PCI 6

th
Edition PCI 6
th
Edition
Headed Concrete Anchors (HCA)
Presentation Outine Presentation Outine
W #esearch Background
$teel Capacity
W Concrete Tension Capacity
W Tension Example
W Concrete $hear Capacity
W $hear Example
W nteraction Example
ackground for
Headed Concrete Anchor Design
ackground for
Headed Concrete Anchor Design
W Anchorage to concrete and the design of
welded headed studs has undergone a
significant transformation since the Fifth
Edition of the Handbook.
W Concrete Capacity Design (CCD) approach
has been incorporated into AC 318-02
Appendix D
Headed Concrete Anchor Design History Headed Concrete Anchor Design History
W The shear capacity equations are based on
PC sponsored research
W The Tension capacity equations are based on
the AC Appendix D equations only modified
for cracking and common PC variable names
ackground for
Headed Concrete Anchor Design
ackground for
Headed Concrete Anchor Design
W PC sponsored an extensive research project,
conducted by Wiss, Janney, Elstner
Associates, nc., (WJE), to study design
criteria of headed stud groups loaded in
shear and the combined effects of shear and
tension
W $ection D.4.2 of AC 318-02 specifically
permits alternate procedures, providing the
test results met a 5% fractile criteria
$upplemental Reinforcement $upplemental Reinforcement
Appendix D, Commentary
supplementary reinforcement in the direction of
load, confining reinforcement, or both, can greatly
enhance the strength and ductility of the anchor
connection.
#einforcement oriented in the direction of load and
proportioned to resist the total load within the
breakout prism, and fully anchored on both side of
the breakout planes, may be provided instead of
calculating breakout capacity.
HCA Design Principles HCA Design Principles
W Performance based on the location of the
stud relative to the member edges
W $hear design capacity can be increased with
confinement reinforcement
W n tension, ductility can be provided by
reinforcement that crosses the potential
failure surfaces
HCA Design Principles HCA Design Principles
W Designed to resist
Tension
$hear
nteraction of the two
W The design equations are applicable to studs
which are welded to steel plates or other
structural members and embedded in
unconfined concrete
HCA Design Principles HCA Design Principles
W Where feasible, connection failure should be
defined as yielding of the stud material
W The groups strength is taken as the smaller of
either the concrete or steel capacity
W The minimum plate thickness to which studs
are attached should be the diameter of the
stud
W Thicker plates may be required for bending
resistance or to ensure a more uniform load
distribution to the attached studs
$tainless $teel $tuds $tainless $teel $tuds
W Can be welded to either stainless steel or
mild carbon steel
W Fully annealed stainless steel studs are
recommended when welding stainless steel
studs to a mild carbon steel base metal
W Annealed stud use has been shown to be
imperative for stainless steel studs welded to
carbon steel plates subject to repetitive or
cyclic loads
$tud Dimensions $tud Dimensions
W Table 6.5.1.2
W Page 6-12
$teel Capacity $teel Capacity
W Both $hear and Tension governed by
same basic equation
W $trength reduction factor is a function of
shear or tension
W The ultimate strength is based on
:9
and not

