002( 7 serutcurtS leetS

eht t ,retnec raehs ot tcepser htiw gnipraw tinu eht w ,gnipraw tinu dezilamron eht si W ,evoba nwohs sA
n

)c3( )b3( )a3( )3(

w

o sdt E = A

:)cY ,cX( C ,noitces fo diortnec ehT .swollof sa snoisserpxe laciremun fo smret ni nettirwer eb nac )8691( sobmalaG yb desoporp C fo salumrof noitargetni ehT .)4 .giF ees , W dna , w ,w( seitreporp gnipraw tinu eht fo noitairav raenil eht gnizingocer yb deifilpmis yltaerg eb yam tnatsnoc gnipraw sti fo noitatupmoc eht ,stnemele etalp niht fo pu edam si noitces nepo eht ecniS

A ow sdtow o-- = nW E 1

o sdo S = ow

snoitceS dellaw-nihT nepO fo stnatsnoC gnipraW rof smroF laciremuN .3

.noitces fo aera eht si A dna ,retnec raehs eht dna tnegnat eht neewteb ecnatsid eht o ,tnemele etalp fo ssenkciht

erehw
n o sdt2W E = wC

yw

xw

.noitces ssorc nepo na ni secnatsid laitnegnat dna setanidrooC

.2 erugiF

.)8691( sobmalaG ,noisserpxe gniwollof eht yb denimreted eb nac noitces fo C tnatsnoc gnipraw ehT .ylevitcepser ,sexa -y dna -x tuoba aitreni fo stcudorp gnipraw eht tneserper I dna I ,ecneH .)2 .giF eeS( o egde eht morf s ecnatsid a ta enil elddim eht no tniop yna fo noitamrofed gnipraw eht seilpmi w noitaton ehT .ylevitcepser ,sexa y dna x eht tuoba aitreni fo stnemom era I dna I ,evoba eht nI
y x

)b2(
yI

o sdtyw E = ywI

o sdtxw E = xwI

)a2(

--- = ---

x wI

erehw y y o I o o I sdtxw E--- = sd)sdtx S( E--- = oY 1 1

x x x I o I o o I )2( --- = sdty w -- = sd)sdty ( -- = oX --y wI E 1 S E 1 .metsys etanidrooc y-x lapicnirp dna ladiortnec eht ot tcepser htiw ) Y , X( S yb detoned si noitces fo retnec raehs eht rof setanidrooc ehT .)3 dna 2 .sgiF( sexa ladiortnec lapicnirp eht sa y dna x htiw )2( .qE yb nevig si noitces a fo )S( retnec raehs eht ,)8691( sobmalaG ot gnidroccA .)1 .giF eeS( renroc tfel rewol eht ta tes yllausu
o o

.elpmaxe evitartsulli eht ni desu sa 501 5.2SC8 noitceS

.1 erugiF

.la te euL .M gnuD

892

jio

1=i

ji

jo

io

iA

Ad

neewteb ecnatsid eht ,ji tnemele etalp fo ssenkciht eht t ,tnemele fo sdne eht ta w fo seulav gnidnopserroc eht w dna w ,gnipraw tinu dezilamron eht W ,retnec raehs eht ot tcepser htiw gnipraw tinu eht si w ,evoba eht nI j iL j i o + i ow = j ow )c7(
o

---------n---- = ----------------- = cY - - A
iA i y
1=i

Ad y

)b7( )a7(

1=i A2 jow jiLjit)jow + iow( ---- = jnW -1

n n

)4(
iA

1=i

iow jiLjit)jow + iow(

1=i

-A-1--2- = inW

n ---------1----i = ---------------- = cX -= A iA i x

Ad

Ad x

erehw
1=i

)7(

j i L j i t ) j nW + j nW i n W + i n W (
2 2
w

3 -1- = wC
n

.tnemele etalp a no w fo noitubirtsiD

.4 erugiF

ji

ji

:yb nevig eb nac C tnatsnoc gnipraw ehT .ji tnemele eht fo htgnel eht si L dna ,diortnec eht dna ji tnemele fo tnegnat eht neewteb ecnatsid eht ,tnemele etalp fo ssenkciht eht t ,tnemele fo sdne eht ta w fo seulav gnidnopserroc eht w dna w ,tnemele fo sdne eht ta setanidrooc y dna x eht y dna y , x , x ,diortnec eht ot tcepser htiw gnipraw tinu eht si w ,)e6( ot )a6( .sqE nI j iL j i = j i w j iL j i + iw = jw j iw + iw = jw )e6(
j i j i

