Image Interpreter

Image Interpreter
O N - L I N E M A N U A L
Copyright  1982 - 1999 by ERDAS, Inc. All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America.
ERDAS Proprietary - Delivered under license agreement.

Copying and disclosure prohibited without express written permission from ERDAS, Inc.
ERDAS, Inc.
2801 Buford Highway, N.E.
Atlanta, Georgia 30329-2137 USA
Phone: 404/248-9000
Fax: 404/248-9400
User Support: 404/248-9777
Warning
All information in this document, as well as the software to which it pertains, is proprietary material of ERDAS, Inc., and is
subject to an ERDAS license and non-disclosure agreement. Neither the software nor the documentation may be reproduced in
any manner without the prior written permission of ERDAS, Inc.
Specifications are subject to change without notice.
Trademarks
ERDAS is a trade name of ERDAS, Inc. ERDAS and ERDAS IMAGINE are registered trademarks of ERDAS, Inc. Model
Maker, CellArray, ERDAS Field Guide, and ERDAS Tour Guides are trademarks of ERDAS, Inc. Other brands and product
names are trademarks of their respective owners.
Image Interpreter On-Line Manual
Image Interpreter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Spatial Enhancement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Convolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Non-directional Edge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Focal Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Texture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Wallis Adaptive Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Statistical Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Resolution Merge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Crisp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Radiometric Enhance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
LUT Stretch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Histogram Equalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Histogram Matching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Brightness Inversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Haze Reduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Noise Reduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Destripe TM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
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Spectral Enhancement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Principal Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Inverse Principal Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Decorrelation Stretch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Tasseled Cap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Tasseled Cap Coefficients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
RGB to IHS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
IHS to RGB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Indices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Natural Color . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Fourier Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Fourier Transform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Fourier Editor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Editing Fourier Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Open FFT Layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Save Layer As ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Inverse Transform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Filter Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
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Low/High Pass Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Circular Mask . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Rectangular Mask . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Wedge Mask . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Inverse Fourier Transform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Fourier Magnitude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Periodic Noise Removal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Homomorphic Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Topo Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Surface Slope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
Surface Aspect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Topographic Level Slice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Shaded Relief . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Lambertian Reflection Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Raster Contour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
3D Surfacing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Read Points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
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Save As . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Add Empty Rows To Point List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
Surfacing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
GIS Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Neighborhood Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Clump . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Sieve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Eliminate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Perimeter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
Search . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Overlay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
Recode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Thematic Recode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
Summary By Zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
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Create Summary Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
Summary Matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
Zonal Statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Save Zonal Statistics as Raster Attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
Save Zonal Statistics To Polygon Attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Utilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
Change Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Single Input Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153

Function List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
Two Input Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
RGB Clustering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
RGB Cluster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
Layer Selection and Stacking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
Subset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
Create File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
Rescale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
Mask . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
Image Degradation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
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Replace Bad Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
Vector to Raster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
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Image Interpreter
Image Interpreter
This menu provides access to the ERDAS IMAGINE Image Interpreter functions. It is opened
when you click on the icon in the ERDAS IMAGINE icon panel.
Spatial Enhancement ... Click to access functions for enhancing images using the
values of individual and surrounding pixels. The Spatial Enhancement menu is displayed.
Radiometric Enhancement ... Click to access functions for enhancing images using
the values of individual pixels within each band. The Radiometric Enhancement menu is
displayed.
Spectral Enhancement ... Click to access functions for enhancing images by

transforming the values of each pixel on a multiband basis. The Spectral Enhancement
menu is displayed.
HyperSpectral Tools... Click to access functions applicable to hyperspectral data. The

HyperSpectral Tools menu is displayed.
Fourier Analysis ... Click to access functions for enhancing images using Fourier
transformations. The Fourier Analysis menu is displayed.
Topographic Analysis ... Click to access functions applicable to elevation data. The
Topo Analysis menu is displayed.
GIS Analysis ... Click to access functions for use on thematic data layers. The GIS
Analysis menu is displayed.
Utilities ... Click to access some common utilities used on raster layers. The Utilities
menu is displayed
Close Click to close this dialog.
Help Click to see this On-Line Help document.
1
Image Interpreter
i When a continuous file is changed to thematic in ImageInfo, statistics are recalculated using
a skip factor of 1 so that all data values present in the file are accounted for. The Skip Factor
is shown in the ImageInfo dialog as Skip Factor X and Skip Factor Y. Previous versions of
ERDAS IMAGINE allowed files to be changed to thematic without statistics being recalcu-
lated. These files may cause problems in some Image Interpreter functions such as Matrix
and Summary.
If you have files such as this, you may need to manually recompute statistics using ImageInfo
before using these files as input to Matrix or Summary.
➲ For information on using the ERDAS IMAGINE graphical interface, see the on-line IMAGINE
Interface manual.
2
Spatial Enhancement
Spatial Enhancement
This menu provides access to the Image Interpreter Spatial Enhancement functions. It is opened
when you select Spatial Enhancement... from the Image Interpreter menu.
Convolution ... Click to perform convolution filtering on an input image. The Convolution
dialog is opened.
Non-directional Edge ... Click to use the Sobel and Prewitt edge enhancement filters.
The Non-directional Edge dialog is opened.
Focal Analysis ... Click to perform filtering functions commonly used on thematic data
layers. The Focal Analysis dialog is opened.
Texture ... Click to perform texture analysis on an input image. The Texture dialog is
opened.
Adaptive Filter ... Click to enhance imagery using a filter that adapts to the area within
the moving window. The Wallis Adaptive Filter dialog is opened.
Statistical Filter ... Click to enhance an image using a statistical filter. The Statistical
Filter dialog is opened.
Resolution Merge ... Click to merge high and low resolution imagery. The Resolution
Merge dialog is opened.
Crisp ... Click to sharpen the overall luminance of an input image. The Crisp dialog is
opened.

Interface manual.
3
Convolution
Convolution
This dialog allows you to perform image enhancement operations such as averaging, high-pass,
or low-pass filtering. You can either define the convolution kernel or you can choose one from
the built-in kernel library. You may also select a subset of the input area to process.
Each data file value of the new output file is calculated by centering the kernel over a pixel, and
multiplying the original values of the center pixel and the appropriate surrounding pixels by the
corresponding coefficients from the matrix. So that the output values are within the general range
of the input values, these numbers are summed and then divided by the sum of the coefficients.
If the sum of the coefficients is zero, this division is not performed.
To open this dialog, select Convolution... from the Spatial Enhancement menu.
Input File: Enter the name of the input file or click on the File Selector button. The default
file extension is .img.
Output File: Enter the name of the output file or click on the File Selector button. The
default file extension is .img.
Kernel Selection This group lets you define the kernel to be used for convolving the
input file.
Kernel Library: Enter or select the kernel library. Any kernel you create can be saved
to the selected library. The default file extension is .klb.
Kernel: This scrolling list shows the kernels contained in the selected library. Select the
kernel to be used for this convolution process.
Handle Edges By: Sometimes, you may define a kernel size which extends beyond the
edges of the image. This option lets you tell IMAGINE what values to use for the area of
the kernel which is outside of the image.
Reflection Click to fill in the area beyond the edge of the image with a reflection of
the values at the edge. For example, if you needed three more rows of data to fill out
a kernel, IMAGINE would use the three rows of data nearest the edge in a mirror
reflection fashion.
Fill Click to use zeros to fill in the kernel area beyond the edge of the image.
Normalize the Kernel Click to normalize the kernel. Normalizing sums the values of the
kernel cells and divides by the number of cells so that the outcome of the weighted
average is in the same range as the original pixels.
Edit ... Click this button to edit an existing kernel. The kernel editor will display which
lets you make changes.
4
Convolution
New ... Click to create a new kernel. The kernel editor is opened.
Coordinate Type: Click the appropriate radio button to select the type of coordinates to
use. If the input file does not have map coordinates, the coordinate type will automatically
default to File.
Map Click to use map coordinates, if these data are rectified.
File Click to use file coordinates, which are pixels, starting with 0,0 in the upper left
corner.
Data Type: This group gives information about the input and output file data types.
Input: Shows the input file data type.
Output: Click this popup list button to select the data type for the output file.
Ignore Zero in Stats. When this check box is on, pixels with zero file values will be
ignored when statistics are calculated for the output file.
Subset Definition: Use this group to define a rectangular area of the data to use as the
output file. The coordinates of the subset may be derived from an inquire box in the Viewer
or by entering explicit X,Y values for the upper left and lower right corners of the subset. The
default coordinates are the entire input file.
From Inquire Box Click to define a subset area of the data by using the Viewer Inquire
Box. When you click this button, the coordinates below are updated with the coordinates
of the cursor box in the Viewer.
To change these coordinates, you can move and/or resize the cursor box in the Viewer,
then click this button again.
i The image you are using and the inquire box must already be displayed in a Viewer in order
to use the From Inquire Box option. Otherwise, you may manually enter coordinates in the
fields below.
UL X: Upper Left X coordinate
UL Y: Upper Left Y coordinate
LR X: Lower Right X coordinate
LR Y: Lower Right Y coordinate
OK Click to run this program with the options selected and close this dialog.
5
Convolution
Batch Click to include this function in a batch file.
AOI ... Click this button and the Choose AOI dialog will display. This dialog lets you select
an AOI (area of interest) in the image to which to apply this function.
Cancel Click to cancel this process and close this dialog.

Interface manual.
➲ For more information on convolution filtering, see the “Enhancement” chapter in the ERDAS
Field Guide.
6
Non-directional Edge
This dialog enables you to use the Sobel and Prewitt filters for edge detection. These are two
very common filters which use orthogonal kernels convolved separately with the original image,
and then combined.
This dialog is opened when you select Image Interpreter | Spatial Enhancement... | Non-
directional Edge....
.img extension is automatically added.
default to File.
Map Click to use map coordinates, if the data are rectified.
corner.
Subset Definition: Use this group to define a rectangular area of the data to be used
as the output file. The coordinates of the subset may be derived from an inquire box in the
Viewer or by entering explicit X,Y values for the upper left and lower right corners of the
subset. The default coordinates are the entire input file.
fields below.
7
Output: Click the popup list button to select the data type for the output file.
Output Options: This group lets you select options for the output file.
Filter Selection: Select the type of filter to use for this process.
Sobel Click to use the Sobel filter:

horizontal: vertical:
-1 -2 -1 1 0 -1
0 0 0 2 0 -2
1 2 1 1 0 -1
Prewitt Click to use the Prewitt filter:

horizontal: vertical:
-1 -1 -1 1 0 -1
0 0 0 1 0 -1
1 1 1 1 0 -1
8
View ... Click this button and a Model Maker window is opened and the graphical model
used for this function is displayed. You can edit the graphical model from this Model Maker
window for a specific use.
You can also edit the Spatial Modeler Language script through the Model Maker window
(select Process | Generate Script from the Model Maker menu bar).

Interface manual.
➲ For more information about this function, see the “Enhancement” chapter in the ERDAS Field
Guide.
9
Focal Analysis
Focal Analysis
This dialog allows you to perform one of several analyses on data values in an .img file, using a
process similar to convolution filtering.
To open this dialog, select Image Interpreter | Spatial Enhancement... | Focal Analysis....
default to File.
corner.
fields below.
10
Focal Analysis
Focal Definition: The check boxes in this kernel let you define the area of the moving
window to use for processing. Turn on a check box to include the data value in the
computation. Turn off any check boxes representing values you want to exclude from the
computation.
By turning selected check boxes off, you can create circular and doughnut-shaped kernels.
By default, all values are initially turned on (dark).

Size: Click the popup list button to select the kernel size. The choices are:
3x3
5x5
7x7
include This check box is disabled. It only shows that black (selected) check boxes
indicate data values that are included in the computation.
exclude This check box is disabled. It only shows that gray (unselected) check boxes
indicate data values that are excluded from the computation.
Function Definition: This group lets you select options for the output file.
Function: Click the popup list button to select the type of computation to use for this
function.
Sum The center pixel will be replaced by the sum (total) of the pixels in the window.
Mean The center pixel will be replaced by the mean (average) of the pixels in the
window.
SD The center pixel will be replaced by the standard deviation of the pixels in the
window.
Median The center pixel will be replaced by the median of the pixels in the window.
Max The center pixel will be replaced by the maximum value represented by the
pixels in the window.
11
Focal Analysis
Min The center pixel will be replaced by the minimum value represented by the pixels
in the window.
(Use popup list) Click the popup list button to select which values of the input file to use
in computing the focal function.
Use all values in computation All values in the input file will be used in the
computations.
Ignore specified values(s): Ignore the value specified below. This option is often
used to ignore zero.
Use only specified value(s): Use only the values specified below when computing
the function.
(value) If you want to ignore a certain value, or use only selected values, enter the
value(s) here. Enter multiple values as a comma separated list. Enter a range of values
using a colon. For example, if you entered 1:5 the computations would use only the
values 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5.
(Apply popup list) Click the popup list button to select which values of the input file you
would like to apply the focal function.
Apply function at all values Apply the function to all values.
Don’t apply at specified values(s): Apply the function to all values except one. This
option is often used to ignore zero.
Apply only at specified value(s): Apply the function to only the values specified
below. For example, you may want to apply a focal function to only certain classes of
a thematic file. Using this option, you can enter those classes.
(value) If you want to ignore a certain value, or apply the function to only selected
values, enter the value(s) here. Enter multiple values as a comma separated list. Enter
a range of values using a colon. For example, entering 1:5 would apply the function
only to the values 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5.
Ignore Zero in Stats. When this check box is on, pixels with zero file values are ignored
when statistics are calculated for the output file.
12
Focal Analysis

Interface manual.
➲ For more information, see the “Enhancement” chapter in the ERDAS Field Guide.
13
Texture
Texture
This dialog lets you apply operators which enhance the texture in a radar or other continuous
raster layer. To open this dialog, select Image Interpreter | Spatial Enhancement... |
Texture....
default to File.
corner.
fields below.
14
Texture
Operators: Select the type of computation to use for this process. The algorithms below
are discussed in the “Enhancement” chapter of the ERDAS Field Guide.
Variance Use the variance (2nd-order) algorithm.
Skewness Use the skewness (3rd-order) algorithm.

Window Size: Select the desired window size:
3X3
5X5
7X7

Interface manual.
➲ For more information on texture analysis, see the “Enhancement” chapter in the ERDAS
Field Guide.
15
Wallis Adaptive Filter

This dialog provides a filter that “adapts” the contrast stretch to the region of interest (the area
within the moving window) using the Wallis Adaptive filter. To open this dialog, select Image
Interpreter | Spatial Enhancement... | Adaptive Filter....
default to File.
corner.
fields below.
16
Stretch to Unsigned 8 bit Perform a min,max stretch on the input image to the range
0-255.
Moving Window: Select the window size to use.

Window Size: Enter the window size to use. Enter only odd numbers. For example,
entering a 3 specifies a 3 x 3 window.
Options: Click the popup list button to select options for the output file.
Bandwise Click to select the bandwise filtering method. This method filters each band
individually.
PC Click to select the principal components method of filtering. The first principal
component band is filtered, then the inverse principal components is calculated.
Multiplier: Enter the value to use for the multiplier factor to be applied to the scene
contrast. The default is 2.0.
Batch Click to include this function in the Batch Wizard.