$teel Capacity $teel Capacity

'
s
= N
s
= nA
se
f
ut
Where
= steel strength reduction factor
= 0.65 (shear)
= 0.75 (tension)
'
s
= nominal shear strength steel capacity
N
s
= nominal tensile strength steel capacity
n = number of headed studs in group
A
se
= nominal area of the headed stud shank
f
ut
= ultimate tensile strength of the stud steel
aterial Properties aterial Properties
W Adapted from AW$ D1.1-02
W Table 6.5.1.1 page 6-11
Concrete Capacity Concrete Capacity
W AC 318-02, Appendix D, Anchoring to
Concrete
W Cover many types of anchors
W n general results in more conservative
designs than those shown in previous
editions of this handbook
Cracked Concrete Cracked Concrete
W AC assumes concrete is cracked
W PC assumes concrete is cracked
W All equations contain adjustment factors for
cracked and un-cracked concrete
W Typical un-cracked regions of members
Flexural compression zone
Column or other compression members
Typical precast concrete
W Typical cracked regions of members
Flexural tension zones
Potential of cracks during handling
%he 5 fractile %he 5 fractile
W AC 318-02, $ection D.4.2 states, in part:
The nominal strength shall be based on the 5
percent fractile of the basic individual anchor
strength
W $tatistical concept that, simply stated,
if a design equation
is based on tests,
5 percent of the
tests are allowed
to fall below
expected
5 Failures
Capacity
Test strength
%he 5 fractile %he 5 fractile
W This allows us to say with 90 percent
confidence that 95 percent of the test actual
strengths exceed the equation thus derived
W Determination of the coefficient k, associated
with the 5 percent fractile (ko)
Based on sample population,n number of tests
x the sample mean
o is the standard deviation of the sample set
%he 5 fractile %he 5 fractile
W Example values of based on sample size
are:
3 = = 1.645
3 = 40 = 2.010
3 = 10 = 2.568
$trength Reduction Factor $trength Reduction Factor
Function of supplied confinement reinforcement
= 0.75 with reinforcement
= 0.70 with out reinforcement
otation Definitions otation Definitions
W Edges
d
e1
, d
e2
, d
e3
, d
e4
W $tud Layout
x1, x2,
y1, y2,
X, Y
W Critical Dimensions
BED, $ED
Concrete %ension Failure odes Concrete %ension Failure odes
W Design tensile strength is the minimum of the
following modes:
Breakout
N
cb
: usually the most critical failure mode
Pullout
N
ph
: function of bearing on the head of the stud
$ide-Face blowout
N
sb
: studs cannot be closer to an edge than 40% the
effective height of the studs
Concrete %ension $trength Concrete %ension $trength
N
cb
: Breakout
N
ph
: Pullout
N
sb
: $ide-Face blowout
T
n
= Minimum of
Concrete reakout $trength Concrete reakout $trength
Where:
C
crb
= Cracked concrete factor, 1 uncracked, 0.8 Cracked
A
N
= Projected surface area for a stud or group
+
ed,N
=Modification for edge distance
C
bs
= Breakout strength coefficient

N
cb
= N
cbg
= C
bs
A
N
C
crb

ed,N

C
bs
= 3.33
f '
c
h
ef
Effective Embedment Depth Effective Embedment Depth
W h
ef
= effective embedment depth
W For headed studs welded to a plate
flush with the surface, it is the nominal
length less the head thickness, plus the
plate thickness (if fully recessed),
deducting the stud burnoff lost during
the welding process about
1
/
8
in.
Projected $urface Area,
3
Projected $urface Area,
3
W Based on 35
o
W A
N
- calculated, or
empirical equations
are provided in the
PC handbook
W Critical edge
distance is 1.5h
ef
o Edge Distance Restrictions o Edge Distance Restrictions
W For a single stud, with d
e,min
> 1.5h
ef


No ef ef ef
A .S h .S h 3 h = =
| |
$ide Edge Distance, $ingle $tud $ide Edge Distance, $ingle $tud
d
e1
< 1.5h
ef

N e ef ef
A d .S h .S h = +
$ide Edge Distance, %o $tuds $ide Edge Distance, %o $tuds
d
e1
< 1.5h
ef

N e ef ef
A d X .S h .S h = + +
$ide and ottom Edge Distance,
ulti Ro and Columns
$ide and ottom Edge Distance,
ulti Ro and Columns
d
e1
< 1.5h
ef
d
e2
< 1.5h
ef

N e ef e ef
A d X .S h d Y .S h = + + + +
Edge Distance odification Edge Distance odification
W +
ed,N
= modification for edge distance
W d
e,min
= minimum edge distance, top, bottom, and
sides
W PC also provides tables to directly calculate N
cb
, but
C
bs
, C
crb
, and +
ed,N
must still be determined for the in
situ condition
e,min
ed,N
ef
d
0.7 0.3 .0
.S h

= +

' '
Determine reakout $trength,
.-
Determine reakout $trength,
.-
W The PC handbook
provides a design
guide to determine
the breakout area
Determine reakout $trength,
.-
Determine reakout $trength,
.-
W First find the edge
condition that
corresponds to the
design condition
Eccentrically Loaded Eccentrically Loaded
W When the load application cannot be logically
assumed concentric.
Where:
e'
N
= eccentricity of the tensile force relative
to the center of the stud group
e'
N
> s/2
ec,N
N
ef

.0
e'