)d6( )c6( )b6( )a6(

j iL j i t ) j x + j x i x + i x (
2 2

1=i

3 --1- = sdt x Eo = Ad x A = yI
n
2 2

j iL j i t ) j y + j y i y + i y (
2 2 1=i

1=i

3 -1- = sdt y Eo = Ad y A = xI
n
2 2 1=i

3 6 jiLjit)iyjw + jyiw( -- + jiLjit) jyjw + iyiw( - = ywI -1 1

n n

3 6 jiLjit)ixjw + jxiw( -- + jiLjit) jxjw + ixiw( - = xwI 1 1

1=i

1=i

.noitces dellaw-niht nepo na ni secnatsid laitnegnat dna setanidrooC

.3 erugiF

yx

erehw yI xI )6( ------ = oY ------ = oX x wI y wI :sa deifilpmis eb nac noitauqe retnec raehs evoba eht dna 0 = I neht ,elpmaxe evitartsulli eht ni esac eht gnieb lacirtemmys ylgnis si noitces eht fI .aera na fo aitreni fo tcudorp ssorc eht si I erehw
yx

y yI xI y xI I xI y xI 2 2 )5( --w---------------------- = oY --w---------------------- = oX --y I y xI x wI xI y I y I x w I y xI :yb nevig era doirtnec eht morf derusaem )3 .giF( noitces fo retnec raehs eht rof setanidrooC .)1 .giF( ylevitcepser ,i tnemele etalp fo setanidrooc-y dna -x eht era y dna x dna ,i tnemele etalp fo aera eht si A erehw
i i i

992

snoitceS nepO leetS demroF-dloC lareneG fo stnatsnoC gnipraW no noitaulavE laciremuN

05238.0 00593.2 00598.7 00593.2 05238.0 ).ni( L

ji

ji

mc 45.2 = .ni 1 .noitces fo diortnec eht ot tcepser htiw setanidrooc y dna x 00511.393717.1 )j(6 00501.0 5 05749.393717.1 )i(5 05749.393717.1 )j(5 00501.0 4 05749.316776.0)i(4 05749.316776.0)j(4 00501.0 3 05749.3 16776.0)i(3 05749.3 16776.0)j(3 00501.0 2 05749.3 93717.1 )i(2 05749.3 93717.1 )j(2 00501.0 1 00511.3 93717.1 )i(1 ).ni( t ).ni( .drooc-y ).ni( .drooc-x tnioJ .on tnemelE stnemele etalp fo shtgnel dna ,sessenkciht ,setanidrooc tnioJ
.2 elba T

.81~01 selbaT ni dedivorp era launam ngised ISIA 2002 eht ni dedivorp snoitces evitceles rof seulav C eht ,sesoprup nosirapmoc dna ecneinevnoc roF .9 elbaT ni detartsnomed era noitatupmoc C fo sliateD
w

1=i
ji ji jn jn in in

.ni 396.61 = L t) 2W + W W + 2W( -- = C 1

w n
w

mc 45.2 = .ni 1 .renroc tfel rewol ot tcepser htiw setanidrooc era y dna x 14780.0 57864.0 05744.2 5 84152.0 05250.0 00052.1 4 89828.0 00000.4 05250.0 3 84152.0 05749.7 00052.1 2 14780.0 52135.7 05744.2 1 )2.ni( A ).ni( y ).ni( x )i(.on tnemelE stnemele etalp fo saera dna setanidrooC
.1 elba T

ji

ji

jn

jn

in

jo

io

yw

xw

:sevig hcihw )7( .qE yb detupmoc eb nac C fo eulav eht ,detaluclac era seulav L dna t , W , W ecnO .9~7 selbaT ni dezirammus sa ,)c7( dna ,)b7( ,)a7( .sqE gnisu yb detaulave eb nac W dna W , w , w gnidulcni sretemarap deriuqer ehT noitces fo tnatsnoc gnipraw ehT )3( .)1 .giF eeS( noitces eht fo renroc rewol tfel eht ot tcepser htiw .ni 00000.4 = Y dna .ni 86050.1 = X ta ro , di o rt nec e h t o t tc eps e r h ti w . n i 0 00 0 0.0 = Y dna .ni 97087.1 = X ta eb ot dnuof erofereht si retnec raehs ehT . I dna I , I , I fo seulav nwonk eht htiw )6( .qE gnisu detaluclac neht si noitces fo retnec raehs ehT .6 dna 5 selbaT ni nwohs era I dna I rof snoitaluclac deliateD
yw xw

eht morf derusaem sa stnioj tnemele fo setanidrooc ehT .)6( .qE yb denimreted eb nac hcihw diortnec eht ot decnerefer era retnec raehs eht rof setanidrooC )a( ) Y , X( ,noitces fo retnec raehs ehT )2( .ni 00000.4 = Y dna .ni 11037.0 = X sdleiy )4( .qE diortnec rof alumrof eht otni ) A dna , y , x ,.e.i( seulav 1 elbaT gnitutitsbuS .1 elbaT ni dezirammus era noitces eht fo )i( tnemele etalp hcae rof saera dna setanidrooc ehT .1 .giF ni nwohs sa ,metsys etanidrooc eht fo nigiro eht gnieb renroc tfel rewol eht ot decnerefer era diortnec eht fo setanidrooC ) Y , X( ,noitces fo diortnec ehT )1(
c c

.ni 05525.52 = I
yw

.ni 00000.0 = I
xw

:erudecorP petS-yb-petS desoporP ehT

ji

ji

:ni stluser ,)e6( ot )a6( .sqE otni sretemarap eseht gnitutitsbuS .4 dna ,3 ,2 selbaT ni detsil era L dna t , w , w , x , x sretemarap deriuqer eht hcihw ni ,)e6( ot )a6( .sqE yb denimreted era ) I dna I( aitreni fo stcudorp gnipraw ehT )c(
yw xw