Interface manual.
Guide.
17
Statistical Filter
Statistical Filter
This dialog enables you to improve pixel values that fall outside a user-selected statistical range.
It is based on the sigma filter used in the Radar module speckle suppression option. In this
adaptation, the moving window is set to 5 x 5; large enough to provide meaningful statistics and
small enough to minimize blurring.
In this filter, the center pixel is replaced by the average of all pixels within the moving window (5
x 5) that fall within a defined range about the center pixel, i.e., DN = [center pixel DN] +/- sigma.
Sigma is statistically one standard deviation. Here we assume:
sigma = coefficient of variation = Variance

--------------------------
Mean
For this filter, sigma is set to 0.15, an average value. This value can be modified by using the
multipliers. By using the multipliers, you can increase or decrease the range of values within the
moving window used to calculate the average.
You may want to use the filter sequentially with increasing multipliers. This will preserve fine
detail, yet result in a very smooth final image.
To open this dialog, select Image Interpreter | Spatial Enhancement... | Statistical Filter....
default to File.
corner.
18
Statistical Filter
fields below.
Multiplier: Click on the appropriate radio button to select the value by which to multiply
the input data values.
4.0 Click to multiply input values by 4.
19
Statistical Filter
Interface manual.
20
Resolution Merge
Resolution Merge
This dialog enables you to integrate imagery of different spatial resolutions (pixel size). Since
higher resolution imagery is generally single band (for example SPOT Panchromatic 10m data),
while multispectral imagery generally has the lower resolutions (for example Landsat TM 30m),
these techniques are often used to produce high resolution, multispectral imagery. This improves
the interpretability of the data by having high resolution information which is also in color.
Resolution Merge offers three techniques: Multiplicative, Principal Components, and Brovey
Transform.
♦ Multiplicative is based on simple arithmetic integration of the two raster sets.

♦ The Principal Components merge operates on PC-1 rather than the input raster image.
♦ In the Brovey Transform option, all bands are used according to the following formula:
[DNB1 / DNB1 + DNB2 + DNBn ] x [DNhigh res. image ] = DNB1_new
[DNB2 / DNB1 + DNB2 + DNBn ] x [DNhigh res. image ] = DNB2_new
etc.
where B = band
This dialog is opened when you select Image Interpreter | Spatial Enhancement... |
Resolution Merge....
High Resolution Input File: Enter the name of the high resolution image to use or click
on the File Selector button. The default file extension is .img.
Select Layer: Click the popup list button to select the layer to use for the merge.
Multispectral Input File: Enter the name of the multispectral image to use or click on
the File Selector button. The default file extension is .img.
Number of Layers: Shows the number of layers in the multispectral image.
Output File: Enter a name for the merged output file or click on the File Selector button.
The .img extension will be added automatically.
Method: Click on the appropriate radio button to select the method of computation to use
for the merge.
21
Resolution Merge
Principal Component This method calculates principal components, remaps the high
resolution image into the data range of PC-1 and substitutes it for PC-1, then applies an
inverse principal components transformation.
The Principal Component method is best used in applications that require the original
scene radiometry (color balance) of the input multispectral image to be maintained as
closely as possible in the output file. As this method scales the high resolution data set to
the same data range as Principal Component 1, before the Inverse Principal Component
calculation is applied, the band histograms of the output file closely resemble those of the
input multispectral image.
Unfortunately, this radiometric accuracy comes at the price of a large computational

overhead. The Principal component method is consequently the slower of the three
methods offered and requires the most system resources.
Another result of this methodology is that the output file tends to have the same data range
as the input multispectral file. Consequently it is generally not necessary to use the
Stretch to Unsigned 8-bit option for the output file. Instead, simply set the Output Data
Type to be the same as the Multispectral Data Type. For instance, if merging an 8-bit
SPOT Pan image with an 8-bit Landsat TM image, it would be acceptable to set the Output
Data Type to 8-bit. Using this approach minimizes the amount of system resources that
would otherwise be used if the Stretch to Unsigned 8-bit option were selected.
Multiplicative This method applies a simple multiplicative algorithm which integrates

the two raster images.
The Multiplicative Method is the simplest of the three methods. As it is computationally

simple it is generally the fastest method and requires the least system resources.
However, the resulting merged image does not retain the radiometry of the input
multispectral image. Instead, the intensity component is increased, making this technique
good for highlighting urban features (which tend to be higher reflecting components in an
image).
Brovey Transform This method uses a ratio algorithm to combine the images as shown
above.
The Brovey Transform was developed to visually increase contrast in the low and high
ends of an images histogram (i.e. to provide contrast in shadows, water and high
reflectance areas such as urban features). Consequently, the Brovey Transform should
not be used if preserving the original scene radiometry is important. However, it is good
for producing RGB images with a higher degree of contrast in the low and high ends of
the image histogram and for producing "visually appealing" images.
22
Resolution Merge
Since the Brovey Transform is intended to produce RGB images, only three bands at a
time should be merged from the input multispectral scene, such as bands 3,2,1 from a
SPOT or Landsat TM image or 4,3,2 from a Landsat TM image. The resulting merged
image should then be displayed with bands 1,2,3 to RGB.
Resampling Techniques: Click on the appropriate radio button to select the method
of resampling for this computation.
These resampling techniques are discussed in the “Rectification” chapter of the ERDAS
Field Guide.
Nearest Neighbor The technique to be used to resample the multispectral input to that
of the high resolution image.
Bilinear Interpolation The technique to be used to resample the multispectral input to
that of the high resolution image.
Cubic Convolution The technique to be used to resample the multispectral input to that
of the high resolution image.
Stretch to Unsigned 8 bit Click to stretch the range of data values in the output file to
0 - 255.
Using the Stretch to Unsigned 8-bit option causes IMAGINE to perform an extra
processing step in which the minimum and maximum DN values produced by the
processing so far are calculated to identify the range of values to be rescaled between 0
and 255. It is sometimes useful to do this if the result of a process would otherwise be
floating point data or some other data type which consumes more disk space than an
Unsigned 8-bit Integer file.
However, in order to calculate the minimum and maximum values of the intermediate data,
it is generally necessary to create an intermediate file in the Temporary File Directory.
Consequently, selecting the Stretch to Unsigned 8-bit option can cause more system
resources to be used during processing. This may be avoided by carefully selecting an
Output Data Type appropriate to the processing being applied, rather than stretching to
Unsigned 8-bit.
Layer Selection: Select the input layers to use.

Number of Multispectral Input layers: Shows the number of layers in the multispectral
input file.
23
Resolution Merge
Select Layers: Enter the layers to input as a comma separated list, for example: 1,3,5.
Or enter a range of layers using a colon, for example: 2:5.
Gray Scale: Shows the data type of the high resolution input file.
Multispectral: Shows the data type of the multispectral input file.
View ... Click this button and a Model Maker window will open and display the graphical
model used for this function. You can edit the graphical model from this Model Maker window
for a specific use.

Interface manual.
Guide.
24
Crisp
Crisp
This dialog enables you to sharpen the overall scene luminance without distorting the thematic
content of the image.
To open this dialog, select Image Interpreter | Spatial Enhancement... | Crisp....
default to File.
corner.
fields below.
25
Crisp
Output options: This group lets you select options for the output file.
0 - 255.

Interface manual.
Guide.
26
Radiometric Enhance
Radiometric Enhance
This menu provides access to the Image Interpreter Radiometric Enhancement functions. It is
opened when you select Radiometric Enhancement... from the Image Interpreter menu.
LUT Stretch ... Left-click to perform a linear contrast stretch. The LUT Stretch dialog is
opened.
Histogram Equalization ... Select this option to perform histogram equalization. The
Histogram Equalization dialog is opened.
Histogram Match ... Select this option to match the histogram of one image to the
histogram of another. The Histogram Match dialog is opened.
Image Inversion ... Select this option to create the reverse or inverse of an image. The
Image Inversion dialog is opened.
Haze Reduction ... Select this option to reduce haze in an input image. The Haze
Reduction dialog is opened.
Noise Reduction ... Select this option to reduce noise in an input image. The Noise
Reduction dialog is opened.
Destripe TM Data ... Select this option to remove striping from a raw TM4 or TM5 data
file. The Destripe TM Data dialog is opened.
Help Click to read this On-Line Help document.

Interface manual.
27
LUT Stretch
LUT Stretch
This dialog enables you to create an output image that contains the data values as modified by
a lookup table. To open this dialog, select Image Interpreter | Radiometric Enhancement... |
LUT Stretch....
☞ The input file you select must have a contrast table. You can use the Contrast functions under
the Raster option of the Viewer menu bar to create and/or save the contrast table for an
image.
default to File.
corner.
fields below.
28
LUT Stretch
Stretch Options: Select the type of lookup table stretch you want to apply to this image.
Gray Scale Click to apply a gray scale stretch to the input file.
Gray: This option displays only if you have selected Gray Scale as your Stretch
Option. Enter the input layer to stretch.
RGB Click to apply an RGB stretch to the input file. The R, G, and B options below will
appear.
R: Select the layer for the red color gun.
G: Select the layer for the green color gun.
B: Select the layer for the blue color gun.
Ignore Zero in Output Stats. When this check box is on, pixels with zero file values
will be ignored when statistics are calculated for the output file.
for a specific use.
29
LUT Stretch
Interface manual.
Guide.
30
Histogram Equalization
This dialog enables you to apply a nonlinear contrast stretch that redistributes pixel values so
that there are approximately the same number of pixels with each value within a range.
To open this dialog, select Image Interpreter | Radiometric Enhance... | Histogram

Equalization....
default to File.
corner.
fields below.
31
Number of Bins: Enter the number of bins into which to divide the values.
for a specific use.

Interface manual.
Guide.
32
Histogram Matching
Histogram Matching
This function mathematically determines a lookup table that will convert the histogram of one
image to resemble the histogram of another.
To open this dialog, select Image Interpreter | Radiometric Enhance... | Histogram Match....
Input File: Enter the name of the input file or click on the File Selector button. This is the
file whose histogram you want to change. The default file extension is .img
Band to be Matched: Click the popup list button to select which band of the input file
to use.
Input File to Match: Enter the name of the input file to be matched or click on the File
Selector button. The histogram of the first input file will be modified to resemble the histogram
of this image as closely as possible. The default file extension is .img.
Band to Match to: Click the popup list button to select which band of the match file to
use.
.img extension will be added automatically.
default to File.
corner.
33
Histogram Matching
fields below.
Input #1: Shows the data type of the first input file.
Input #2: Shows the data type of the input file to match.

Interface manual.
Guide.
34
Brightness Inversion
This dialog allows both linear and nonlinear reversal of the image intensity range. It produces
images which have the opposite contrast of the original image. Dark detail becomes light and
light detail becomes dark.
To open this dialog, select Image Interpreter | Radiometric Enhancement... | Brightness

Inversion....
default to File.
corner.
fields below.
35
Stretch to Unsigned 8 bit. Click to stretch the range of data values in the output file to
0 - 255.
Reverse Click to create a reverse image of the input file (similar in appearance to a photo
negative). The data file values are simply reversed. This can be used to invert a negative
image that has been scanned to produce a positive image.
Inverse Click to create an inverse image. This function applies an algorithm that
emphasizes detail which would otherwise be lost in the darkness of low data file values.

for a specific use.

Interface manual.
Guide.
36
Haze Reduction
Haze Reduction
This dialog enables you to reduce overall haze in an input image. For multi-spectral images, this
method is based on the Tasseled Cap transformation which yields a component that correlates
with haze. This component is removed and the image is transformed back into RGB space. For
panchromatic images, an inverse point spread convolution is used.
☞ Due to the sensor-specific calculation of the Tasseled Cap transformation, this algorithm
should be used only on Landsat 4 TM and Landsat 5 TM imagery
This dialog is opened when you left-click Haze Reduction... in the Image Interpreter
Radiometric Enhance dialog.
default to File.
corner.
fields below.
37
Haze Reduction
Method: Click the popup list button to select the type of input image. This popup list is
enabled only if the input file you select is a Landsat TM image. Otherwise it defaults to Point
Spread.
Point Spread This technique can be used for any data type because the kernel used is
a model-based generic point spread inversion.
Landsat 4 TM The input image is a Landsat 4 Thematic Mapper (TM) scene.
Landsat 5 TM The input image is a Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper (TM) scene.
Point Spread Type: Select the type of point spread. This radio button group is enabled
only when Point Spread is the selected Method.
High Select this option to use a 5x5 convolution kernel for high-haze conditions.
Low Select this option to use a 3x3 convolution kernel for low-haze conditions.
for a specific use.
38
Haze Reduction
Interface manual.
Guide.
39
Noise Reduction
Noise Reduction
This dialog enables you to reduce the amount of noise in an input raster layer. This technique
preserves the subtle details in an image, such as thin lines, while removing noise along edges
and in flat areas. It appears when you left-click Noise Reduction... in the Image Interpreter
Radiometric Enhance dialog.
default to File.
corner.
fields below.
40
Noise Reduction

Interface manual.
Guide.
41
Destripe TM
Destripe TM
This dialog enables you to destripe TM data. It opens when you select Radiometric
Enhancement... | Destripe TM Data... from the Image Interpreter menu.
Handle Edges By:

Reflection Click to fill in the area beyond the edge of the image with a reflection of the
values at the edge. IMAGINE uses the data nearest the edge in a mirror reflection fashion
to prevent halo effect on the edges of the output image.
Fill Click to use zeros to fill in the area beyond the edge of the image.
default to File.
corner.
42
Destripe TM
fields below.
for a specific use.
(select Process | Generate Script... from the Model Maker menu bar).

Interface manual.
Guide.
43
Spectral Enhancement
Spectral Enhancement
This menu provides access to the Image Interpreter Spectral Enhancement functions. It is
opened when you select Spectral Enhancement... from the Image Interpreter menu.
Principal Comp. ... Select this option to perform principal components analysis. The
Principal Components dialog is opened.
Inverse Principal Comp. ... Select this option to perform inverse principal components
analysis. The Inverse Principal Components dialog is opened.
Decorrelation Stretch ... Select this option to maximize the variance in image bands
by stretching any number of principal component bands. The Decorrelation Stretch dialog
is opened.
Tasseled Cap ... Select this option to study vegetation content in an image using the
Tasseled Cap transformation. The Tasseled Cap dialog is opened.
RGB to IHS ... Select this option to transform an RGB image to IHS. The RGB to IHS
dialog is opened.
IHS to RGB ... Select this option to transform an IHS image to RGB. The IHS to RGB
dialog is opened.
Indices ... Select this option to calculate vegetation and mineral indices and ratios. The
Indices dialog is opened.
Natural Color ... Select this option to simulate natural color from TM data. The Natural
Color dialog is opened.

Interface manual.
44
Principal Components
Principal Components Analysis (PCA) is often used as a method of data compression. It allows
redundant data to be compacted into fewer bands—that is, the dimensionality of the data is
reduced. The bands of PCA data are non-correlated and independent, and are often more
interpretable than the source data. PCA can be performed on up to 256 bands with ERDAS
IMAGINE.
To open this dialog, select Image Interpreter | Spectral Enhancement... | Principal Comp.....
default to File.
corner.
fields below.
45
0 - 255.
Eigen Matrix: Specify whether you want to output the eigenmatrix to the Session Log or
to a file.
Show in Session Log Click to write the eigenmatrix to the Session Log when this
process runs.
Write to file: Click to write the eigenmatrix to a file. This file is necessary if you will be
computing an inverse principal components later.
Output Text File: Enter the name of the output file or click on the File Selector
button. The .mtx extension will be added automatically.
Eigenvalues: Specify whether you want to output the eigenvalues to the Session Log or
to a file.
Show in Session Log Click to write the eigenvalues to the Session Log when this
process runs.
Write to file: Click to write the eigenvalues to a file.
Output Text File: Enter the name of the output file or click on the File Selector
button. The .tbl extension will be added automatically.
Number of Components Desired: Choose the number of output components

desired.
46
for a specific use.