3 h
=

' '
Pullout $trength Pullout $trength
W Nominal pullout strength
Where
A
brg
= bearing area of the stud head
= area of the head area of the shank
C
crp
= cracking coefficient (pullout)
= 1.0 uncracked
= 0.7 cracked

N
pn
= . A
brg
f '
c
C
crp
$ide-Face loout $trength $ide-Face loout $trength
W For a single headed stud located close to an
edge (d
e1
< 0.4h
ef
)
Where
N
sb
= Nominal side-face blowout strength
d
e1
= Distance to closest edge
A
brg
= Bearing area of head

N
sb
= 0 d
e
A
brg
f '
c
$ide-Face loout $trength $ide-Face loout $trength
W f the single headed stud is located at a perpendicular
distance, d
e2
, less then 3d
e1
from an edge, N
sb
, is
multiplied by:
Where:
e
e
d

d
4

+

' '


d
e
d
e
3
$ide-Face loout $ide-Face loout
W For multiple headed anchors located close to an
edge (d
e1
< 0.4h
ef
)
Where
s
o
= spacing of the outer anchors along the
edge in the group
N
sb
= nominal side-face blowout strength for
a single anchor previously defined
o
sbg sb
e
s
N N
d

= +

' '
Example: $tud Group %ension Example: $tud Group %ension
;03:
A flush-mounted base plate with four headed studs
embedded in a corner of a 24 in. thick foundation slab
(4) in. headed studs welded to in thick plate
Nominal stud length = 8 in
f'
c
= 4000 psi (normal weight concrete)
f
y
= 60,000 psi
Example: $tud Group %ension Example: $tud Group %ension
!74-02
Determine the design
tension strength of the
stud group
$olution $teps $olution $teps
$tep 1 Determine effective depth
$tep 2 Check for edge effect
$tep 3 Check concrete strength of stud group
$tep 4 Check steel strength of stud group
$tep 5 Determine tension capacity
$tep 6 Check confinement steel
$tep 1 - Effective Depth $tep 1 - Effective Depth
ef pl hs

h L t t "
8
3
8" " " "
8 8
8"
= +
= +
=

h
ef
= L + t
pl
t
ns


8
= 8 +

3
8


8
= 8in
$tep 2 - Check for Edge Effect $tep 2 - Check for Edge Effect
Design aid, Case 4
X = 16 in.
Y = 8 in.
d
e1
= 4 in.
d
e3
= 6 in.
d
e1
and d
e3
> 1.5h
ef
= 12 in.
Edge effects apply
d
e,min
= 4 in.
$tep 2 - Edge Factor $tep 2 - Edge Factor
e,min
ed,N
ef
d
0.7 0.3 .0
.S h
4in.
.7 0.3
.S 8in
0.8

= +

' '

= +

' '
=
$tep 3 - reakout $trength $tep 3 - reakout $trength


c
bs
ef
cbg bs e ef ef ed,n crb
f ' 4000
C 3.33 3.33 74.Slbs
h 8
From design aid, case 4
N C d X .Sh de3 Y .Sh C
0.8
0.7S 74.S 4 8 .0
000
37.2ips
= = =
= + + + +

= + + + +

' '
=
$tep 3 - Pullout $trength $tep 3 - Pullout $trength

A
brg
= 0.73in

4studs
N
pn
= (. A
brg
f '
c
C
crp
= 0.7(.(3.(4(.0
= 33.2ips
$tep 3 - $ide-Face loout $trength $tep 3 - $ide-Face loout $trength
d
e,min
= 4 in. > 0.4h
ef
= 4 in. > 0.4(8) = 3.2 in.
Therefore, it is not critical
$tep 4 - $teel $trength $tep 4 - $teel $trength

N
s
= n A
se
f
ut
= 0.7S(4(0.44(S
= 8S.82ips
$tep 5 - %ension Capacity $tep 5 - %ension Capacity
The controlling tension capacity for the stud
group is Breakout $trength

T
n
= N
cbg
= 37.2ips
$tep 6 - Check Confinement $teel $tep 6 - Check Confinement $teel
W Crack plane area = 4 in. x 8 in. = 32 in.
2