.ni 45372.1 = Ad2x = I , 4.ni 38333.41 = Ad2y = I

.)launam ngised ISIA 2002 eht no desab ,.ni 5238.0 = c dna ,.ni 593.2 = b ,.ni 598.7 = a , .ni 64.1 = A ,.ni 588.0 = d ,.ni 501.0 = t ,.ni 005.2 = B ,.ni 000.8 = D( 1 .giF ni nwohs sa era srebmun tnioj detaler rieht dna stnemele etalp 5 otni dedivid si noitces ehT .tnatsnoc gnipraw lanoitces fo noitaulave eht dna erudecorp desoporp eht etartsnomed ot ereh desu si ,5015.2SC8 ,spil htiw noitces-C demrof-dloc ehT

elpmaxE laciremuN .4
.ji tnemele fo htgnel eht si L dna ,retnec raehs eht dna ji tnemele fo tnegnat eht
ji

:era )d6( dna )c6( .sqE gnisu detaluclac ,sexa ladiortnec eht ot tcepser htiw nekat ,spil deneffits htiw noitces lennahc a fo saitreni tnemom ehT )b( .2 elbaT ni dezirammus sa detupmoc eb erofereht nac diortnec

.la te euL .M gnuD

003

eht gnisu deniatbo saw ,5015.2SC8 ,spil htiw noitces lennahc eht rof , .ni 396.61 = wC ,tnatsnoc gnipraw ehT
6

saw spil htiw snoitces-C rof ,)01( .qE ,alumrof wC wen ylevitaler ehT .launam ngised ISIA 2002 eht ni deniatnoc taht htiw sehctam eulav wC detupmoc sihT .)spil reneffits tuohtiw noitces 0 = ,spil reneffits htiw noitces 1 = ( 1 = htiw erudecorp lanoitatupmoc desoporp

seulaV detsiL eht dna detaluclaC eht neewteb nosirapmoC fo stluseR .5

1=i
ji

1=i

L j it ) i x jw

+ x w(
j i

ji

6 -- + 1

L j it ) jx jw

3 + x w( -- = 1
n

xw

.a

0000.0 2123.1 0934.0 8835.28247.0 8530.0

6 ) + ( --1

a 5

.ni 0000.0 =

xwI

275.64 604.71000.11296.81 554.2

ixjw

611.44 088.72 573.7969.0000.0

jxiw

0000.0 4246.2 0677.2 5770.54214.05170.0

3 ) + ( --1

4780.0 5152.0 0928.0 5152.0 4780.0

jiLjit

275.64 611.44 000.11573.7554.2

jxjw

611.44 000.11573.7554.2 000.0

ixiw

5 4 3 2 1

.on tnemelE

xwI

.5 elba T

j i

aitreni fo tcudorp gnipraw rof noitaluclaC

05238.0 00593.2 00598.7 00593.2 05238.0 ).ni(

jiL

00501.0 00501.0 00501.0 00501.0 00501.0 ).ni(

jit

5 4 3 2 1 .on tnemelE

511.3849.3849.3849.3 849.3 ).ni(

jy

849.3849.3849.3 849.3 511.3

iy

717.1 717.1 876.0876.0717.1 jx

717.1 876.0876.0717.1 717.1

ix

17711.72 89786.52 27332.61 99388.01 37924.1 jw 2

89786.52 27332.61 99388.01 37924.1 00000.0

iw

) (6 ) (5 ) (5 ) (4 ) (4 ) (3 ) (3 ) (2 ) (2 ) (1
i

tnioJ

ywI

dna

).ni( ).ni( ).ni( ) .ni( sgnipraw tinU fo noitaulave rof atad deriuqeR
xwI

.4 elba T

mc 45.2 = .ni 1 .ni 37924.1 = 37924.1 + 0 =

2

jiL

ji

+iw

jw

.a

j i j i j i j i j i

37924.1 62454.9 37943.5 62454.9 37924.1

jiL ji

05238.0 00593.2 00598.7 00593.2 05238.0

jiL

93717.1 05749.3 16776.0 05749.3 93717.1 ).ni(

ji

5 4 3 2 1 .on tnemelE

17711.72 89786.52 27332.61 99388.01 37924.1 a jw 2

89786.52 27332.61 99388.01 37924.1 00000.0

iw

) (6 ) (5 ) (5 ) (4 ) (4 ) (3 ) (3 ) (2 ) (2 ) (1

tnioJ ).ni( ) .ni( sgnipraw tinU noitces fo diortnec ot tcepser htiw w dna w sgnipraw tinU
j i

.3 elba T

103

snoitceS nepO leetS demroF-dloC lareneG fo stnatsnoC gnipraW no noitaulavE laciremuN