Interface manual.
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47
Inverse Principal Components

This dialog enables you to compute an inverse principal components. It is opened when you
select Inverse Principal Comp. ... from the Image Interpreter Spectral Enhancement menu.
Input PC File: Enter the input principal component file or click on the File Selector button.
This file should have been created using the Principal Components function. The default file
extension is .img.
Eigen Matrix File: Enter the input eigenmatrix file or click on the File Selector button.
This file is created when the principal components file is created. The default file extension is
.mtx.
default to File.
corner.
fields below.
48
0 - 255.
for a specific use.

Interface manual.
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49
Decorrelation Stretch
This dialog allows you to stretch the principal components of an image, rather than the image
itself. It is opened when you left-select Image Interpreter | Spectral Enhancement... |
Decorrelation Stretch....
default to File.
corner.
fields below.
50
0 - 255.
for a specific use.
51
Tasseled Cap
Tasseled Cap
This dialog offers a way to optimize data viewing for vegetation studies. The different bands in a
multispectral image can be visualized as defining an N-dimensional space where N is the
number of bands. Each pixel, positioned according to its data file value in each band, lies within
the N-dimensional space. This pixel distribution is determined by the absorption/reflection
spectra of the imaged material.
To open this dialog, select Image Interpreter | Spectral Enhancement... | Tasseled Cap....
default to File.
corner.
fields below.
52
Tasseled Cap
0 - 255.
Number of Layers: Shows the number of layers in the input file.
Set Coefficients ... Click to enter the coefficients by which to multiply each layer of data
values. The Set Coefficients dialog is opened.

Interface manual.
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53
Tasseled Cap Coefficients
Tasseled Cap Coefficients

This dialog is opened the default coefficients use in this Tasseled Cap computation. You may
change the coefficients from this dialog. To open this dialog, click Set Coefficients in the
Tasseled Cap dialog.
Coefficient Definition: These number fields show the default coefficients which are
used in this Tasseled Cap computation. You may change these values from this dialog.
Sensor: Click the popup list button to select the appropriate sensor for the input data
type.
Landsat 4 TM The input data are from the Landsat 4 Thematic Mapper (TM) sensor.
Landsat 5 TM The input data are from the Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper (TM) sensor.
MSS The input data are from the Landsat Multispectral Scanner (MSS) sensor.
Number of Layers: Shows the number of layers in the input data file.

Interface manual.
➲ For more information on the Tasseled Cap transformation, see the “Enhancement” chapter
in the ERDAS Field Guide.
54
RGB to IHS
RGB to IHS
This dialog enables you to apply an algorithm which transforms red, green, and blue values to
intensity, hue, and saturation (IHS) values. To open this dialog, select Image Interpreter |
Spectral Enhancement... | RGB to IHS....
default to File.
corner.
fields below.
No. of Layers: Shows the number of layers in the input file.
55
RGB to IHS
Red: Enter the layer to be used for the red value.
Green: Enter the layer to be used for the green value.
Blue: Enter the layer to be used for the blue value.
for a specific use.

Interface manual.
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56
IHS to RGB
IHS to RGB
This dialog enables you to transform intensity, hue, and saturation values to red, green, and blue
values. To open this dialog, select Image Interpreter | Spectral Enhancement... | IHS to
RGB....
default to File.
corner.
fields below.
No Stretch Click this radio button to turn off stretching.
57
IHS to RGB
Stretch Intensity Click this radio button to stretch intensity value only to fully utilize the
data range.
Stretch Saturation Click this radio button to stretch saturation value only to fully utilize
the data range.
Stretch I & S Click this radio button to stretch intensity and saturation values to fully utilize
the data ranges.
Intensity: Enter the layer to be used as Intensity.
Hue: Enter the layer to be used as Hue.
Sat: Enter the layer to be used as Saturation.
for a specific use.

Interface manual.
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58
Indices
Indices
This dialog provides some commonly used mineral and vegetation ratios and indices. To open
this dialog, select Image Interpreter | Spectral Enhancement... | Indices....
default to File.
corner.
fields below.
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Indices
Sensor: Click the popup list button to select the appropriate sensor for the input file data
SPOT XS The input data are SPOT XS (multispectral).
Landsat TM The input data are Landsat TM (Thematic Mapper).
Landsat MSS The input data are Landsat MSS (Multispectral Scanner).
NOAA AVHRR The input data are NOAA AVHRR (Advanced Very High Resolution
Radiometer).
Stretch to Unsigned 8 bit Left-click to stretch the range of data values in the output file
to 0 - 255.
Select Function: Use this scroll list to select the desired index. Different indices are
listed depending on the data type. The contents of this list depend upon the sensor that is
selected.
Function: Shows the formula of the selected function.
for a specific use.

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60
Natural Color
Natural Color
This dialog allows you to simulate natural colors from other types of data. The resulting output
image is a fair approximation of the natural colors. To open this dialog, select Image Interpreter
| Spectral Enhancement... | Natural Color....
Input band spectral range:

Near infrared: Input near infrared band.
Red: Red band for IHS calculation.
Green: Green band for IHS calculation.
Stretch Output Range. Stretch output range to 8 bit.
default to File.
corner.
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Natural Color
fields below.
for a specific use.

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62
Fourier Analysis
Fourier Analysis
This menu provides access to the Image Interpreter Fourier Analysis functions. Fourier
transformation will lead you into the spatial frequency domain. Generally, different objects or
different land use/land cover types or noises will show different frequency distributions. You can
perform an enhancement (such as low pass or high pass filtering) in this frequency domain, then
return to the original spatial domain by using the Inverse Fourier Transform. You can use
transform coefficients as new features of your image area or simply keep them, like compressed
data, to replace your original image data.
This menu is opened when you select Fourier Analysis... from the Image Interpreter main
menu.
Fourier Transform ... Left-click to create a Fourier image from a raster layer. The
Fourier Transform dialog is opened.
Fourier Transform Editor ... Left-click to edit a Fourier image. The Fourier Editor
window will display.
Inverse Fourier Transform ... Left-click to recreate the original raster image from a
Fourier image. The Inverse Fourier Transform dialog is opened.
Fourier Magnitude ... Left-click to calculate the magnitude of a Fourier image so that it
is visible in an ERDAS IMAGINE Viewer. The Fourier Magnitude dialog is opened.
Periodic Noise Removal ... Left-click to automatically remove striping and other
periodic noise from an image. The Periodic Noise Removal dialog is opened.
Homomorphic Filter ... Left-click to enhance imagery using a homomorphic filter. The
Homomorphic Filter dialog will is opened.
Close Left-click to close this dialog.
Help Left-click to see this On-Line Help document.

Interface manual.
➲ For more information on Fourier analysis, see the “Enhancement” chapter in the ERDAS
Field Guide.
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Fourier Transform
Fourier Transform
This dialog enables you to create the Fourier transform of a raster layer. To reach this dialog,
click on Image Interpreter | Fourier Analysis... | Fourier Transform....
☞ This transform creates a file with a .fft extension. You may view and edit this file with the
Fourier Editor tool. You may also process the file using the Fourier Magnitude function to
create a .img file which can be displayed in the Viewer.
.fft extension is added automatically.
Number of Rows: Shows the number of rows of data in the selected input file.
Number of Columns: Shows the number of columns of data in the selected input file.
Select Layers: Enter the layers to process as a comma separated list, for example: 1,3,5.
Help Click to see this On-Line Help file.

Interface manual.
➲ For more information, see the “Enhancement” chapter in the ERDAS Field Guide.
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Fourier Editor
Fourier Editor
This dialog is opened when you select Fourier Transform Editor... from the Fourier Analysis
menu of the Image Interpreter.
The Fourier Editor allows you to edit Fourier images in order to reduce striping, noise, and other
periodic anomalies in raster imagery.
Keep in mind that editing Fourier images is an interactive process and there are no set rules
for what works best. You will have to experiment with your data and with the different editing tools
to find the techniques that work best for you.
You can view the coordinates (u ,v ) of the FFT layer by selecting the arrow tool and clicking on
or dragging over the .fft layer. The coordinates are reported in the Status Bar at the bottom of the
Fourier Editor. The origin (0,0) of an .fft layer is the center.
File Click for options to open .fft files, save edits, close windows, etc.
New Select to create a new Fourier Editor window.
Open... Select to open a new FFT layer. The Open FFT Layer dialog is opened.
Revert Select to revert to the previously saved version of the file displayed in the Fourier
Editor. All edits made in the current session will be undone.
Save Select to save the current .fft layer.
Save All Select to apply the edits made to the currently displayed FFT layer to all layers
in the .fft file. This is a convenient way to perform multiband enhancement, since only one
FFT layer can be displayed in the Fourier Editor at one time.
Save As... Select to save the current FFT layer with a new name. The Save Layer As
dialog is opened.
Inverse Transform... Select to compute the inverse Fourier transform of the current .fft
layer. The Inverse Transform dialog is opened.
Clear Select to remove the current .fft layer from the Editor.
Close Select to close this Fourier Editor.
Close All Select to close all open Fourier Editors.
Edit Select to undo edits and specify the filter options to be used with the mouse-driven
editing tools on the tool bar.
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Fourier Editor
Undo Select to undo the last operation. Use repeatedly to undo a series of edits, back
to the last saved version of the .fft layer. (Select File | Revert to undo all edits made in the
current session.)
Filter Options... Select to set the filter options to be used by the mouse-driven editing
tools on the tool bar. The Filter Options dialog is opened.
Mask The Mask options allows you to perform filtering and masking options on the
displayed .fft layer. These options provide the same functionality as the tools on the tool bar.
Filters... Select to apply low-pass or high-pass filters. The Low/High Pass Filter dialog
is opened.
Circular Mask... Select to apply a circular mask to the .fft layer. The Circular Mask
dialog is opened.
Rectangular Mask... Select to apply a rectangular mask to the .fft layer. The
Rectangular Mask dialog is opened.
Wedge Mask... Select to apply a wedge mask to the .fft layer. The Wedge Mask dialog
is opened.
Help
Help for Fourier Editor Select to see this On-Line Help document.
Click to open a new FFT layer. The Open FFT Layer dialog is opened.
Click to create a new Fourier Editor window.
Click to save the current FFT layer.
Click to remove the current FFT layer from the Editor.
Click to select a Fourier Editing tool from the tool bar. When this tool is selected, you
can view the coordinates of any point in the FFT layer. These coordinates are displayed in the
Fourier Editor status bar. Click to see a particular coordinate, or drag to dynamically update
the coordinate reading.
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Fourier Editor
Coordinates are also opened in the status bar while you are using the other mouse-driven
editing tools in the tool bar.
Click to use a low-pass filter. In the Fourier Editor, drag from the center to the desired
radius. The filter selected in Edit | Filter Options... is the one that is applied.
A low-pass filter attenuates the high-frequency components (dark areas) and passes the low-
frequency components (bright areas). This generally has the effect of smoothing or blurring
the image. The severity is determined be the radius you choose.
Click to use a high-pass filter. In the Fourier Editor, drag from the center to the desired
radius. The filter selected in Edit | Filter Options... is the one that is applied.
A high-pass filter attenuates the low-frequency components (bright areas) and passes the
high-frequency components (dark areas). This generally has the effect of sharpening or
edge-enhancing the image. The severity is determined by the radius you select.
Click to apply a high-pass circular mask that is not centered on the origin. Since FFT
images are symmetrical, two circles will be drawn. Drag from the center of the desired circle.
The filter selected in Edit | Filter Options... is the one that is applied.
Click to apply a high-pass rectangular mask. Since FFT images are symmetrical, two
rectangles will be drawn. Drag one corner to the opposite corner of the desired rectangle. The
filter selected in Edit | Filter Options... is the one that is applied.
Click to apply a high-pass wedge mask. The mask extends from the center of the image
to the outer edge. Drag from the center of the wedge to enlarge the wedge. The filter selected
in Edit | Filter Options... is the one that is applied.
Click to compute the inverse Fourier transform of the current .fft layer. The Inverse
Transform dialog is opened.
Interface manual.
Editing Fourier Images

When using the Fourier Editor, you will usually follow these general steps.
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Fourier Editor
1. Create an FFT layer from the image that you want to enhance by selecting the Image
Interpreter | Fourier Analysis... | Fourier Transform... option.
2. Open an existing FFT layer (.fft extension) by left-holding File | Open... in the Fourier Editor
menu bar or by clicking the open tool on the tool bar.
3. Use the editing tools available from the pull-down menus and/or the editing tools in the
Fourier Editor tool bar to edit the FFT layer.
All of the options that can be performed with the pull-down menus can also be performed
using the mouse-driven tools on the Fourier Editor tool bar. The pull-down menu options allow
you to enter precise coordinates, but the mouse tools are more interactive. You can use any
combination of these editing options to achieve the desired results.
You may want to read the rest of this On-Line Help document before trying these tools, so
that you will know how each tool is designed to work.
4. If you are going to use the mouse editing tools, first select Edit | Filter Options... to choose
the default filter to use. This is the filter that will be used on all subsequent mouse-driven
edits. However, this default filter can be changed at any time.
The dialogs that are launched from the pull-down menu options allow you to select a new filter
each time that option is selected.
5. If you make an edit, or series of edits, that you do not like, you can undo each edit in reverse
sequence by selecting Edit | Undo as many times as desired. You may also select File |
Revert to revert back to the last saved version of that FFT layer.
6. After the FFT layer is edited to your satisfaction, save it either under the same name by
selecting File | Save or by clicking the save icon on the tool bar. Or, you can save it to a new
file by selecting File | Save As....
If the FFT layer that you are editing is one of many in a multiband file, you can apply the same
edit(s) to the other layers in the file by selecting the File | Save All option.
7. Now that you have edited and saved the file, you can perform an inverse Fourier transform
by selecting File | Inverse Transform....
8. Display the new file in a Viewer. If your edits were successful, this will be an enhanced
version of the original file.
➲ For step-by-step instructions on using many of the Image Interpreter functions, see the
ERDAS IMAGINE Tour Guides.
68
Open FFT Layer
Open FFT Layer

This dialog allows you to open an FFT (.fft) layer in the Fourier Editor. The FFT layer must
already be created using the Image Interpreter | Fourier Transform... option.
This dialog is opened when you select File | Open... from the Fourier Editor menu bar or when
you click on the Fourier Editor tool bar.
FFT Layer: Enter the FFT layer to open, select a directory from the current path, or click
on the File Selector button. The default file extension is .fft.
Layer Number: If the selected .fft layer has more than one layer, select the layer to open.
OK Click to open this FFT layer and close this dialog.

Before the layer is opened in the Fourier Editor, the Fourier Magnitude of the layer is
computed. This takes only a few seconds and a progress meter is opened to show you the
job status.

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69
Save Layer As ...
Save Layer As ...

This dialog enables you to save the current FFT layer as a new file. It appears when you select
File | Save As... from the Fourier Editor menu bar.
Save as: Enter a new name for the FFT layer. The default file extension is .fft.
OK Click to save the file and close this dialog.

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Inverse Transform
Inverse Transform
This dialog enables you to compute the inverse Fourier transform of the FFT image opened in
the Fourier Editor. It is opened when you select File | Inverse Transform... from the menu bar
or when you click the icon on the tool bar of the Fourier Editor.
.img extension is added automatically.