000 3 .4
000
37, 000
.0 3.4
37.
0.7S 0 .
0.8

= =
=
= = =

cr
e
u
u
vf
y e
A
v
v
A
f
in
$tep 6 - Confinement $teel $tep 6 - Confinement $teel
&se 2 - #6 L-bar
around stud group.
These bars should
extend l
d
past the
breakout surface.
Concrete $hear $trength Concrete $hear $trength
W The design shear strength governed by
concrete failure is based on the testing
W The in-place strength should be taken as the
minimum value based on computing both the
concrete and steel

v
c(failure mode
= v
co(failure mode
C
|
v
co(failure mode
anchor strength
C
x(failure mode
x spacing influence
C
y(failure mode
y spacing influence
C
h(failure mode
thic2ness influence
C
ev(failure mode
eccentricity influence
C
c(failure mode
corner influence
C
vcr
crac2ing influence
Front Edge $hear $trength, V
c3
Front Edge $hear $trength, V
c3

SED
BED
3.0
Corner Edge $hear $trength, 4/10/ V
c3
Corner Edge $hear $trength, 4/10/ V
c3

0.
SED
BED
3.0
$ide Edge $hear $trength, V
c1
$ide Edge $hear $trength, V
c1

SED
BED
0.
Front Edge $hear $trength Front Edge $hear $trength
Where
'
co3
= Concrete breakout strength, single anchor
C
x3
=X spacing coefficient
C
h3
= Member thickness coefficient
C
ev3
= Eccentric shear force coefficient
C
vcr
= Member cracking coefficient

v
c3
= v
co3
C
x3
C
h3
C
ev3
C
vcr
$ingle Anchor $trength $ingle Anchor $trength
Where:
= lightweight concrete factor
= distance from back row of studs to
front edge

v
co3
= .S f '
c
BED

.33

= d
e3
+ y

= d
e3
+ Y
$pacing factor $pacing factor
Where:
X = Overall, out-to-out dimension of
outermost
studs in back row of anchorage
n
studs-back
= Number of studs in back row

C
x3
= 0.8S +
X
3 BED
n
studsbac2
%hickness Factor %hickness Factor
Where:
h = Member thickness

C
h3
= 0.7S
h
BED
for h .7S BED
C
h3
= for h > .7S BED
Eccentricity Factor Eccentricity Factor
Where
e'
v
= Eccentricity of shear force on a group of
anchors

C
ev3
=

+ 0.7
e'
v
BED

'

'

.0 when e'
v

X

Cracked Concrete Factor Cracked Concrete Factor

&ncracked concrete
C
vcr
= 1.0
For cracked concrete,
C
vcr
= 0.70 no reinforcement
or
reinforcement < No. 4 bar
= 0.85 reinforcement < No. 4 bar
= 1.0 reinforcement. < No. 4 bar and
confined within stirrups with a
spacing > 4 in.
Corner $hear $trength Corner $hear $trength
A corner condition should
be considered when:
where the $ide Edge
distance ($ED) as
shown

0.
SED
BED
3.0
Corner $hear $trength Corner $hear $trength
Where:
C
h3
= Member thickness coefficient
C
ev3
= Eccentric shear coefficient
C
vcr
= Member cracking coefficient
C
c3
= Corner influence coefficient

v
c3
= v
co3
C
c3
C
h3
C
ev3
C
vcr
Corner factor Corner factor
W For the special case of a large X-spacing stud
anchorage located near a corner, such that
$ED/BED > 3, a corner failure may still result,
if d
e1
> 2.5BED

C
c3
= 0.7
SED
BED
3
.0
$ide Edge $hear $trength $ide Edge $hear $trength
W n this case, the shear force is applied parallel
to the side edge, d
e1
W #esearch determined that the corner influence
can be quite large, especially in thin panels
W f the above ratio is close to the 0.2 value, it is
recommended that a corner breakout condition
be investigated, as it may still control for large
BED values

0.
SED
BED
3.0
$ide Edge $hear $trength $ide Edge $hear $trength

v
c
= v
co
C
X
C
Y
C
ev
C
vcr
Where:
'
co1
= nominal concrete breakout strength for a
single stud
C
X1
= X spacing coefficient
C
Y1
= Y spacing coefficient
C
ev1
= Eccentric shear coefficient
$ingle Anchor $trength $ingle Anchor $trength
Where:
d
e1
= Distance from side stud to side edge (in.)
d
o
= $tud diameter (in.)