.esu lacitcarp rof elbatius erom era salumrof dna erudecorp desoporp eht ,eromrehtruF .elbailer dna etarucca si wC rof erudecorp lanoitatupmoc desoporp eht taht sevorp sihT .seulav detsil ISIA dna detaluclac eht neewteb secnereffid
wC

on yllautriv era ereht ,yduts evitarapmoc eht no desaB .)xI( aitreni fo tnemom dna ,)m( enilretnec bew dna retnec raehs neewteb ecnatsid eht ,)A( aera lanoitces-ssorc gnidulcni noitamrofni erom seriuqer )1991( launaM ISIA eht elihW .ylno snoisnemid lanoitces sevlovni dna erudecorp desoporp eht no desab depoleved
5 4 3 2 1 .on tnemelE

07110.874990.508453.4 08453.474990.5 ) .ni( W

jn 2

74990.508453.4 08453.474990.5 07110.8 ) .ni( W

in 2 jn

ji

ji

jo

io

)j(6 )i(5 )j(5 )i(4 )j(4 )i(3 )j(3 )i(2 )j(2 )i(1 tnioJ

04320.61 4780.0 71111.31 7111.31 5152.0 09656.3 09656.3 0928.0 05663.21 05663.21 5152.0 32219.2 32219.2 4780.0 00000.0 ) .ni( L t ) .ni( w ) .ni( w dna W sgnipraw tinu dezilamroN
in 2

.8 elbaT

.ni 32219.2 = 32219.2 + 0 = 5238.0 0593.2 0598.7 0593.2 5238.0 81894.3 05749.3 81301.105749.3 81894.3 ).ni(
.7 elba T
jio

ji

+
jio

io

jo

.a

32219.2 62454.9 95907.862454.9 32219.2 ) .ni(

2 jo ji

5 4 3 2 1 .on tnemelE

04320.61 7111.31 09656.3 05663.21 32219.2 a jo

71111.31 09656.3 05663.21 32219.2 00000.0

io

)j(6 )i(5 )j(5 )i(4 )j(4 )i(3 )j(3 )i(2 )j(2 )i(1 tnioJ

w
2

) .ni( sgnipraw tinU

jio

io

).ni(
w

ji

retnec raehs ot tcepser htiw

dna

sgnipraw tinU
ji L j it i y jw

1=i

1=i

6 + y w( -- + 1
n

ji L j it jy jw

3 + y w( -- = 1
n

yw

.a

3146.43527.29539.67719.2 3730.2 9460.0

6 ) + ( -1

a 5

.ni 5525.52 =

yw

740.701304.101380.46 569.24 454.4

i

810.08380.46569.24446.5 000.0
j

2488.029514.59178.314538.56470.4 4461.0
3 ) + ( -1

4780.0 5152.0 0928.0 5152.0 4780.0

ji

274.48304.101380.46569.24 446.5
j

304.101380.46569.24 446.5 000.0

i

yjw

yiw

Ljit

yjw

yiw

yw

.6 elba T

5 4 3 2 1 .on tnemelE

aitreni fo tcudorp gnipraw rof noitaluclaC

.la te euL .M gnuD

203

)8(

)launaM ISIA 1991 dna yduts siht morF(

b 6 + a 21 -------b-3 ---t--b w -- a --2-+--- ------ = C a
2 3
:spil tuohtiw snoitces-C rof tnatsnoc gnipraW

eht dna devired eht ,esoprup nosirapmoc roF .erudecorp desoporp eht ot gnidrocca deniatbo era snoisnemid lanoitces fo smret ni desserpxe salumrof devired ehT .5 .giF ni nwohs sa ,)2002 ,6991 ,1991( slaunam ngised ISIA eht ni deniatnoc snoitces lacitcarp evitceles enin era erehT

.swollof sa dezirammus era salumrof detsil ISIA

salumroF wC detsiL eht dna devireD eht fo yrammuS .6

.snoitaton eht rof 1 erugiF eeS 000.7 5014SC7 000.8 0705.3SC8 000.9 9505.2SC9 000.01 5802SC01 000.01 5014SC01 000.21 0704SC21 ).ni( D
.11 elbaT

noitceS

1.83 1.42 9.11 0.31 7.18 8.08 launam ISIA yb dedivorp ) .ni( C
w 6

290.83 76.1 501.0 00.4 890.42 21.1 070.0 05.3 509.11 188.0 950.0 05.2 699.21 72.1 580.0 00.2 637.18 99.1 501.0 00.4 367.08 74.1 070.0 00.4 srohtua ).ni( ).ni( ) .ni( yb detaluclac A t B ) .ni( C spil htiw snoitces-C evitceles rof seulav C fo snosirapmoC
w

8810.0 2130.0 6650.0 1540.0 7101.0 3170.0 ).ni( t

w

52.1 52.1 52.1 05.1 52.1 00.2 ).ni( B

.snoitaton eht rof 1 erugiF eeS 226.3 81-521T053 141.4 03-521T004 896.5 45-521T055 161.8 34-051T008 653.01 79-521T0001 052.21 86-002T0021 ).ni( D
.01 elbaT

noitceS

4830.0 5580.0 0513.0 0279.0 0021.2 0034.8 launam ISIA yb dedivorp ) .ni( C
w 6

24830.0 311.0 25580.0 302.0 24513.0 254.0 05179.0 694.0 00221.2 072.1 00134.8 041.1 srohtua ) .ni( yb detaluclac A ) .ni( C spil tuohtiw snoitces-C evitceles
6

rof seulav C fo snosirapmoC

1=i 6
.n i .ni

396.61 = +
jn

i w ) C(

=
n

.b

6
b

818.3 = 3 4780.0 )500.62 + 558.04 + 781.46( = 3

ji

L j i t ) j nW

W i nW

in

i w

+ 2W ( = )