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71
Filter Options
Filter Options
This dialog allows you to select the default filter that is used with the mouse-driven editing tools
on the Fourier Editor tool bar.
This dialog is opened when you select Edit | Filter Options... from the Fourier Editor menu bar.
Window Function: Left-hold this popup list to select the default filter that will be used
by the mouse-driven editing tools on the Fourier Editor tool bar. This filter will be used in all
mouse-driven editing operations until another filter is selected.
➲ The properties of these filters are discussed in detail in the Fourier section of the
“Enhancement” chapter in the ERDAS Field Guide.
Ideal Use the Ideal filter.
Bartlett Use the Bartlett filter.
Butterworth Use the Butterworth filter.
Gaussian Use the Gaussian filter.
Hanning Use the Hanning filter.
Minimum Affected Frequency: Enter the minimum frequency value that will be
affected by the filter. Setting this value to a number less than the default of 10.00 might
eliminate data that are critical to the content of your image.
OK Click to use the selected filter and close this dialog.

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72
Low/High Pass Filter

This dialog allows you to apply a low- or high-pass filter to a circular area. It provides the same
functionality as the and editing tools on the Fourier Editor tool bar except that control
of parameters is numeric instead of graphic.
This dialog is opened when you select Mask | Filters... from the Fourier Editor menu bar.
Filter Type: Click the popup list button to select the type of filter to use.
Low Pass Use a low-pass filter. Low frequency components will be passed and high-
frequency components will be attenuated.
High Pass Use a high-pass filter. High frequency components will be passed low-
frequency components will be attenuated.
Window Function: Left-hold this popup list to select the filter to use.
Radius: Enter the radius (from the center of the image) of the area to filter. If you are using
a low-pass filter, the area outside the circle will be filtered. If you are using a high-pass filter,
the area inside the circle will be filtered.
Low Frequency Gain: Enter the value by which low-frequency values are multiplied. If
the Filter Type selected is Low Pass, then this value defaults to 1.00. If the Filter Type selected
is High Pass, then this value defaults to 0.00.
High Frequency Gain: Enter the value by which high-frequency values are multiplied.
If the Filter Type selected is Low Pass, then this value defaults to 0.00. If the Filter Type
selected is High Pass, then this value defaults to 1.00.
OK Left-click to apply the selected filter and close this dialog.
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Cancel Left-click to cancel this process and close this dialog.

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74
Circular Mask
Circular Mask
This dialog enables you to use a high pass filtering operation on a circular area that is not
centered at the image origin. Since FFT images are symmetrical, two circular areas are filtered.
This provides the same functionality as the tool on the Fourier Editor tool bar except that
control of parameters is numeric instead of graphic.
This dialog is opened when you select Mask | Circular Mask... from the Fourier Editor menu
bar.
Window Function: Click the popup list button to select the high-pass filter to use.
Circle Center, U: Enter the u (horizontal) coordinate center of the circular areas to be
filtered.
Circle Center, V: Enter the v (vertical) coordinate of the center of the circular areas to
be filtered.
Circle Radius: Enter the radius of the circular area to be filtered.
Central Gain: Enter the value by which to multiply the center of the circle.
Entering a number greater than 1.00 increases the values within the radius selected. Entering
a number less than 1.00 decreases the values within the radius selected. However, the effect
is diminished the farther from the center of the circle you are.
For the Ideal filter, all values within the radius are multiplied by the value entered here. For
the other filters, the center pixel is multiplied by this value, but the multiplier of the other values
is determined by the function of the filter that you are using.
➲ Refer to the Fourier section of the “Enhancement” chapter in the ERDAS Field Guide for the
formulas and cross-section illustrations of the available filters.
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Circular Mask
OK Click to apply the selected filter and close this dialog.

Interface manual.
➲ For step-by-step instructions on using the Fourier Editor, see the ERDAS IMAGINE Tour
Guides
76
Rectangular Mask
Rectangular Mask
This dialog enables you apply a high-pass mask on a rectangular area. Since FFT images are
symmetrical, two rectangular areas are filtered. This provides the same functionality as the
tool on the Fourier Editor tool bar except that control of parameters is numeric instead of graphic.
This dialog is opened when you select Mask | Rectangular Mask... from the Fourier Editor
menu bar.
“Enhancement” chapter of the ERDAS Field Guide.
UL U: Enter the upper left u coordinate of the rectangular area to filter.
LR U: Enter the lower right u coordinate of the rectangular area to filter.
UL V: Enter the upper left v coordinate of the rectangular area to filter.
LR V: Enter the lower right v coordinate of the rectangular area to filter.
Central Gain: Enter the value by which to multiply the center of the rectangle.
Entering a number greater than 1.00 increases the values within the rectangular area
selected. Entering a number less than 1.00 decreases the values within the rectangular area
selected. However, the effect is diminished the farther from the center of the rectangle you
are.
For the Ideal filter, all values within the rectangle are multiplied by the value entered here. For
➲ Refer to the Fourier section of the “Enhancement” chapter of the ERDAS Field Guide for the
77
Rectangular Mask
OK Click to apply the selected filter and close this dialog.

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78
Wedge Mask
Wedge Mask
This dialog enables you to apply a high-pass mask to a wedge-shaped area extending from the
origin of the image. Since FFT images are symmetrical, the wedge extends in two directions.
This provides the same functionality as the tool in the Fourier Editor tool bar except that
control of parameters is numeric instead of graphic.
This dialog is opened when you select Mask | Wedge Mask... from the Fourier Editor menu bar.
Center Angle: Enter the angle at which to place the center of the wedge. 0.00 is a straight
horizontal line through the origin. Positive values move the center counterclockwise with a
value of 90.00 placing the center of the wedge vertically through the origin. Negative values
move the center clockwise from horizontal with a value of -90.00 placing the center of the
wedge vertically through the origin.
Fourier 90.00
image
origin
180.00 0.00
270.00 (-90.00)
Wedge Angle: Enter the angle for the total width of the wedge. The wedge extends
outward from the center by half of the degrees entered.
For example, if you enter a value of 10.00, the wedge extends 5 degrees from the left of the
center and 5 degrees from the right of the center, creating a wedge 10 degrees wide.
Central Gain: Enter the value by which to multiply the center of the wedge.
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Wedge Mask
Entering a number greater than 1.00 increases the values within the wedge area selected.
Entering a number less than 1.00 decreases the values within the wedge area selected.
However, the effect is diminished the farther from the center of the wedge you are.
For the Ideal filter, all values within the wedge are multiplied by the value entered here. For
➲ Refer to the Fourier section of the “Enhancement” chapter of the ERDAS Field Guide for the
OK Click to apply this filter and close this dialog.

Interface manual.
➲ For step-by-step instructions on using the Fourier Editor, see the ERDAS IMAGINE Tour
Guides
80
Inverse Fourier Transform
Inverse Fourier Transform

This dialog enables you to reverse the action of a Fourier Transform. It is opened when you
select Inverse Fourier Transform... from the Fourier Analysis menu.
file extension is .fft.

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Fourier Magnitude
Fourier Magnitude
This dialog enables you to create an output image from an .fft file which can be displayed in the
Viewer. To open this dialog, select Image Interpreter | Fourier Analysis... | Fourier
Magnitude....
file extension is .fft.

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Periodic Noise Removal

This dialog enables you to remove periodic noise such as striping from imagery by automatically
enhancing the Fourier transform of the image. The input image is first divided into overlapping
128-by-128-pixel blocks. The Fourier Transform of each block is calculated and the log-
magnitudes of each FFT block are averaged. The averaging removes all frequency domain
quantities except those which are present in each block; i.e., some sort of periodic interference.
The average power spectrum is then used as a filter to adjust the FFT of the entire image. When
the inverse Fourier Transform is performed, the result is an image which should have any
periodic noise eliminated or significantly reduced. This method is partially based on the
algorithms outlined in (Cannon, Lehar, and Preston, 1983) and (Srinivasan, Cannon, and White,
1988).
If the periodic noise is striping that is due to a sensor problem (i.e. TM4), the Destripe TM tool
is the preferred method; if the periodic noise is not sensor related, this is the tool to use. Set the
value of the Minimum Affected Frequency as high as possible to achieve the best results. Lower
values affect lower frequencies of the Fourier transform which represent global features of the
scene such as brightness and contrast. Very high values affect frequencies representing the
detail in the image.
You can interactively enhance Fourier images using the Fourier Editor. Although the Periodic
Noise Removal tool is easier to use than the Fourier Editor, the Fourier Editor may produce better
results.
This dialog is opened when you select Periodic Noise Removal... from the Fourier Analysis
menu of Image Interpreter.
Minimum Affected Frequency: Enter the minimum spatial frequency value that will
be affected by the filter. The range of values is 1 to100.
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Interface manual.
References
Cannon, Michael, Alex Lehar, and Fred Preston, 1983. “Background Pattern Removal by Power
Spectral Filtering.” Applied Optics, Vol. 22, No. 6: 777-779.
Srinivasan, Ram, Michael Cannon, and James White, 1988. “Landsat Data Destriping Using
Power Spectral Filtering.” Optical Engineering, Vol. 27, No. 11: 939-943.
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Homomorphic Filter
Homomorphic Filter
This dialog enables you to enhance imagery using a homomorphic filtering process. This method
uses an illumination/reflectance model and is often used to bring out detail in shadowed areas.
The pixel values in an image may be thought of as the product illumination and reflectance
components. Since illumination tends to change more slowly than reflectance, illumination is
associated with the low-frequency components of an image and reflectance with the high
frequency parts. To bring out more detail in the image, this function allows you to independently
vary the effects of illumination and reflectance in the image.
i If your Pyramid Layers External preference in the Image Files preference category is set
to TRUE, the Image Interpreter | Fourier Analysis | Homomorphic Filter produces .rrd
files for intermediate image files in the directory specified by the Temporary File Directory
preference under User Interface & Session.
To recover the disk space, you need to manually remove all files of the form
IMAGINE_FFTHMORPH*.rrd and EFFT*.rrd in this directory.
i If your Pyramid Layers External preference in the Image Files preference category is set
to TRUE, creation of Fast Fourier Transforms of an image in the same directory as the image
by default overwrites the pyramid layers of the original image file.
To prevent this, either generate the FFT to a directory different than the image file directory,
or change the name of the output FFT from the default. For instance, if you are creating an
FFT from myimage.img, name the output myimage_fft.fft rather than the default myimage.fft.
This dialog is opened when you select Homomorphic Filter... from the Image Interpreter
Fourier Analysis menu.
Illumination Gain: Enter the value by which to multiply the illumination component of
the image. A value between 0 (zero) and 1 decreases the effects of illumination in the output
image. A value greater than 1 increases the effects of illumination in the output image.
Reflectance Gain: Enter the value by which to multiply the reflectance component of
the image. A value between 0 (zero) and 1 decreases reflectance in the output image. A value
greater than 1 increases reflectance in the output image.
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Homomorphic Filter
Cutoff Frequency: Enter the frequency which determines low and high frequencies.
Frequencies below this value are considered low frequencies, and above this value are
considered high frequencies.

Interface manual.
➲ Refer to the Fourier section of the “Enhancement” chapter in the ERDAS Field Guide for
more information.
86
Topo Analysis
Topo Analysis
This menu provides access to the Image Interpreter Topographic Analysis functions. It appears
when you select Topographic Analysis... from the Image Interpreter menu.
Slope ... Select this option to create a percent or degree slope layer from an input elevation
layer. The Slope dialog is opened.
Aspect ... Select this option to create an aspect layer from an input elevation layer. The
Aspect dialog is opened.
Level Slice ... Select this option to perform a level slice on an input elevation layer. The
Level Slice dialog is opened.
Shaded Relief ... Select this option to create a shaded relief layer from an input elevation
layer and an optional overlay layer. The Shaded Relief dialog is opened.
Topographic Normalize ... Select this option to reduce the topographic effect in
elevation data. The Lambertian Reflection Model dialog is opened.
Raster Contour ... Select this option to create a contour layer from a raster elevation
layer. The Raster Contour dialog is opened.
Surface ... Select this option to generate a raster surface from point data. The 3D
Surfacing dialog is opened.
Viewshed... Select this option to set up the necessary parameters for performing
Viewshed analysis. You must have a DEM in an IMAGINE 2D Viewer to create a Viewshed
layer. The Viewshed dialog is opened.

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Surface Slope
Surface Slope
This dialog lets you compute the slope of a DEM file. Output can either be in percent or degrees.
The input raster file must be georeferenced and you must know whether the elevation data
values are in units of feet, meters, etc. Calculations will not work if angular units (x, y; Lat/Lon)
are mixed with distance units (z; meters).
To open this dialog, select Image Interpreter | Topographic Analysis... | Slope....
Input DEM File: Enter the name of the input elevation file or click on the File Selector
button. The default file extension is .img.
default to File.
corner.
fields below.
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Surface Slope
Select DEM Layer: Click the popup list button to select the DEM layer to use for this
operation.
Elevation Units: Click the popup list button to select the type of units in which the input
data are stored.
Centimeters The input elevation units are centimeters.
Meters The input elevation units are meters.
Kilometers The input elevation units are kilometers.

Inches The input elevation units are inches.
Feet The input elevation units are feet.
Yards The input elevation units are yards.
Miles The input elevation units are miles.
Output units: Click on the appropriate radio button to determine the output units.
Degree The output raster layer will contain slope in degrees.
Percent The output raster layer will contain slope in percent.

for a specific use.
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Surface Slope
Interface manual.
➲ For more information about this function, see the “Terrain Analysis” chapter in the ERDAS
Field Guide.
90
Surface Aspect
Surface Aspect
This dialog lets you compute the aspect of a DEM (digital elevation model) file.
To open this dialog, select Image Interpreter | Topographic Analysis... | Aspect....
Input DEM: Enter the name of the input elevation file or click on the File Selector button.
The default file extension is .img.
default to File.
corner.
fields below.
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Surface Aspect
Select DEM Layer: Left-hold this popup list to select the DEM layer to use for this
operation.
Output: Left-hold this popup list to select the type of output layer to create.
Continuous Left-hold to create a continuous output layer. This is the default.
Thematic Left-hold to create a thematic output layer. Select this option if you want to
recode the output layer.
for a specific use.

Interface manual.
➲ For more information on topographic analysis, see the “Terrain Analysis” chapter in the
ERDAS Field Guide.
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Topographic Level Slice

This dialog allows you to perform a level slice on an input DEM or other raster layer. This function
divides the data file values of the input file into a user-specified number of bins that each contain
the same number of data values.
To open this dialog, select Image Interpreter | Topographic Analysis... | Level Slice....
default to File.
corner.
fields below.
93
Number of Bins: Enter the number of bins into which to divide the input values.
for a specific use.