v
co
= 87 f '
c
d
e

.33
d
o

0.7S
$pacing Factor $pacing Factor
Where:
n
x
= Number of X-rows
x = ndividual X-row spacing (in.)
n
sides
=Number of edges or sides that influence
the X direction

C
x
=
n
x
x
.S d
e
+ n
sides
C
x
= .0 when x = 0
$pacing Factor $pacing Factor
W For all multiple Y-row anchorages located
adjacent to two parallel edges, such as a
column corbel connection, the X-spacing for
two or more studs in the row:
C
x1
= n
x
$pacing Factor $pacing Factor
Where:
n
y
= Number of Y-rows
Y = Out-to-out Y-row spacing (in) = %y (in)

Y y
0.S
y
Y y y
e
C .0 for n (one Y row
n Y
C 0.S n for n
0. d
= =

= +

Eccentricity Factor Eccentricity Factor

Where:
e
v1
= Eccentricity form shear load to
anchorage centroid
v
ev
e
e
C .0 .0
4 d

=

' '
ack Edge $hear $trength ack Edge $hear $trength
W &nder a condition of pure shear the
back edge has been found through
testing to have no influence on the
group capacity
W Proper concrete clear cover from the
studs to the edge must be maintained
In the Field $hear $trength In the Field $hear $trength
W When a headed stud anchorage is sufficiently
away from all edges, termed in-the-field of
the member, the anchorage strength will
normally be governed by the steel strength
W Pry-out failure is a concrete breakout failure
that may occur when short, stocky studs are
used
In the Field $hear $trength In the Field $hear $trength
W For h
ef
/d
e
> 4.5 (in normal weight concrete)
Where:
'
cp
= nominal pry-out shear strength (lbs)

v
cp
= S
y
n f '
c
(d
o

.S
(h
ef

0.S

y
=
y
4 d
o
for
y
d
0
Front Edge Failure Example Front Edge Failure Example
;03
Plate with headed studs as shown, placed in a position
where cracking is unlikely. The 8 in. thick panel has a
28-day concrete strength of 5000 psi. The plate is
loaded with an
eccentricity of
1 in from the
centerline. The
panel has #5
confinement bars.
Example Example
!74-02
Determine the design shear strength of
the stud group.
$olution $teps $olution $teps
$tep 1 Check corner condition
$tep 2 Calculate steel capacity
$tep 3 Front Edge $hear $trength
$tep 4 Calculate shear capacity coefficients
$tep 5 Calculate shear capacity
$tep 1 - Check Corner Condition $tep 1 - Check Corner Condition
Not a Corner Condition

SED
BED
K 3
48 + 4
+ 4
= 3.S
$tep 2 - Calculate $teel Capacity $tep 2 - Calculate $teel Capacity
'
ns
= n
s
A
n
f
ut
= 0.65(4)(0.20)(65) = 33.8 kips
$tep 3 - Front Edge $hear $trength $tep 3 - Front Edge $hear $trength
W Front Edge $hear $trength

v
c3
= v
co3
C
x3
C
h3
C
ev3
C
vcr
$tep 4 - $hear Capacity Coefficient $tep 4 - $hear Capacity Coefficient




.33
co3 c
.33
v .S f ' BED
.S S000 4

000
47.02ips
=
+
=
=
W Concrete Breakout $trength, 'co3
$tep 4 - $hear Capacity Coefficient $tep 4 - $hear Capacity Coefficient

C
x3
= 0.8S +
X
3 BED
n
studsbac2
= 0.8S +
4
3
= 0.33
= 0.33
W X $pacing Coefficient, Cx3
$tep 4 - $hear Capacity Coefficient $tep 4 - $hear Capacity Coefficient

Chec2 if h .7S BED
8 .7S OK
C
h3
= 0.7S
h
BED

= 0.7S
8

= 0.S3
W Member Thickness Coefficient, Ch3
$tep 4 - $hear Capacity Coefficient $tep 4 - $hear Capacity Coefficient

Chec2 if e'
v

X

.S
4

OK
C
ev3
=

+ 0.7
e'
v
BED

'

'

.0
=

+ 0.7
.S

'

'

= 0.34
WEccentric $hear Force Coefficient, Cev3
$tep 4 - $hear Capacity Coefficient $tep 4 - $hear Capacity Coefficient
W Member Cracking Coefficient, C
vcr
Assume uncracked region of member
W #5 Perimeter $teel