C(

.a

396.61 4780.0 5152.0 0928.0 5152.0 4780.0 ) .ni(

2

4818.3 0809.1 3042.5 0809.1

a

4558.04 1702.223469.811702.224558.04 ) .ni(

4

5 4 3 2 1 .on tnemelE

4818.3
i w

) .ni(
6

C(

ji

L j it

3781.46 6400.62 3469.81 3469.81 6400.62 ) .ni( W

jn
4

jn

W i nW

6400.62 3469.81 3469.81 6400.62 3781.46 ) .ni( W

in
4

)j(6 )i(5 )j(5 )i(4 )j(4 )i(3 )j(3 )i(2 )j(2 )i(1 tnioJ
.9 elbaT

spil htiw snoitces-C fo tnatsnoc gnipraw rof noitaluclaC

303

snoitceS nepO leetS demroF-dloC lareneG fo stnatsnoC gnipraW no noitaulavE laciremuN

531.0 090.0 060.0 501.0 570.0 531.0 ).ni( t

000.2 005.2 000.3 000.3 000.4 000.4 ).ni( B

.snoitaton eht rof 1 erugiF eeS 000.2 5312SL2 005.2 0905.2SL5.2 000.3 060SL3 000.3 501SL3 000.4 5704SL4 000.4 5314SL4 ).ni( D
.51 elbaT

2910.0 6520.0 6820.0 0240.0 1360.0 7090.0 launam ISIA yb dedivorp )6.ni( wC

22910.0 675.0 65520.0 984.0 75820.0 293.0 30240.0 966.0 41360.0 636.0 27090.0 021.1 srohtua )2.ni( yb detaluclac A )6.ni( wC spil htiw selgna gel lauqe rof 167.0 47.1 54.1 459.0 17.2 89.1 )2.ni( A

noitceS

seulav wC fo snosirapmoC 570.0 531.0 501.0 060.0 501.0 570.0 ).ni( t 00.3 05.4 00.4 00.3 00.8 00.5 ).ni( B

.snoitaton eht rof 1 erugiF eeS 000.3 5703UH3 000.3 5315.4UH3 000.4 5014UH4 000.6 0603UH6 000.8 5018UH8 000.01 5705UH01 ).ni( D
.41 elba T

41.1 66.5 98.6 40.6 00.222 04.89 launam ISIA yb dedivorp ) .ni( wC
6

noitceS

341.1 556.5 398.6 930.6 060.222 014.89 srohtua yb detaluclac ) .ni( wC spil tuohtiw
6

snoitces tah rof seulav wC fo snosirapmoC

.snoitaton eht rof 1 erugiF eeS 4 07052.2SZ4 7 95052.2SZ7 8 56052.3SZ8 9 50152.2SZ9 01 07057.2SZ01 21 58052.3SZ21 ).ni( D
.31 elbaT

83.3 64.9 05.03 07.92 05.73 06.89 launam ISIA yb dedivorp )6.ni( wC

383.3 696.0 070.0 52.2 654.9 367.0 950.0 52.2 074.03 40.1 560.0 52.3 866.92 75.1 501.0 52.2 635.73 91.1 070.0 57.2 478.89 07.1 580.0 52.3 srohtua ).ni( ).ni( )2.ni( yb detaluclac A t B )6.ni( wC spil htiw snoitces-Z evitceles rof seulav wC fo snosirapmoC 630.0 090.0 060.0 840.0 570.0 501.0 ).ni( t 52.1 52.1 52.1 52.1 52.1 52.1 ).ni( B

noitceS

.snoitaton eht rof 1 erugiF eeS 005.1 63052.1UZ5.1 005.2 09052.1UZ5.2 526.3 06052.1UZ526.3 000.4 84052.1UZ4 000.6 57052.1UZ6 000.8 50152.1UZ8 ).ni( D
.21 elba T

7210.0 3590.0 0161.0 0461.0 0216.0 0055.1 launam ISIA yb dedivorp ) .ni( wC
6

noitceS

37210.0 531.0 72590.0 614.0 54061.0 943.0 01461.0 992.0 08116.0 216.0 00645.1 60.1 srohtua )2.ni( yb detaluclac A ) .ni( wC spil tuohtiw snoitces-Z evitceles
6

rof seulav wC fo snosirapmoC

.la te euL .M gnuD

403

 c a 42 ) c 2 + a ( + b a 6 2 3 2 -2-1 = wC t - -a c-a6 -- cb2a ----+ ---------- + --------------3--------+-------------2-1-----2-c-2-a-2-1-------------------------------------------------2-b-2-- cba84 + ca8 + cb211 + c84 + 2b2a3 + b3a2
2 3 3 4
:spil htiw snoitces-C rof tnatsnoc gnipraW