Interface manual.
➲ For more information on topographic analysis, see the “Terrain Analysis” chapter in the
ERDAS Field Guide.
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Shaded Relief
Shaded Relief
By knowing the topography of a geographic region and the position of the sun, it is possible to
create an image which represents the amount of light reflected to a position directly above the
scene. This dialog enables you to produce topographical relief images.
The light reflectance is modeled as a simple vector dot product plus an ambient light factor. For
each pixel, the change in ground height in the X and Y directions can be computed from a 3 x 3
window centered above the pixel. The two values are used to compute a vector which represents
a unit normal to the surface at that point. The dot product of the unit normal and the sun vector
gives a value from negative1.0 to 1.0. Values less than zero are clipped to zero. Values of zero
represent zero light reflectance and a value of 1.0 represents maximum light reflectance.
Calculations will not work if angular units (x, y; Lat/Lon) are mixed with distance units (z; meters).
To open this dialog, select Image Interpreter | Topographic Analysis... | Shaded Relief....
Input DEM: Enter the name of the input elevation file or click on the File Selector button.
Select DEM Layer: Click the popup list button to select the DEM layer to use for this
operation.
Input Overlay: This file name part is enabled only when you have turned on the Use
Overlay in Relief? check box. Enter the name of the .img file to overlay the output relief file
or click on the File Selector button.
Use Overlay in Relief? Click this check box to overlay an .img file onto the output relief
file. The Input Overlay file name part will become enabled. Based on the type of input file
the overlay is (gray scale, pseudo color, or true color), you will be asked for the following
information.
Overlay Type: If you want to override the default overlay file type, select another option
from this popup list.
True Color Select this option if the overlay file is a true color image. Assign layers to
color guns as described below.
R: Enter the layer to be used for the red color gun in the output file.
G: Enter the layer to be used for the green color gun in the output file.
B: Enter the layer to be used for the blue color gun in the output file.
Gray Scale Select this option if the overlay file is a gray scale image.
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Shaded Relief
Layer: If the overlay file is a gray scale image, enter the layer to be used for the
overlay.
Pseudocolor Select this option if the overlay file is a pseudocolor image.
Layer: If the overlay file is a pseudocolor image, enter the layer to be used for the
overlay.
Ignore Zero in Output Stats. When this check box is on, pixels with zero file values will
be ignored when statistics are calculated for the output file.
default to File.
corner.
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Shaded Relief
Elevation Units: Left-hold this popup list to select the type of units used to measure the
elevation.
Centimeters Elevation is measured in centimeters.
Meters Elevation is measured in meters.
Kilometers Elevation is measured in kilometers.
Inches Elevation is measured in inches.
Feet Elevation is measured in feet.
Yards Elevation is measured in yards.
Miles Elevation is measured in miles.
DEM scale: Enter the scale to exaggerate the elevation in the DEM for the output file, if
desired.
Solar Azimuth: Enter the position of the sun in degrees measured counterclockwise
from due east.
Solar Elevation: Enter the sun angle in degrees above the horizon.
Ambient Light: Enter the amount of light you want to use for background (overall)
lighting. For example, 0 would create a very high contrast image, while 1 would create a
washed out (no contrast) image.


Interface manual.
➲ For more information about shaded relief images, see the “Terrain Analysis” chapter in the
ERDAS Field Guide.
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Lambertian Reflection Model

This dialog provides access to a Lambertian reflectance model that can be used to reduce
topographic effect in digital imagery. Topographic effect is the difference in illumination due
solely to the slope and aspect of terrain relative to the elevation and azimuth of the sun. The net
result is an image with more evenly illuminated terrain.
You will need to know the solar azimuth and solar elevation of the input file for this function. This
information is normally available in the data header of your SPOT or LANDSAT image file. You
may use Tools | View IMAGINE HFA File Structure... from the IMAGINE icon panel or if the
image is loaded in a Viewer, Utility | HFA Info... from the Viewer menu bar to read the values
assigned to sunelevation and sunazimuth.
If the data header is not present, you may have to obtain the information from your distributor or
it may be retrieved from the original data file using the Tools | View Binary Data... option from
the IMAGINE icon panel.
Calculations will not work if angular units (x, y; Lat/Lon) are mixed with distance units (z; meters).
To open this dialog, select Image Interpreter | Topographic Analysis... | Topographic

Normalize....
Input File: Enter the name of the original input file. The default file extension is .img.
Input DEM File: Enter the name of the input DEM file from which the slope and aspect
will be derived. The default file extension is .img.
Select Layer: Click the popup list button to select the layer of the input DEM file to use.
DEM Units: Click the popup list button to select the type of units in which the DEM is
stored.
Centimeters Elevation is measured in centimeters.
Meters Elevation is measured in meters.
Kilometers Elevation is measured in kilometers.
Inches Elevation is measured in inches.
Feet Elevation is measured in feet.
Yards Elevation is measured in yards.
Miles Elevation is measured in miles.
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Output File: Enter the name of the corrected output file. The .img extension will be added
automatically.
Output Options: Enter information about the output file.

Solar Azimuth: Enter the solar azimuth of the input file sensor at the time of data
acquisition. This information can be obtained from the image file data header or from the
distributor.
Solar Elevation: Enter the solar elevation of the input file sensor at the time of data
acquisition. This information can be obtained from the image file data header or from the
distributor.
0 - 255.
Input DEM: Shows the input DEM data type.
for a specific use.
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Interface manual.
➲ For more information on this function, see the “Terrain Analysis” chapter in the ERDAS Field
Guide.
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Raster Contour
Raster Contour
This dialog enables you to create a new layer showing contour lines from an input elevation file.
This dialog is opened when you select Image Interpreter | Topographic Analysis... | Raster
Contour....
default to File.
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Raster Contour
Layer to Contour: If the input file has more than one layer, left-hold this popup list to
select the one to contour.
Contour Interval: Specify the contour interval. The default value depends on the range
of values in the input file.
Contour Range: Select the elevation range to contour. The default values are based on
the selected contour interval.
Min.: Enter the minimum elevation to contour.
Max.: Enter the maximum elevation to contour.

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3D Surfacing
3D Surfacing
This dialog enables you to create a three dimensional surface from a point data file. It is opened
when you select Topographic Analysis | Surface... from the Image Interpreter menu. It can
also be opened by selecting Create Surface... from the DataPrep menu.
File
Read... Select this option to read data from a file. The Read Points dialog is opened.
Save As... Select this option to save the output to a new file. The Save As dialog is
opened.
Close Click to close the 3D Surfacing tool.
Row
Use Only Selected Rows Select this option to set only currently selected rows to Use.
Those already set to Use are not set.
Add Selected Rows To Used Rows Select this option to add selected rows to those
already set to Use. Those already set to Use remain set.
Append New Rows To Bottom... Select this option to Add blank rows to end of list. The
Add Empty Rows To Point List dialog is opened.
Surface
Surfacing... Click to start the surfacing program. The Surfacing dialog is opened.
Help
Help for Surfacing Click to open this help file.
Show Version... Click to display software version information.
Click to read data from a file. The Read Points dialog is opened.
Click to save the output to a new file. The Save As dialog is opened.
Click to start the surfacing program. The Surfacing dialog is opened.
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Read Points
Read Points
This dialog enables you to read data from an external file. It is opened when you select File |
Read... from the 3D Surfacing dialog.
Source File Type: Click the popup list button and select one of the source file types listed
below.
Point Coverage
Line Coverage
Annotation Layer
Image File
ASCII File When you select this option, the ASCII Import Options dialog is opened.
Source File Name: Enter the source file name or click the File Selector button. The
appropriate file name extension is automatically added according to the type of file selected
above.
Attribute For Z: This option is displayed only for Vector and Annotation data. Click the
popup list button and select the attribute to use for the Z value of each point.
Band: This option is displayed only for Image File data. Enter or select the band number
from which Z values are read.
Valid Range for Input: This option is displayed only for Image File data. Enter the
maximum and minimum values that are acceptable as Z values.
Min:
Max:
OK Click to import data as specified.
Cancel Click to cancel the operation and close the dialog.
Help Click to open this On-Line Help file.
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Save As
Save As
This dialog Allows you to save the point data as a Vector point coverage or as an Annotation
layer. It is opened when you select File | Save As... from the 3D Surfacing dialog.
Output File Type: Click the popup list button to select the type of file to save the point
data to.
Point Coverage Store data as Point Coverage.
Annotation Layer Store data as Annotation Layer.
Save Output Coords As: Enter the output file name or click on the File Selector
button. The appropriate file name extension for the selected file type is automatically added.
Attribute for Z: Enter the name of attribute in which to store Z value. This option is
displayed only when Point Coverage is selected as the Output File Type.
Precision: Click the popup list button to choose to store coverage as single or double
precision. This option is displayed only when Point Coverage is selected as the Output File
Type.
Single Store coverage as single precision.
Double Store coverage as double precision.
Store Z value as: Click the popup list button to choose to store Z value in Name or
Description. This option is displayed only when Annotation Layer is selected as the Output
File Type.
Name Store Z value in Name.
Description Store Z value in Description.
OK Click to save data as specified.
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Add Empty Rows To Point List
Add Empty Rows To Point List

This dialog allows you to manually add new rows to the point data. If you want to add rows from
another file, use File | Read....
This dialog is opened when you select Row | Append New Rows... from the 3D Surfacing
dialog.
Number of Rows To Add: Enter the number of rows you wish to add and click OK.
OK Click to add the rows.
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Surfacing
Surfacing
This dialog enables you to specify information about the output file. It is opened when you select
Surface | Surfacing from the 3D Surfacing dialog.
Surfacing Method: Click the popup list button to select the surfacing technique to
employ.
Linear Rubber Sheeting
Non-linear Rubber Sheeting This option produces more “natural” contours from sparse
data.
Output Information:
Rows: Enter the number of rows in the output file or accept the default.
Columns: Enter the number of columns in the output file or accept the default.
Output Corners: Enter the coordinates of the upper left and lower right corners of the
output file or accept the defaults.
Output Cell Sizes: Enter the output file cell sizes or accept the default.
X: The Default Output X Cell Size
Y: The Default Output Y Cell Size
Square Cells Make cell height equal to cell width. With this checkbox selected, a change
in one cell size dimension is automatically reflected in the other.
Background Value Enter the background value of output file. This is the value that is
used for areas that are outside the realm of the data points.
Ignore In Output Stats When this checkbox is selected, the background value is
excluded when computing statistics.
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Surfacing
Output Data Type: Click the popup list button to select the output data type.
OK Click to perform the surfacing operation as specified. A job status dialog is opened to
graphically show progress.
Batch Click to place the Surfacing process in a batch queue.
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GIS Analysis
GIS Analysis
This menu provides access to the Image Interpreter GIS Analysis functions. It is opened when
you select GIS Analysis... from the Image Interpreter menu.
Neighborhood ... Select this option to perform neighborhood analyses functions on an

input file. The Neighborhood dialog is opened.
Clump ... Select this option to identify (clump) contiguous groups of pixels. The Clump
dialog is opened.
Sieve ... Select this option to remove (sieve) clumps smaller than a user-specified size.
The Sieve dialog is opened.
Eliminate ... Select this option to eliminate small island classes within larger classes. The
Eliminate dialog is opened.
Perimeter ... Select this option to find the perimeter of each clump. Use only on a file
which is the output of the clump analysis and is writable by the user. The Perimeter dialog is
opened.
Search ... Select this option to perform proximity analysis on an input file. The Search
dialog is opened.
Index ... Select this option to create a composite layer by adding together the pixel values
of two input layers. The Index dialog is opened.
Overlay ... Select this option to overlay two input layers based on either the minimum or
maximum file values. The Overlay dialog is opened.
Matrix ... Select this option to create a new file that shows the coincidence of values in
two input files. The Matrix dialog is opened.
Recode ... Select this option to recode the data file values of an input file. The Recode
dialog is opened.
Summary ... Select this option to calculate cross-tabulation statistics between to input
files and output a report. The Summary dialog is opened.
Zonal Attributes ... Select this option to compute statistics about a raster layer for each
polygon in a polygon coverage. The Zonal Attributes dialog is opened.
i If the input raster layer is thematic, make sure that statistics for the layer have been computed
with a Skip Factor of 1, otherwise the operation may fail.
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GIS Analysis
Close Click to close this menu.

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Neighborhood Functions
This dialog allows you to perform one of several analyses on class values in an .img file using a
process similar to convolution filtering. Neighborhood functions are specialized filtering functions
that are designed for use on thematic layers. Each pixel is analyzed with the pixels in its
neighborhood. The number and location of the pixels in the neighborhood are determined by the
size and shape of the filter, which you define.
Each filtering function results in the center pixel value being replaced by the result of the filtering
function.
To open this dialog, select Image Interpreter | GIS Analysis... | Neighborhood....
default to File.
corner.
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fields below.
Neighborhood Definition: The check boxes in this kernel let you define the area of
the moving window to use for processing. Turn on a check box to include the data value in the
computation. Turn off any check boxes representing values you want to exclude from the
computation.
By turning selected checkboxes off, you can create circular and doughnut-shaped kernels. By
default, all values are initially turned on (black).
Size: Left-hold this popup list to select the kernel size:
3X3
5X5
7X7
include This check box is disabled. It only shows that black (selected) check boxes
indicate data values that are included in the computation.
exclude This check box is disabled. It only shows that gray (unselected) check boxes
indicate data values that are excluded from the computation.
Function Definition: This group lets you select options for the output file.
Function: Select the type of computation to use for this function:
Sum The center pixel will be replaced by the sum (total) of the data file values in the
window.
Diversity The center pixel will be replaced by the number of different data file values
present among the pixels in the window.
Density The center pixel will be replaced by the number of pixels in the window with
the same data file value as the center pixel.
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Majority The center pixel will be replaced by the most common data file value in the
window.
Minority The center pixel will be replaced by the least common data file value in the
window.
Max The center pixel will be replaced by the highest data file value in the window.
Min The center pixel will be replaced by the lowest data file value in the window.
Rank The center pixel will be replaced by the rank of the center pixel according to
all of the data file values in the window.
(Use popup list) Left-hold this popup list to select which values of the input file to use
in computing the focal function.
Use all values in computation All values in the input file will be used in the
computations.
Ignore specified values(s): Ignore the value specified below. This option is often
used to ignore zero.
Use only specified value(s): Use only the values specified below when computing
the function.
(value) If you want to ignore a certain value, or use only selected values, enter the
value(s) here. Enter multiple values as a comma separated list. Ranges of values must
also be entered as a comma separated list.
(Apply popup list) Left-hold this popup list to select which values of the input file you
would like to apply the focal function.
Apply function at all values Apply the function to all values.
Don’t apply at specified values(s): Apply the function to all values except one. This
option is often used to ignore zero.
Apply only at specified value(s): Apply the function to only the values specified
below. For example, you may want to apply a focal function to only certain classes of
a thematic file. Using this option, you can enter those classes.
(Value) If you want to ignore a certain value, or apply the function to only selected
values, enter the value(s) here. Enter multiple values as a comma separated list. Enter
a range of values using a colon. For example, entering 1:5 would use apply the
function to the values 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5.
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for a specific use.

Interface manual.
➲ For more information on neighborhood functions, see the “Geographic Information Systems”
chapter in the ERDAS Field Guide.
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Clump
Clump
This dialog enables you to identify clumps, which are contiguous groups of pixels in one thematic
class. The clumped data are saved in a new .img file which can be used as it is, or as input to
the Sieve function. This function also outputs an x,y coordinate for each clump. For more
information see the Clump graphical model help.
To open this dialog, select Image Interpreter | GIS Analysis... | Clump....
default to File.
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Clump
Select Layer: Click the popup list button to select the layer to use for this operation.
Connected Neighbors: Click the popup list button to determine which pixels will be
considered contiguous.
8 Left-hold to select eight neighboring pixels as shown in black below.
4 Left-hold to select four neighboring pixels, as shown in black below.
are ignored when statistics are calculated for the output file.
for a specific use.