C
vcr
= .0

= 0.7S
$tep 5 - $hear Design $trength $tep 5 - $hear Design $trength
'
cs
= '
co3
C
x3
C
h3
C
ev3
C
vcr
= 0.75(47.0)(0.93)(0.53)(0.94)(1.0)
= 16.3 kips
Interaction Interaction
W Trilinear $olution
W &nity curve with a
5
/
3
exponent
Interaction Curves Interaction Curves
Combined Loading Example Combined Loading Example
;03
A in thick plate with
headed studs for
attachment of a steel
bracket to a column as
shown at the right
!74-02
Determine if the studs
are adequate for the
connection
Example Parameters Example Parameters
f'
c
= 6000 psi normal weight concrete
/ = 1.0
(8) 1/2 in diameter studs
A
se
= 0.20 in.
2
Nominal stud length = 6 in.
f
ut
= 65,000 psi (Table 6.5.1.1)
'
u
= 25 kips
N
u
= 4 kips
Column size: 18 in. x 18 in.
W Provide ties around vertical bars in the
column to ensure confinement: = 0.75
W Determine effective depth
h
ef
= L + t
pl
t
hs

1
/
8
in
= 6 + 0.5 0.3125 0.125 = 6.06 in
$olution $teps $olution $teps
$tep 1 Determine applied loads
$tep 2 Determine tension design
strength
$tep 3 Determine shear design strength
$tep 4 nteraction Equation
$tep 1 - Determine applied loads $tep 1 - Determine applied loads
W Determine net
Tension on Tension
$tud Group
W Determine net $hear
on $hear $tud
Group

N
hu
=
v
u
e
d
c
+ N
u
=
S

0
+ 4
= 3.02ips

v
u
=
v
u

=
S

= .S2ips
$tep 2 - Concrete %ension Capacity $tep 2 - Concrete %ension Capacity




cb bs N crb ed,N
c
bs
ef
N e e ef
e,min
ed,N
ef
cb
N C A C
f ' 000
C 3.33 3.33 04.8
h .0
A d X d Y 3h 3 3 .0 38.4
d

0.7 0.3 0.7 0.3 0.838
.Sh .S .0
0.7S 38.4 04.8 0.838
N .32ips
000
=
= = =
= + + + = + + + =
= + = + =
= =
$tep 2 - $teel %ension Capacity $tep 2 - $teel %ension Capacity

s se ut
s
N n A f
0.7S 4 0. S
N 33.02ips
000
=
= =
$tep 2 - Governing %ension $tep 2 - Governing %ension
cb s
n
N .32ips N 33.02ips
N .32ips
= =
=
$tep 3 - Concrete $hear Capacity $tep 3 - Concrete $hear Capacity





c co X Y ev vcr
.33 0.7S
co c e o
.33 0.7S
x
0.S
0.S
y
Y
e
ev
vcr
c
v v C C C C
v 87 f ' d d
87 000 0.S 43.72ips
C
n Y 3
C 0.S 0.S 0.S8
0. d 0.
C .0
C .0
v 0.7S 43.7 0.S8 38.02ips
=
=
= =
=

|
= + = + =

=
=
= =
$tep 3 - $teel $hear Capacity $tep 3 - $teel $hear Capacity

s se ut
s
v n A f
0.S 4 0. S
v 33.82ips
000
=
= =
$tep 3 - Governing $hear $tep 3 - Governing $hear
c s
n
v 38.02ips v 33.82ips
v 33.82ips
= =
=
$tep 4 - Interaction $tep 4 - Interaction
W Check if nteraction is required

!f v
u
0. v
n

!nteraction is not Required
.S 0. 33.8

.S .7 !nteraction Required
!f N
hu
0. N
n

!nteraction is not Required
3 0. .3

3 S.38 !nteraction Required
$tep 4 - Interaction $tep 4 - Interaction

N
hu
N
n
+
v
u
v
n
=
3.0
.3
+
.S
33.8
= 0.7 + 0.37 = .08 .
OR
N
hu
N
n

'

'

S
3
+
v
u
v
n

'

'

S
3
= 0.7

S
3
+ 0.37

S
3
= 0.7S .0
"uestions? "uestions?