)9(

)launaM ISIA 2002 dna 6991 morF( 0 = erehw

c a 42 ) c 2 + a ( + b a 6 2 3 2 -2-1 = wC t - -a c-a6 -- cb2a ----+ ---------- + --------------3--------+-------------2-1-----2-c-2-a-2-1-------------------------------------------------2-b-2-- cba84 + ca8 + cb211 + c84 + 2b2a3 + b3a2
2 3 3 4

90.8 04.01 09.51 03.28 00.831 00.874

90.8 04.01 09.51 03.28 00.831 00.874

931.2 472.2 445.2 685.3 810.4 114.5

531.0 531.0 531.0 531.0 531.0 531.0

00.4 00.4 00.4 05.5 00.6 00.7

.snoitaton eht rof 1 erugiF eeS 5.3 5314SC5.3-2 0.4 5314SC4-2 0.5 5314SC5-2 0.7 5315.5SC7-2 0.8 5316SC8-2 0.21 5317SC21-2

launam ISIA srohtua ).ni( ).ni( ).ni( )2.ni( noitceS yb dedivorp yb detaluclac A t B D )6.ni( wC )6.ni( wC launaM ISIA 1991 ni snoitces kcab-ot-kcab segnalf deneffits htiw slennahc elbuod evitceles rof seulav wC fo snosirapmoC
.81 elba T

0551.0 0263.0 0096.3 0055.4 0050.5 0032.6

0551.0 0263.0 0096.3 0055.4 0050.5 0032.6

508.0 510.1 308.1 892.2 310.2 865.2

501.0 501.0 501.0 531.0 501.0 531.0

52.2 52.2 00.3 00.3 00.3 00.3

.snoitaton eht rof 1 erugiF eeS 0.2 50152.2C2-2 0.3 50152.2C3-2 0.6 5013C6-2 0.6 5313C6-2 0.7 5013C7-2 0.7 5313C7-2

launam ISIA srohtua )2.ni( ).ni( ).ni( ).ni( yb dedivorp yb detaluclac noitceS A t B D ) .ni( wC ) .ni( wC 6 6 launaM ISIA 1991 ni snoitces kcab-ot-kcab segnalf deneffitsnu htiw slennahc elbuod evitceles rof seulav wC fo snosirapmoC
.71 elba T

.snoitaton eht rof 1 erugiF eeS 000.2 5312UL2 005.2 5015.2UL5.2 000.3 0903UL3 000.3 5313UL3 000.4 0904UL4 000.4 5314UL4 ).ni( D
.61 elba T

000.0 000.0 000.0 000.0 000.0 000.0 launam ISIA yb dedivorp ) .ni( wC
6

noitceS

000.0 705.0 531.0 000.2 000.0 305.0 501.0 005.2 000.0 325.0 090.0 000.3 000.0 777.0 531.0 000.3 000.0 307.0 090.0 000.4 000.0 740.1 531.0 000.4 srohtua ).ni( ).ni( )2.ni( yb detaluclac A t B ) .ni( wC spil tuohtiw selgna gel lauqe rof seulav wC fo snosirapmoC
6

503

snoitceS nepO leetS demroF-dloC lareneG fo stnatsnoC gnipraW no noitaulavE laciremuN

)61(
2

) c 2 + b 2 + a ( 21 ] ) c + c a 2 + c b 4 + b a 3 + a 3 ( c 4 + ) c a 6 + c b 4 + b a 2 + b ( a [
2 2 2 2

)launaM ISIA 1991 morF( 09 = ,1 = erehw b t = wC

2

)51(

)yduts siht morF( 05 = erehw

o

21 )c + b (2 + a -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- = wC so c ) c b 4 b 61 c a + b a 8 b a 4 + a 2 ( c + t 2 3 2 2 2 3 3 2 socnis)c + b4 + a2( cba4 + 3 + ) b + a2( b a 3 2 ) s o c a + nis b 2 ( ) b + a ( c b a 6 + 2 ) c a 8 + c b a 4 + c a 6 + c b 61 + c 4 ( b 3 2 3 3 4 2

:spil htiw snoitces-Z rof tnatsnoc gnipraW

)41(

)slaunaM ISIA 2002 dna 6991 morF( 0 = erehw

21 )c + b (2 + a ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ = wC so c ) c b 4 b 61 c a + b a 8 b a 4 + a 2 ( c + t 2 3 2 2 2 3 3 2 so c n is ) c + b 4 + a 2 ( c b a 4 + 3 + ) b + a2( b a 3 2 ) s o c a + nis b 2 ( ) b + a ( c b a 6 + 2 ) c a 8 + c b a 4 + c a 6 + c b 61 + c 4 ( b 3 2 3 3 4 2

)31(
2 2

) c 2 + b 2 + a ( 21 ) c + c a 2 + c b 4 + b a 3 + a 3 ( c 4 + ) c a 6 + c b 4 + b a 2 + b (
2 2