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Sieve
Sieve
This dialog enables you to eliminate clumps of data values (which have been identified with the
Clump function) that are smaller than a minimum size you specify. For more information see the
Sieve graphical model help.
To open this dialog, select Image Interpreter | GIS Analysis... | Sieve....
default to File.
corner.
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Sieve
Select Layer: Click the popup list button to select the layer to use for processing. Sieve
can process only one layer. If a multilayer file is input, the layer to sieve must be selected.
Typically, however, the input is a Clump output file, which has one layer.
Minimum size: Enter the minimum size to use as the threshold for eliminating clumps.
All clumps smaller that this will be filtered.
(units popup list) Click the popup list button to select the size units.
pixels The minimum size is specified in pixels.
hectares The minimum size is specified in hectares.
acres The minimum size is specified in acres.
sqmiles The minimum size is specified in square miles.
Ignore Zero in Output Statistics When this check box is on, pixels with zero file values

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Eliminate
Eliminate
The Eliminate function enables you to specify a minimum clump or class size. Clumps smaller
than this specified number are eliminated. This function is normally used on thematic raster
layers which are the output of the Clump model.
Eliminate removes the small clumps by replacing the values of pixels in these clumps with the
value of nearby larger clumps. This function makes use of the Eliminate model. The model
performs a Focal Majority filter on the input file in an iterative fashion, so that the data value of
the large clumps overwrites the data value of the small clumps. With each iteration, the one-pixel-
width outer edge of the small clump is replaced with values from the surrounding larger clumps.
The iteration continues until all the small clumps have been completely removed. The final
clumps are then recoded using the "Original Value" attribute so that the output values of the
remaining clumps are in the same range as the values in the original file which was the input to
Clump. Eliminate differs from Sieve in that Sieve simply recodes the small clumps to zero rather
than filling in with neighboring values. Also, Sieve does not recode the clumps back to the original
"pre-Clump" value.
☞ Before using the Eliminate function, the original raster .img file must first be processed using
Clump.
This dialog is opened when you select Eliminate... from the Image Interpreter GIS Analysis
menu.
default to File.
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Eliminate
fields below.
Select Layer: If the input file contains multiple layers, select the layer to use in this
process.
Minimum: Specify the minimum size for the classes or clumps in the file.
(units popup list) Click the popup list button to select the size units.
pixels The minimum size is specified in pixels.
hectares The minimum size is specified in hectares.
acres The minimum size is specified in acres.
sqmiles The minimum size is specified in square miles.
Output: Click the popup list button to select the appropriate output file type.
Unsigned 1 bit
Unsigned 2 bit
Unsigned 4 bit
Unsigned 8 bit
Unsigned 16 bit
Unsigned 32 bit
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Perimeter
Perimeter
This dialog enables you to compute the perimeter of clumps. It opens when you select
Perimeter... from the GIS Analysis dialog. This function cannot execute a read-only file when
there is no modal dialog displayed.
Input Clumped File: Enter the input file name. It must be the output of Clump, and must
be writable by the user.
Layer: Click on the popup list to select the layer of the input file to clump.
Optional Output Descriptors:

Island Perimeter Click to make the descriptor for the sum of the perimeter of island
polygons.
Island Count Click to create a descriptor containing the number of island polygons within
each clump.
OK Click to accept all information and issue the job.
Batch Click to enter this job as single process batch mode for future processing.
Cancel Click to cancel this process and not run the job.
Help Click to view the On-Line Help for this dialog.
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Search
Search
This dialog enables you to recode the selected classes to 0 in the output file. Neighboring pixels
are then assigned a value based on their Euclidean distance from these selected pixels.
To open this dialog, select Image Interpreter | GIS Analysis... | Search....
Input Image or Vector: Enter the name of the input image file or vector or click on the
File Selector button.
Setup Recode ... Click to recode values for the first input file. The Thematic Recode
dialog is opened. This option is displayed only for thematic data.
Vector Type: Click the popup list button to select the type of data to extract from the
coverage. These options are displayed only for vector data.
Polygon
Line
Point
Use Attribute As Value: Click this checkbox to use an attribute of the selected
coverage type as the input value to the model. This option is displayed only for vector data.
When on, this checkbox enables a popup list from which you may select the attribute.
If not on, the element number is used as the input value.
Output Image File: Enter the name of the output file or click on the File Selector button.
The .img extension is automatically added.
Output Cell Size X and Y cell size to use for rasterizing input vector data into output
raster. This option is enabled only when the input file is vector.
Units: Select the units for the cell size. This option is enabled only when both input files
are vector.
Distance to search (in pixels): Distance from each class value to search.
➲ To search into or shrink a particular class, use one of the following methods:
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Search
1. Search from every class except the class you want to shrink. If the list of class numbers is too
large to enter as a comma-separated list in the Search dialog, you may create a simple model
using Model Maker and enter the list of classes into a table.
Use the GIS Analysis | Neighborhood function. Under Function, select Majority. In the
Function Definition options field, set the dropdown list to Ignore specified value(s). This
indicates what file values, within the kernel, are used and what are not. Then enter the
number for the class to be shrunken in the field directly below it. Also, set the dropdown list
next to it to Apply only at specified value(s). This indicates at what file values this focal
kernel is used. Again, enter the number for the class to be shrunken in the filed directly below
it. For example, to shrink by one pixel around the outside edge, set Size under
Neighborhood Definition to 3x3. To shrink by two pixels, select 5x5, and to shrink by three,
select 7x7. If you need to shrink by a larger number of pixels, you need to create a simple
model using Model Maker. Create a square matrix to use as the neighborhood definition, and
make the size of the matrix 2r+1, where r is the number of pixels to shrink.
➲ See Neighborhood Functions for more information on Neighborhood Definition.
Classes (enter as a comma separated list): The class value(s) you want proximity
analysis around.
default to File.
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Search
for a specific use.

Interface manual.
➲ For more information, see the “Geographic Information Systems” chapter in the ERDAS
Field Guide.
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Index
Index
This dialog enables you to create a composite .img file by adding together the class values of
two “weighted” input raster files.
To open this dialog, select Image Interpreter | GIS Analysis... | Index....
Image or Vector File #1: Select the first input thematic image or vector file or click on
the File Selector button.
Polygon
Line
Point
Use Attribute As Value: Click this checkbox to use an attribute of the selected coverage
type as the input value to the model. This option is displayed only for vector data. When
on, this checkbox enables a popup list from which you may select the attribute.
Weighting Factor: Enter the weighting factor for the first input file.
Image or Vector File #2: Select the second input thematic image or vector file or click
on the File Selector button.
Setup Recode ... Click to recode values for the second input file. The Thematic Recode
Polygon
Line
Point
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Index
Weighting Factor: Enter the weighting factor for the second input file.
Input #2: Shows the data type of the second input file.
Output: Click the popup list button to select the output file data type.
raster. This option is enabled only when both input files are vector.
are vector.
Area: Use these radio buttons to select how the areas of the input images will be used for
the output file.
Union Click to use the combined image area of both input files in this process.
Intersection Click to use only the image area that both files have in common for this
process.
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Index

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Overlay
Overlay
This dialog enables you to create a composite output .img file by combining two input .img files
based on the minimum or maximum values of the input files. A recoding option within the Overlay
program lets you pre-scale the data, if desired, to “mask out” certain data values.
To open this dialog, select Image Interpreter | GIS Analysis... | Overlay....
Image or Vector File #1: Select the first input thematic image or vector file or click on
the File Selector button.
Polygon Select this option to use polygons for the coverage.
Line Select this option to use lines for the coverage.
Point Select this option to use points for the coverage.
Image or Vector File #2: Select the second input thematic image or vector file or click
Polygon Select this option to use polygons for the coverage.
Line Select this option to use lines for the coverage.
Point Select this option to use points for the coverage.
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Overlay
Select Area By: Choose one of the following:

Union Click to use the image area of both input files in this process.
process.
Choose Value to Dominate: Left-click on the appropriate radio button to select the
value to use for processing:
Maximum Value The output file will contain the maximum value of the input files.
Minimum Value The output file will contain the minimum value of the input files.
Units: Select the units (meters or feet) for the cell size. This option is enabled only when
both input files are vector.
Output: You can set the output to be thematic or continous.
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Matrix
Matrix
This dialog enables you to create an output file that contains classes that indicate how the class
values of the input files overlap.
To open this dialog, select Image Interpreter | GIS Analysis... | Matrix....
Thematic Image / Vector #1: Select the first input thematic image or vector file or click
Polygon
Line
Point
Thematic Image / Vector #2: Select the second input thematic image or vector file or
click on the File Selector button.
Polygon
Line
Point
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Matrix
are vector.
Area: Use these radio buttons to select how the areas of the input images will be used for
the output file.
Union Click to use the combined image area of both input files in this process.
process.

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Recode
Recode
This dialog allows you to assign a new class value number to any or all classes of an existing
.img file, creating an output file using the new class numbers. This function can also be used to
combine classes by recoding more than one class to the same new class number.
To open this dialog, select Image Interpreter | GIS Analysis ... | Recode ....
Setup Recode ... Click to recode the data values in the input file. The Thematic Recode
dialog is opened.
➲ Each time you click Setup Recode ..., the New Value column is reinitialized. If you are
recording a large number of rows, you may wish to retain the recoded values so that you can
double-check or reedit the New Value column. In this case, it is recommended that you use
one of the following techniques:
♦ Use Model Maker to do the recoding. The New Value column is not reinitialized in Model
Maker.
♦ Use the Raster Attribute editor to create and edit a column to store the recode values. From
the Recode dialog, you can then use the CellArray and Paste options to transfer the recode
values to the New Value column.
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Recode
Cancel Click to cancel this process and close this dialog .
for a specific use.

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Thematic Recode
Thematic Recode
The CellArray allows you to recode the raster values or the classes of a raster image. The
recoded values are then used in the function definition.
All available attributes of the selected raster are opened in this CellArray. The output values of
the recode are entered in the New Value column.
This dialog is opened when you click on any Setup Recode button.
New Value: Enter the new raster or class value to assign to rows that are selected in the
CellArray.
Change Selected Rows Click to apply changes to the table.
OK Click to use these values and close this dialog.

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Summary
Summary
The Summary function produces cross-tabulation statistics that compare class value areas
between two thematic files, including number of points in common, number of acres (or hectares
or square miles) in common, and percentages.
This dialog is opened when you select Summary... from the GIS Analysis menu of Image
Interpreter.
Input Zone File: Enter the name of the input zone layer or click on the File Selector
Layer: If the selected file contains more than one layer, click on the popup list button
and select the layer number to use.
Input Class File: Enter the name of the input class layer or click on the File Selector
Layer: If the selected file contains more than one layer, click on the popup list button
and select the layer number to use.
Output Options: Select the type of output desired.

Interactive (CellArray) Click to output the interactive Summary By Zone CellArray.
You can output a report later from the CellArray, if desired.
Output Report Only Click to output a summary report.
Output Report File: If you have selected Output Report Only, you must enter a name
for the report or click on the File Selector button.
Report Options: Select the options to use when producing the report. These options
are enabled when you select Output Report Only.
Ignore Zeros Click to ignore zeros in the class file during statistics calculation.
Omit Empty Classes Click to omit empty classes (with a histogram of 0) from the report.
Omit Empty Zones Click to omit empty zones from the report. The report will include
only those zones where overlap with the category from the class file actually occurs. This
option makes the report shorter.
OK Click to calculate the cross-tabulation statistics and close this dialog.

If you selected the Interactive (CellArray) option, the Summary By Zone dialog is opened.
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Summary
If you opted to output a report, the report file will be generated.

This option can be used only if you are using the Report option, not when using the Interactive
option.

Interface manual.
The two input files do not have to be the same size or the same resolution. The size used for
computing statistics is the intersection of the two files. The resolution used is determined by the
preference Cellsize Rule in the modeler category of the Preference Editor.
This first input file is known as the zone layer. Each class in this layer becomes an analysis
category. The system computes statistics for each category based on the occurrences of classes
from the second input file, known as the class layer. You can produce an interactive CellArray,
a text report, or both. The CellArray option allows you to select options (e.g., Ignore Zeros) to
see the effects on the statistics. Then you can choose to create a complete or partial report, or
to save the following zonal statistics to the raster attribute table of the zone file.
Majority - the most commonly occurring class within a particular zone

Mean - the statistical average of the class values in a zone
Median - the statistical median of all the classes in a zone
Minimum - the minimum class value in a zone
Maximum - the maximum class value in a zone
Range - the range between the minimum and maximum class values in a zone
Diversity - the number of different class values occurring within a zone
Standard Deviation - the standard deviation of class values occurring within a zone
Majority Count - the number of pixels in the most commonly occurring class in a zone
Majority % - the fraction of the total zone which overlaps the majority class
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Summary
Example
The Summary function might be used to assist a regional planning office in preparing an
inventory of landcover types for certain counties within the jurisdiction. A file containing the
counties to be inventoried can be summarized by a file for the same geographical area
containing the land cover categories. The summary report could indicate the acreage of different
land cover types that were contained within the counties.
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Summary By Zone
Summary By Zone
Using this CellArray, you can view the summary statistics in a variety of ways, recalculate to
ignore zeros or empty classes, view a summary matrix and zonal statistics CellArray, and output
a report.
This dialog opens when you click OK in the Summary dialog after selecting the Interactive
(CellArray) option.
File Select this option to create a report or to close this CellArray.

Report... Select this option to create a report file. The Create Summary Report dialog
is opened.
Close Select this option to close this CellArray.
Options Select this option for statistics computation options.

The information in this CellArray, and in the Summary Matrix and Zonal Statistics CellArrays
if they are also open, will change as these options are selected.
Ignore Zeros Select this option to ignore zeros in the percentages and statistics. The
values in the CellArray will be updated accordingly.
Omit Empty Classes Select this option to omit classes with a zero count from the zone
listing.
Transpose Zones & Classes Select this option to switch the zone layer and class layer.
The CellArray information changes accordingly.
Area Units Select this option to indicate the area units to use. The column heading in
the CellArray changes to reflect the units you select.
Hectares Click to measure area in hectares.
Acres Click to measure area in acres.
Square Miles Click to measure area in square miles.
View Select this option to view other CellArrays.

Summary Matrix Select this option to view a matrix of zones by classes. The Summary
Matrix CellArray is opened.
Zonal Statistics Select this option to view statistics for the zones. The Zonal Statistics
dialog is opened.
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Summary By Zone
Zone layer: The zone layer path and file name is reported.
Zone no. The current zone number is reported. Enter a new number or use the slider bar
to select another zone.
Zone name: The name of the current zone is reported.
Class layer: The class layer path and file name is reported.
(CellArray) The CellArray contains the following columns.

Right-hold in the Row column for the Row Selection popup. Right-hold on any column
heading for the Column Options popup.
Class The class numbers of the class file are listed.
Class Name The class names of the class file are listed.
Count The number of pixels in this class that are in the Zone no. listed above is listed.
% This value is the percent of the Zone no. listed above covered by this class.
Hectares This is the area covered by this class in the Zone no. listed above.
This column heading changes according to the units you select in Options | Area Units.
Interface manual.
142
Create Summary Report
Create Summary Report

This dialog enables you to create a report from summary statistics.
It opens when you select File | Report... from the Summary By Zone dialog menu bar.
Report All Zones Click to include all zones in the report. This is the default.
Start Zone: If you are including only selected zones, enter the first zone number to include
here.
End Zone: If you are including only selected zones, enter the last zone number to include
here.
Omit Empty Zones Click to omit empty zones from the report. This option will make the
report much shorter, especially for files that include many zones.
OK Click to create the report.

The report is opened in an ERDAS IMAGINE Text Editor window. Select File | Save As in the
Text Editor menu bar to save the report to a file.
Close Click to cancel this process and close this dialog.