)launaM ISIA 1991 morF( 0 = erehw a b t = wC

2 2

)21(

b 2 + a 21 )yduts siht morF( ---2---------------- = wC a --+ b -atb

2
:spil tuohtiw snoitces-Z rof tnatsnoc gnipraW

)11(

)launaM ISIA 1991 morF(

4 6 3 ---------- ] c6 )a + c4() b + c3( [--------- + ]))a3 c2(b + )a c(c2(m2 + c b8 [-------- -a b -cm 2 2 am 2 A 2 2 2 2 4 -- = wC t 3 t t t3 + )c4 + a2(--------- ]a3 + c22c b + a2m [---- + bm 2m + ---- -----------2 - x -b a A x A 2 3 mI 2 2 2

)01(

)slaunaM ISIA 2002 ,6991 dna yduts siht morF( 1 = erehw

.la te euL .M gnuD 603

) c4 + ca6 + c a3 + b a(------ = wC bt 3 2 2 2
2
:dedlew kcab-ot-kcab segnalf deneffits htiw slennahc owt rof tnatsnoc gnipraW

)22( )slaunaM ISIA 2002 ,6991 ,1991 dna yduts sihT( 3 c + b 2 ---------3-------1 = wC - - - 3 c 3b 8 2a t
:dedlew kcab-ot-kcab segnalf deneffitsnu htiw slennahc owt rof tnatsnoc gnipraW

.slaunam ngised ISIA eht ni elbaliava ton snoitces rof seulav wC etaluclac sreenigne gnicitcarp pleh ot dedivorp si elpmaxe evitartsulli nA .noitces nepo leets demrof-dloc lareneg a fo eulav wC eht gnitupmoc rof erudecorp deliated a sedivorp yduts sihT .2 .snoitces nepo lareneg rof snoisserpxe laciremun ticilpxe erom fo smret ni wC rof salumrof noitargetni eht stneserp yduts sihT .1 .nward eb nac sgnidnif gniwollof eht ,yduts siht no desaB .snoitces nepo leets demrof-dloc yrartibra fo seulav wC gnitaulave rof salumrof noitargetni suoirav sessucsid dna sezirammus repap sihT .sreenigne gnicitcarp rof ksat suoidet a si noitces nepo leets demrof-dloc a rof tnatsnoc gnipraw fo noitaluclac ehT
snoisulcnoC .7

)12(

)launaM ISIA 1991 morF( x I 81 )c3 + a4(------------- = wC c a 2t

3 4

)02( )slaunaM ISIA 2002 ,6991 dna yduts siht morF(

] )c a ( a2 [6 --3------------------------------- = wC -)-c3 + a4(3 c a t

3 4
:spil htiw selgna gel lauqe rof tnatsnoc gnipraW

.)81~01 selbaT eeS( elbigilgen eb ot dnuof erew secnereffid ehT .salumrof ISIA eht dna devired eht htob yb dekcehc erew slaunaM ISIA eht ni detsil snoitces evitceles lla rof stnatsnoc gnipraW .1 .giF ni nwohs sa bew fo enilretnec dna retnec raehs neewteb ecnatsid eht si m dna ,tnemele etalp fo ssenkciht eht t ,egnalf deneffitsnu fo htgnel eht c ,segnalf fo htgnel eht b ,bew fo htgnel eht si a erehw )32( )91(
6 2

0 = wC
:spil tuohtiw selgna gel lauqe rof tnatsnoc gnipraW

)slaunaM 2002 ,6991 ,1991 ,yduts sihT(

)launaM ISIA 1991 morF(

y y I3 I9 3 4 yI 4 -----------b--- ------------t-b----- + t2c2ba ---------b--- + -------- 1A )Y( + xI ---- = wC c2t --4 AY c--- a ct --2 Aa a 2
3 2 3 2 2 2

)81(

)slaunaM ISIA 2002 ,6991 dna yduts siht morF( 1 = erehw

) c2 + a ( + b a6 3 2 --2-1 = wC t - -a c a6 -- - b -------+ c-a21 --------------------------+--c-----2-a-2-1----------2------------------------------------------------------2-b-2--3 2 cba84 ca8 + cb211 + c84 + 2b2a3 + b3a2
2 3 3 4
:spil tuohtiw snoitces taH rof tnatsnoc gnipraW

)71(

)slaunaM ISIA 2002 dna 6991 morF( o05 = ,1 = erehw )c + b (2 + a 21 = w C - s --- ) - b ---- ------ - - -- ---a8 --b a4 -- -----( c + t ---------o-c----c-------4-----b-6-1-----c----a--+--2-b---------------------+--3-a-2---------------------------------------------------------2 3 2 2 3 2 so c n is ) c + b 4 + a 2 ( c b a 4 + 3 + ) b + a2( b a 3 2 ) s o c a + nis b 2 ( ) b + a ( 2 c b a 6 + ) c a 8 + c b a 4 + c a 6 + c b 61 + c 4 ( b 3 2 3 3 4 2
snoitceS nepO leetS demroF-dloC lareneG fo stnatsnoC gnipraW no noitaulavE laciremuN