Interface manual.
143
Summary Matrix
Summary Matrix
This dialog enables you to view the summary matrix. It opens when you select View | Summary
Matrix... in the Summary By Zone dialog.
(CellArray) The summary statistics are presented in a CellArray with the following
columns.
The information in this CellArray is read-only.
Class The class values of the class file are listed.
Zone <n> Each zone in the zone file is listed in a different column. The number of pixels
(Count), area (Area), or percentage of the zone (% of Zone) that each class occupies in
that zone is reported. The actual category displayed is selected by left-holding the Show
popup list below.
Display Zone & Class Names Click to display both zone and class numbers and
names.
Show: Click the popup list button to specify the type of information to report in the
CellArray.
Count Select this option to report the number of pixels in each zone.
Area Select this option to report the area each class occupies in each zone. Area units
may be selected by left-holding Options/Area Units on the Summary By Zone dialog.
% of Zone Select this option to report the percentage of each zone that each class
occupies.

Interface manual.
144
Zonal Statistics
Zonal Statistics
This dialog enables you to view the zonal statistics and save these values to the raster attribute
table of the zone file.
It opens when you select View | Zonal Statistics... in the Summary By Zone dialog.
(CellArray) The statistics are presented in a CellArray with the following columns. The
information in this CellArray is read-only.
Zone The zone numbers of the zone file are listed.
Zone Name The zone names of the zone file are listed.
Majority The class that occurs most frequently in the zone is listed.
Mean The statistical average of the class values in the zone is listed.
Median The statistical median of the class values in the zone is listed.
Minimum The minimum class value found in the zone is listed.
Maximum The maximum class value in the zone is listed.
Range The range between the minimum and maximum class values in the zone is listed.
Diversity The number of different class values in the zone is listed.
Std. Deviation The standard deviation of the class values in the zone is listed.
Majority Count The number of pixels in the most commonly occurring class within the
zone is reported.
➲ For more information see Rules for Pixel Inclusion within Polygons.
Majority % The fraction of the total zone that is occupied by the majority class is
reported.
Save... Click to save these statistics to the raster attribute table of the zone file. The Save
Zonal Statistics as Raster Attributes dialog is opened.

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145
Save Zonal Statistics as Raster Attributes
Save Zonal Statistics as Raster Attributes

This dialog enables you to save the zonal statistics created using the Summary function to the
raster attribute table of the zone file. You must select the columns you want to save.
This dialog opens when you left-click the Save... button in the Zonal Statistics dialog.
(CellArray) Specify the statistics to include in the raster attribute table by selecting the
corresponding rows in this CellArray.
Right-hold in the Row column for the Row Selection popup. Right-hold on any column
heading for the Column Options popup.
The CellArray contains the following columns:
Function The zonal statistics that were calculated are listed.
Attribute Column Name The name that will be used in the raster attribute table is listed.
These names can be edited as desired.
Overwrite An X in this column indicates that the raster attribute table of the zone file
already contains a column with this name and that saving this new column will overwrite
the existing column.
To avoid overwriting an existing column, simply edit the name in the Attribute Column
Name column or left-click in the Overwrite column to automatically generate a new name.
New names are created by appending “_NEW” to the existing name.
OK Left-click to save the selected attribute columns to the zone file’s raster attribute table
and close this dialog.
This button is not enabled until at least one row is selected.
Cancel Left-click to cancel this process and close this dialog.

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146
Save Zonal Statistics To Polygon Attributes

This dialog enables you to extract the zonal statistics of the background image of a polygon
coverage and save them as polygon attributes.
To open this dialog, select Image Interpreter | GIS Analysis... | Zonal Attributes... or select
Zonal Attributes... from the Vector Utilities menu.
Vector Layer: Enter the name of the input polygon coverage or click on the File Selector
button. The default file extension is .arcinfo.
Raster Layer: Enter the name of the input raster file or click on the File Selector button.
Data Type: The data type of the selected input raster file is displayed.
Select Layer: Click the popup list button to select the layer of the input raster to use.
Window: Select the area of the files to process.
process.
Ignore Zero in Zonal Calculations When this check box is on, the value zero is
ignored in the computation of zonal statistics.
Zonal Functions:
Majority Include zonal majority among stats
Attribute Name: Name for output polygon attribute
Max Include zonal max among stats
Min Include zonal min among stats
Mean Include zonal mean among stats
Median Include zonal median among stats
147
Diversity Include zonal diversity among stats
Range Include zonal range among stats
Standard Deviation Include zonal std. deviation among stats
Majority Count Include zonal majority count among stats
Majority Fraction Include zonal majority fraction among stats

Interface manual.
➲ For more information on which pixels are included within the polygons, see the
On-Line Help for Rules for Pixel Inclusion within Polygons.
148
Utilities
Utilities
This menu provides access to the Image Interpreter Utilities. It is opened when you select
Utilities... from the Image Interpreter menu.
Change Detection ... Select this option to compute the differences between two images
and to highlight changes that exceed a user-specified threshold. The Change Detection
dialog is opened.
Functions ... Select this option to process an input file using one of many mathematical
functions in the Spatial Modeler Language such as SIN, COS, etc. The Single Input
Functions dialog is opened.
Operators ... Select this option to perform simple image algebra functions on two input
images. The Operators dialog is opened.
RGB Clustering ... Select this option to compress three bands of data into one using
RGB clustering. The RGB Clustering dialog is opened.
Adv. RGB Clustering ... Select this option to perform RGB clustering on one or more
input image files. The RGB Cluster dialog is opened.
Layer Stack ... Select this option to create a new output file by stacking layers from two
or more different input images. The Layer Stack dialog is opened.
Subset ... Select this option to create a new file by subsetting an input file. The Subset
dialog is opened.
Create File ... Select this option to create a file of specified size, data type, etc. The
Create File dialog is opened.
Rescale ... Select this option to rescale data in any bit format. The Rescale dialog is
opened.
Mask ... Select this option to use an .img file to select (mask) specific areas from a
corresponding .img file. The Mask dialog is opened.
Degrade ... Select this option to reduce the resolution of an image. The Image
Degradation dialog is opened.
Replace Bad Lines ... Select this option to replace bad scan lines in raster data. The
Replace Bad Lines dialog is opened.
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Utilities
Vector To Raster ... Select this option to convert a vector coverage to a raster coverage.
The Vector to Raster dialog is opened.
Reproject ... Select this option to resample an image into a different

projection.

Interface manual.
150
Change Detection
Change Detection
Select this option to compute the differences between two images and to highlight changes that
exceed a user-specified threshold. You will be creating two new output image files, which you
can save to a directory. Open a viewer to see the files.
To open this dialog, select Image Interpreter | Utilities... | Change Detection....
Before Image: The Before Image is the earlier of the two images. If you are comparing
bands of one image, you do not have to click to select from the Before Image dropdown list.
Layer: If you are working with a multiband image, you may choose any band for analysis
in conjunction with the Before Image. The Before Image should match the After Image
when you compare the two images.
After Image: The After Image is subtracted from the Before Image to provide the image
difference and Highlight Change image. The After Image is the more recent of your two
themes and reflects change over time.
Layer: If you are working with a multiband image, you may choose any band for analysis
in conjunction with the After Image. The After Image should match the Before Image
when you compare the two images.
Image Difference File: A grayscale image composed of single band continuous data.
This image is the direct result of subtraction of the Before Image from the After Image. Since
Change Detection calculates change in brightness values over time, the Image Difference
File reflects that change using the grayscale image. Type in a name for this file here and save
it to a directoy.
Highlight Change File: The Highlight Change Image is a five-class thematic image,
typically divided into the five categories of Background, Decreased, Some Decreased,
Unchanged, Some Increase, and Increased. Type in a name for this file here and save it to
a directory.
Highlight Changes:
As Percent Click the As Percent button to see the changes in brightness as a percent.
The As Percent option works well with continuous data images.
As Value Click the As Value button to see the changes in brightness as a direct result of
subtraction. The As Value option works well with GRID data, like evaluation values.
Increases more than: Type a number in the Increases more than text box. After
application of Change Detection, increases in brightness values, more than the number
you enter, are highlighted in the color you select in the as field.
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Change Detection
as This field is a color chooser for your brightness values. Click on the document
button next to the field to display a color selection. To further customize your selection,
select Other... to display the Color Chooser. For optimim performance, select your
color each time you make a new image.
Decreases more than: Type a number in the Decreases more than text box. After
application of Change Detection, decreases in brightness values, more than the number
you enter, are highlighted in the color you select in the as field.
as This field is a color chooser for your brightness values. Click on the document
button next to the field to display a color selection. To further customize your selection,
select Other... to display the Color Chooser. For optimim performance, select your
color each time you make a new image.
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Single Input Functions

This dialog lets you select a Spatial Modeler Language function to use in processing.
To open this dialog, select Image Interpreter | Utilities... | Functions....
default to File.
corner.
fields below.
153
Select Function: From this scroll list, select the function you want to apply to the input
file. Each function is explained briefly in the Function List below.
Output Options: This group contains options for the output file.
Select Input Layers: Click the popup list button to select the layers to use for this
function.
All Use all layers of the input file.

Interface manual.
Function List
ABS Absolute Value: computes the absolute value of <arg1>.
ACOS Arccosine: computes the arccosine of <arg1>.
154
ACOSH Hyperbolic Arccosine: computes the hyperbolic arccosine of <arg1>.
ANGLE Angle: returns the angle for complex numbers and zero for other types.
ASIN Arcsine: computes the arcsine of <arg1>.
ASINH Hyperbolic Arcsine: computes the hyperbolic arcsine of <arg1>.
ATAN Arctangent: computes the arctangent of <arg1>.
BINARY Convert to Binary: returns true if non-zero, false if zero.
CEIL Ceiling: computes the least integer greater than or equal to <arg1>.
CONJ Complex Conjugate: returns the conjugate of complex numbers, i.e., real part
minus imaginary part. Returns <arg1> for other types.
COS Cosine: computes the cosine of <arg1>. Enter <arg1> in radians.
COSH Hyperbolic Cosine: computes the hyperbolic cosine of <arg1>.
DELTA Delta: true if <arg1> is zero, false otherwise.
EVEN Test if Even: returns true if <arg1> is an even number, false otherwise.
EXP Exponential: computes e raised to the <arg1> power.
FLOOR Floor: computes the greatest integer less than or equal to <arg1>.
GAMMA Gamma: computes the gamma function of <arg1>.
IMAG Imaginary Part: returns the imaginary part of complex numbers. Returns zero for
other types.
INV Multiplicative Inverse: computes the multiplicative inverse of <arg1>, i.e., 1. /

<arg1>.
LOG Natural Logarithm: computes the natural logarithm of <arg1>.
LOG10 Common Logarithm: computes the common logarithm (base 10) of <arg1>.
ODD Test if Odd: returns true if <arg1> is an odd number, false otherwise.
REAL Real Part: returns the real part of complex numbers. Returns <arg1> for other
types.
RECT Rectangle: returns: ABS (<arg1>) <= 0.5.
ROUND Round: computes the nearest integer to <arg1>.
155
SIGN Sign: determines the sign of <arg1>. Returns 1 if <arg1> is positive, 0 if 0, -1 if

negative.
SIN Sine: computes the sine of <arg1>. Enter <arg1> in radians.
SINC Sinc: returns (SIN (π * <arg1>)) / (π * <arg1>).
SINH Hyperbolic Sine: computes the hyperbolic sine of <arg1>.
SQRT Square Root: computes the square root of <arg1>.
STEP Step: returns true if <arg1> >= 0, false otherwise.
TAN Tangent: computes the tangent of <arg1>. Enter <arg1> in radians.
TANH Hyperbolic Tangent: computes the hyperbolic tangent of <arg1>.
TRI Triangle: computes MAX (1. - ABS (<arg1>), 0.).
TRUNC Truncate: truncates <arg1> to integer by removing the fractional part.

WHOLE Test if Whole Number: returns true if <arg1> is a whole number (a non-
negative integer). Returns false otherwise.
➲ See the on-line Spatial Modeler Language manual for more detailed information about each
function.
156
Two Input Operators
Two Input Operators

This dialog lets you perform simple image algebra operations on two input files.
To open this dialog, select Image Interpreter | Utilities... | Operators....
Input File #1: Enter the name of the first input file or click on the File Selector button.
Layer: Click the popup list button to select the layer to use for this operation. You can
select All layers.
Input File #2: Enter the name of the second input file or click on the File Selector button.
Layer: Click the popup list button to select the layer to use for this operation. You can
select All layers.
Output File: Enter the name of the output file or click on the File Selector button. The .img
extension is automatically added.
Output Options: This group lets you select options to use in creating the output file.
Operator: Click the popup list button to select the operator to use.
+ Addition
- Subtraction
* Multiplication
/ Division
POWER Raise to Power: raise <arg1> to <arg2> power.
MOD Modulus
Select Area By: Determine the processing area by selecting one of the following
options.
process.
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Two Input Operators

Interface manual.
➲ For more information, see the Spatial Modeler Language on-line manual.
158
RGB Clustering
RGB Clustering
This dialog allows you to perform RGB clustering on an input image file. RGB clustering can be
used to compress three bands of data into one, or to perform a simple unsupervised
classification. It is often used to rescale 24-bit data to 8-bit data.
This dialog is opened when you select Image Interpreter | Utilities... | RGB Clustering....
default to File.
corner.
fields below.
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RGB Clustering