703

.serutcurtS lateM fo htgnertS gnilkcuB .)2591( .F ,hcielB .etutitsnI leetS dna norI naciremA ,CD ,notgnihsaW ,launaM ngiseD leetS demroF-dloC .)2002( ISIA .etutitsnI leetS dna norI naciremA ,CD ,notgnihsaW ,launaM ngiseD leetS demroF-dloC .)6991( ISIA .etutitsnI leetS dna norI naciremA ,CD ,notgnihsaW ,launaM ngiseD leetS demroF-dloC .)1991( ISIA

secnerefeR
6 6

.671-751 .pp ,)1( 65 ,serutcurtS & retupmoC .srebmem larutcurts dellaw-niht fo sisylana retupmoC .)5991( .J .G ,kcocnaH dna .P .J ,silegnapaP .232-312 .pp ,DM ,eromitlaB ,ecnerefnoC ytilibatS lauannA CRSS .maeb yawnur enarc pu-tliub fo tnatsnoc gnipraw rof noitaulave laciremuN .)3002( .S .D ,ttirfillE dna .M .D ,euL .33-13 .pp ,)1( 03 ,CSIA ,lanruoJ gnireenignE .pac lennahc a htiw noitces-w eht rof tnatsnoc gnipraw ehT .)3991( .S .D ,ttirfillE dna .T ,euL .948-138 .pp ,)5( 54 ,secneicS lacinahceM fo lanruoJ lanoitanretnI .maeb noitces-nepo dellaw-niht a fo gnipraw lanoisrot eht rof noisserpxe lareneg eroM .)3002( .M .K ,oaisH dna .Y .W ,niL .558-148 .pp ,)4( 411 ,ECSA ,noisiviD larutcurtS eht fo lanruoJ .smaeb-I dellaw-niht fo gnilkcub lanoisrot laretaL .)8891( .Y ,otomukuF dna .M ,obuK .031-69 .pp ,kroY weN ,galreV-regnirpS .serutcurts ni noisroT .)9691( .K ,relsaB dna .F .C ,rennurblloK .AM ,notgnixeL ,.oC kooB notgnixeL .srebmem larutcurts ni ngised lanoisrot dna gnidneB .)5791( .P .C ,snieH .0081-7871 .pp ,)11( 401 ,ECSA ,noisiviD larutcurtS eht fo lanruoJ .smaeb-I fo gnilkcub laretal dna noitrotsid lacoL .)8791( .J .G ,kcocnaH .851-08 .pp ,yesreJ weN ,llaH-ecitnerP .semarf dna srebmem larutcurtS .)8691( .V .T ,sobmalaG .94-14 .pp ,)2( 53 ,CSIA ,lanruoJ gnireenignE .pac lennahc htiw maeb yawnur enarc fo ngiseD .)8991( .M .D euL dna .S .D ,ttirfillE .321-401 .pp ,kroY weN ,lliH-warGcM

.840.0 526.10.6 noitceS rof ) .ni 65.1 fo daetsni( .ni 651.1 eb dluohs ti dna ,060.0521.10.4 noitceS rof ) .ni 231.0 fo daetsni( .ni 801.0 eb dluohs wC ,secnatsni roF .detceted erew launam ngised ISIA 1991 eht ni detalubat seulav wC fo seicnapercsid ,yduts siht gniruD .) c dna , b , a ei( ylno snoisnemid lanoitces fo noitcnuf a era salumrof wC devired eht ,salumrof ISIA 1991 eht ekilnU .5 .wC xelpmoc fo noitatupmoc eht etatilicaf ot desoporp saw lecxE tfosorciM gnizilitu erudecorp laciremun elpmis A .enoyreve rof elbaliava ylidaer eb ton yam yeht ,tsixe od smargorp retupmoc detacitsihpos hguohtlA .4 .slaunam ngised eht ni elbaliava ton snoitces eht rof noitaluclac wC eht htiw gnilaed nehw sreenigne rof lufesu yrev eb dluow salumrof dna erudecorp lanoitatupmoc desoporp ehT .elbailer dna etarucca si erudecorp desoporp eht taht snaem sihT .slaunam ngised ISIA tnerruc eht ni detalubat esoht htiw llew erapmoc erudecorp desoporp eht yb detaluclac seulav wC ehT .3
6

.slaunaM ISIA eht ni dedivorp snoitces lacitcarp eniN

.5 erugiF

.la te euL .M gnuD

803

.045-225 .pp ,kroY weN ,snoS & yeliW nhoJ .ngised leets demrof-dloC .)1991( .W .W ,uY .16-35 .pp ,)1( 22 ,serutcurtS & sretupmoC .noitces ralullec-itlum dellaw-niht fo

.653-403 .pp ,sserP CRC .serutcurts fo gnilkcub dna lanoisrot-laruxelF .)3991( .S .N ,riaharT .245-484 .pp .roivaheb dna ngised serutcurts leetS .)4991( .J .E ,nosnhoJ dna .C .G ,nomlaS

seitreporp noitces-ssorC .)6891( .V .S ,arcA dna .H .C ,ooY

903

snoitceS nepO leetS demroF-dloC lareneG fo stnatsnoC gnipraW no noitaulavE laciremuN