Red: Enter the layer to use as the red value.
Green: Enter the layer to use as the green value.
Blue: Enter the layer to use as the blue value.
Total Bins: Shows the total number of bins into which the input file is currently divided.
R Bin: Enter the number of bins to use for the red value. The default of 7 often produces
good results.
G Bin: Enter the number of bins to use for the green value. The default of 6 often
produces good results.
B Bin: Enter the number of bins to use for the blue value. The default of 6 often produces
good results.
Stretch Method: Click on the appropriate radio button to select the type of contrast
stretch to apply to the output file. (This stretch is applied before the binning).
Standard Deviation A standard deviation stretch will be applied to the data.
Min-Max The data will be stretched between the minimum and maximum data file values
of each band of the input file.
# Std Devs: Enter the number of standard deviations to use for the Standard Deviation
Stretch Method. (This option is enabled only if you have selected Standard Deviation as
the Stretch Method.)
Ignore Zeros in Input File When this check box is on, pixels with zero file values will
be ignored when statistics are calculated for the output file.
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RGB Clustering
Interface manual.
➲ For more information about RGB clustering, see the “Classification” chapter in the ERDAS
Field Guide.
161
RGB Cluster
RGB Cluster
This dialog allows you to perform RGB clustering on one or more input image files. RGB
clustering can be used to compress three bands of data into one, or to perform a simple
unsupervised classification. It is often used to rescale 24-bit data to 8-bit data.
This dialog is opened when you select Image Interpreter | Utilities... | Adv. RGB Clustering... .
The Advanced RGB Clustering utility plots the pixels from 3 selected input bands into a 3-
dimensional feature space. Then a 3D grid is used to partition the space into clusters. You then
set a minimum threshold on the clusters, so only clusters that are as large as the threshold will
become output classes. Pixels which do not fall into any of the remaining clusters are assigned
to the cluster with the smallest city-block distance from the pixel. The city-block distance is
calculated as the sum of the distances in the red, green, and blue directions of the 3-dimensional
space.
There are 4 steps to performing RGB clustering:
2. Partitioning Input Data.
3. Adjusting Parameters for desired number of classes.
4. Building Lookup Table.
5. Creating Output Files.
To partition input data (step 1),select an input file, and the bands to be used for Red, Green, and
Blue. Then, load the image data into the partitions.
To adjust parameters (step 2), group the initial Red, Green, and Blue partitions into sections, and
set a minimum threshold. These parameters can be adjusted manually until the desired number
of output classes is obtained (typically 256 for 8-bit output). It is also possible to select the
number of sections you want to use, and automatically compute a threshold. This threshold
contains the number of output classes closest to (but not larger than) the specified number of
classes
Raising the threshold reduces the number of output classes. Using fewer sections also lowers
the number of output classes by reducing the number of blocks used in the 3D grid. However,
there are some cases where using fewer sections increases the number of output classes. This
increase occurs when blocks which were below the threshold individually are joined together;
they then exceed the set threshold.
There is a trade off between lowering the number of sections and raising the threshold. The use
of more sections allows more available color gradations in the output file, while larger thresholds
can cause small sections of unique coloration to be lost.
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RGB Cluster
To build a lookup table (step 3), the software builds from the 3-D grid into the output set of
classes using the city-block distance calculation described above.
To create output files (step 4), map an input file through the lookup table built in step 3. This
creates an output thematic file. Multiple files can be mapped through the same lookup table.
Each output file will have the same resulting color scheme, which is useful for mosaicking these
files later.
At any time, the current state of the program can be saved. More files can be added to your set
of partitioned data, or the lookup table can be re-used at a later time.
The interface guides you through the steps by only enabling the appropriate options at each step.
For instance, you cannot start adjusting parameters until at least one image has been partitioned.
You must compute the number of classes before you can build the lookup table. And once the
lookup table is built, you cannot change parameters unless the lookup table is cleared.
Image I/O Many of the parts on this tab are used both during step1, Partitioning Input Data,
and also in step 4, Creating Output Files.
Input File: File for data input. This is used for both the name of input to be partitioned
and for the names of files to be run through the lookup table to create an output.
Layers: The number of layers in the input file
Get From List Each time an image is entered as an input file, the name of the image is
added to the list of input images. This button, which is only enabled after the lookup table
is built, will successively retrieve the names of these images from the list of image names,
and enter it as the Input File for step 4. This allows you to easily run each image that was
partitioned in step 1 to be run through the lookup table in step 4.
Output Image File: Select output file. This is only used in step 4.
Data Type: Displays the data type for output. The type is based on number of classes,
which is determined by the setting of the Section and Threshold Parameters.
Input Layer to Color:
Red: Select the band to represent the red color gun.
Green: Select the band to represent the green color gun.
Blue: Select the band to represent the blue color gun.
Coordinate Type:
Map Choose the coordinate type for the rectangular subset.
File Choose the coordinate type for the rectangular subset.
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RGB Cluster
From Inquire Box Retrieve the coordinates from the Viewer Inquire Box.
Subset Definition:
Skip Factor:
X: Number of pixels to skip in x while loading data into partitions. Used in step 1 only.
Y: Number of pixels to skip in y while loading data into partitions. Used in step 1 only.
Load Image Data Load input image data into partition data. This starts the
processing of the input data into partitions.
Set AOI ... Select an area of interest to bound the processing.
Batch Run the input file through the lookup table to create an output file in batch mode.
Only enabled for step 4.
Produce Output Run the input file through the lookup table to an create output file
Partition Data
Number of Partitions: This is the number of initial partitions into which data is read. The
default is 32.
☞ Note: This number may not be changed after any data has been partitioned. If you wish to
change this value, it should be changed before selecting an input file and bands to be
partioned.
Red Sections: Number of sections to split partitions into for red. Maximum is 32.
Green Sections: Number of sections to split partitions into for green. Maximum is 32.
Blue Sections: Number of sections to split partitions into for blue. Maximum is 32.
Total Pixel Count: Displays the total number of pixels read into partitions from all input
files.
Threshold Count: Minimum number of pixels for cluster to be counted as a class.

Changing this value will also change the Threshold Percent.
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RGB Cluster
Threshold Percent: Minimum percentage of pixels for the cluster to be counted as a

class. Changing this value will also change the Threshold Count. This value is the
Threshold Count divided by the Total Pixel Count x100.
Number of Classes: Displays the number of classes based on the current sections and
threshold.
Data Type: Displays the data type for an output based on the number of classes.
Calculate Number of Classes Calculate the current number of classes based on the
current sections and threshold. This is dIsabled if auto-calculation is in effect.
Auto-calculate classes Automatically recalculates the number of classes when any

threshold or number of section parameters is changed.
Optimize threshold for <n> classes Adjusts the threshold, without changing the
section count, until classes are as close as possible to specified number without
exceeding it.
Clear All Partition Data Deletes all currently loaded partition data. This returns you to
the initial state before any data has been loaded into the partitons.
Lookup Table:
Build LUT Build lookup table for clustering input data. This can only be done after
the number of classes has been calculated.
Clear LUT Delete lookup table and re-enable parameter modification. This allows you
to re-adjust parameters for the same input file.
Partition & Lookup Table I/O:
Read... Read partition data and/or lookup table from the file, and merge with current
data. The data you read must have been partitoned using the same number of initial
partitions as the data you currently have partitioned.
Save Save partition data and/or lookup table to file.
Save As... Save partition data and/or lookup table to a named file.
Input List This tab contains the list of input images.

Input Images: Displays the list of images that were input into the partitions in step 1. The
Get From List button will successively retrieve names of images from this list.
State: Displays the current state of the process.
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RGB Cluster
Close Exit this dialog.
Help Display this On-Line Help file.
166
Layer Selection and Stacking

This dialog allows you to stack layers from different images in any order. The stacked layers are
saved to an .img file.
To open this dialog, select Image Interpreter | Utilities... | Layer Stack....
Input File: Enter the name of the input file to be stacked in the layer. The default file
extension is .img.
Layer: Left-hold this popup list to select the layer(s) from the file above to include in the
stack. Layer 1 is selected by default.
(stack list) As you select layers, you can add them to the list below by clicking Add.
Continue to select files and layers until you have as many stacked as you desire.
Add Click to add the selected layer(s) to the stack list. The items in the stack list are gray
because they are not editable. However, you can clear the list and select different files and
layers.
Clear Click to clear the stack list. All entries are removed.
Output File: Enter the name of the output file. The .img extension will be added
automatically.
process.
167

Interface manual.
168
Subset
Subset
This dialog enables you to copy a selected portion, or subset, of an input data file into an output
data file. It is opened when you select Image Interpreter | Utilities... | Subset... .
This dialog can also be opened when you select Data Preparation | Subset Image....
default to File.
corner.
fields below.
169
Subset
Output: Select the appropriate output file type.
Thematic The output will be a thematic raster layer.
Continuous The output will be a continuous raster layer.
Output Options: This group contains options for the output file
Number of Input layers: The number of layers in the input file is displayed.
Ignore Zero in Output Stats. When this check box is on, pixels with zero file values are
➲ For more information on why certain pixels are contained within a polygon when performing
a Subset with an AOI, see the On-Line Help for Rules for Pixel Inclusion within Polygons.

Interface manual.
➲ For more information about subsetting, see the “Raster Data” chapter in the ERDAS Field
Guide.
170
Create File
Create File
This dialog makes it easy to create a new IMAGINE file. You may define the size and content.
To open this dialog, select Image Interpreter | Utilities...| Create File... . It can also be opened
from the DataPrep menu.
Size: The size of the new file may be numerically entered or derived from the dimensions
of the Inquire Box in a Viewer.
Columns: Enter the number of columns in new file. The default value is 512.
Rows: Enter the number of rows in new file. The default value is 512.
default to File.
corner.
Area Definition: Use this group to define a rectangular area for the output file. The
coordinates of the area may be derived from an inquire box in the Viewer or by entering
explicit X,Y values for the upper left and lower right corners of the area. The default
coordinates are (0,0) and (511,511).
From Inquire Box Click to define the area of the new fie by using the Viewer Inquire
fields below.
171
Create File
Cell Size: This group is enabled only for Map coordinates

X Cell: Enter the width of cells in the new file.
Y Cell: Enter the height of cells in the new file.
Units: Click on the popup list button to select the units of cell dimension.
Meters
Feet
Inches
Centimeters
Points
Square Cells Click this checkbox to make cell height equal to cell width.
Data Type: This group gives information about the output file data types.
Output: Select the appropriate output file type.
Output Options:
Number of Output layers: Enter the number of layers to create in the new file.
Initialization value: Enter the value to use to initialize new file. Every cell is given this
value.
172
Create File

Interface manual.
173
Rescale
Rescale
This dialog allows you to rescale data in any bit format as input and output. It is opened when
you select Image Interpreter | Utilities... | Rescale... .
default to File.
corner.
fields below.
174
Rescale
Input Range Options: This group lets you identify the range of data values to be used
in this function.
Minimum-Maximum Click to use a min-max stretch to identify the range of data values
to be rescaled.
Standard Deviation Click to apply a standard deviation stretch to identify the range of
data values to be rescaled, then enter the number of standard deviations to use.
Output Range: This group lets you specify the range of data values to be output.
Min: Enter the minimum value data to be output.
Max: Enter the maximum value data to be output.
Ignore Value for Minimum Calculation? Turn on this check box and the specified
value will be ignored in the Minimum calculation. Enter the value to be ignored in the number
field below the check box.


Interface manual.
175
Mask
Mask
This dialog enables you to use an .img file to select (mask) specific areas from a corresponding
raster file and uses those areas to create one or more new files. The areas to mask are selected
by class value. To open this dialog, select Image Interpreter | Utilities... | Mask... .
Input Mask File: Enter the name of the .img file to use as a mask or click on the File
Selector button.
Setup Recode ... Click to recode the data values in the input file. The Thematic Recode
dialog is opened.
Window: Select the area of the files to process.
process.
Output File: Enter the name of the output file or click on the File Selector button. The .img
extension will be added automatically.
Input #1: Shows the input file #1 data type.
Input #2: Shows the input file #2 (input mask) data type.
176
Mask

Interface manual.
177
Image Degradation
Image Degradation
This dialog enables you to reduce the resolution of an image by an integer factor in the X and Y
directions. Degrade averages all of the original “small” pixels that make up the new “big” pixels.
If the X and Y factors are large, this method will take more of the original pixels into account in
the computation than a bilinear interpolation or cubic convolution resample would, since these
resampling methods use only a small window for computation.
This dialog is opened when you select Degrade... from the Utilities menu of Image Interpreter.
default to File.
corner.
fields below.
178
Image Degradation
Scaling Factor: Enter a scaling factor by which to degrade the image.

X Scale: Enter the scaling factor by which to degrade the image in the X direction.
Y Scale: Enter the scaling factor by which to degrade the image in the Y direction.
Exclude Background Value Click this checkbox to exclude a particular value from the
output file.
Value to Exclude: Enter the value to exclude.

Interface manual.
179
Replace Bad Lines
Replace Bad Lines

This dialog enables you to remove bad lines or columns in raster imagery. This dialog is opened
when you select Replace Bad Lines... from the Image Interpreter Utilities menu.
default to File.
corner.
fields below.
Output Options: Specify how to replace the bad lines.
180
Replace Bad Lines
Replace Bad: Click to specify whether you want to replace bad lines (rows) or columns.
Lines Click to replace bad lines (rows).
Columns Click to replace bad columns.
By: Click the popup list button to select how to calculate the new lines or columns.
Average Each bad line will be replaced by the average of the lines directly above
and directly below it. If you are replacing columns, this option will average the columns
to the left and right of the bad column.
Copy Line Above Each bad line will be replaced by a copy of the line directly above
it. If you are replacing columns, this option will copy the column to the left of the bad
column.
Copy Line Below Each bad line will be replaced by a copy of the line directly below
it. If you are replacing columns, this option will copy the column to the right of the bad
column.
Enter Bad Line (Column) Numbers: Enter the line or column numbers containing bad
lines. These are the lines that you want to replace.
Ignore Zero in Output Stats. Click to ignore zeros when statistics are calculated.

Interface manual.
181
Vector to Raster
Vector to Raster
This dialog allows you to convert different types of vector data into different types of raster data.
To open this dialog, select Image Interpreter | Utilities... | Vector to Raster....
Input Vector File: Enter the name of the input vector file or click on the File Selector
button. The default is .arcinfo coverage. To search for all coverages, type *.arcinfo. To search
for shapefiles, type *.shp.
Vector Type: Specify the type of features to be converted:

Polygon Convert polygon features to raster.
➲ For more information see Rules for Pixel Inclusion within Polygons.
Line Convert line features (Arcs) to raster.
Point Convert point features to raster.
Use Attribute As Value: Select an item from the feature attribute table to be the cell
value of the output raster. The default is the internal ID.
Output Image File: Enter the name of the output file or click on the File Selector button.
The .img extension is automatically added.
Output Data Type:

Data Type: Click the popup list button to select the data type for the output file.
Layer Type: Select the appropriate output file type.
Ignore Zero in Stats. Ignore the zero value for statistics in the output file.
From Inquire Box Retrieve the coordinates from the Viewer Inquire Box.
Size Definition:
UL X: Enter the upper left X coordinate.
UL Y: Enter the upper left Y coordinate.
LR X: Enter the lower right X coordinate
182
Vector to Raster
LR Y: Enter the lower right Y coordinate.
Cell Size:
X: Enter the X cell size of output pixels.
Y: Enter the Y cell size of output pixels.
Square Cells Click button to make X and Y cells sizes the same.
Units: Select to use Meters or Feet for rasterizing input vector data into output raster.
Meters
Feet
Layer Width: Enter the width in pixels of area to be written.
Layer Height: Enter the height in pixels of area to be written.

Interface manual.
183

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Specifications are subject to change without notice.

Wallis Adaptive Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Inverse Principal Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

Tasseled Cap Coefficients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

Open FFT Layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

Save Layer As ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

Low/High Pass Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

Inverse Fourier Transform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

Periodic Noise Removal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

Topographic Level Slice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

Lambertian Reflection Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

Raster Contour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101

Read Points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104

Add Empty Rows To Point List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106

GIS Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

Neighborhood Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111

Thematic Recode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137

Summary By Zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141

Create Summary Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143

Summary Matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144

Zonal Statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145

Save Zonal Statistics as Raster Attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146

Save Zonal Statistics To Polygon Attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147

Change Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151

Single Input Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153

Two Input Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157

RGB Clustering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159

RGB Cluster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162

Layer Selection and Stacking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167

Create File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171

Image Degradation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178

Replace Bad Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180

Vector to Raster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182

Spectral Enhancement ... Click to access functions for enhancing images by

HyperSpectral Tools... Click to access functions applicable to hyperspectral data. The

Close Click to close this dialog.

Help Click to see this On-Line Help document.

Close Click to close this dialog.

Map Click to use map coordinates, if these data are rectified.

UL X: Upper Left X coordinate

UL Y: Upper Left Y coordinate

LR X: Lower Right X coordinate

LR Y: Lower Right Y coordinate

Batch Click to include this function in a batch file.

Cancel Click to cancel this process and close this dialog.

Help Click to see this On-Line Help document.

Map Click to use map coordinates, if the data are rectified.

UL X: Upper Left X coordinate

UL Y: Upper Left Y coordinate

LR X: Lower Right X coordinate

LR Y: Lower Right Y coordinate

Sobel Click to use the Sobel filter:

Prewitt Click to use the Prewitt filter:

Batch Click to include this function in a batch file.

Cancel Click to cancel this process and close this dialog.

Help Click to see this On-Line Help document.

Map Click to use map coordinates, if the data are rectified.

UL X: Upper Left X coordinate

UL Y: Upper Left Y coordinate

LR X: Lower Right X coordinate

LR Y: Lower Right Y coordinate