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REPRODUCTIVE DISORDERS by:EGBautista II, USI-BSN (Jan09)

4. Tests for chlamydia and gonorrhea 5. Cystoscopy - to confirm diagnosis 6. A retrograde urethrogram to confirm diagnosis
V. Treatment

Suprapubic Catheter Insertion - bladder to drain through the abdomen, alleviate urinary retention. Dilation of the Urethra - by inserting a thin instrument to stretch the urethra under local anesthesia. Surgery correct the condition
Urethrotomy - surgical removal of the stricture

Cystoscopic visual urethrotomy performed if stricture is small. A urethral stent may be inserted thru the cystoscope. Cystoscope used to examine the ureter and the bladder Open urethroplasty - performed for longer stricture by removing the diseased portion or replacing it with other tissue.

How successful is Urethroplasty? Results vary depending on the: 1. size and location of urethroplasty 2. number of prior therapies, and the 3.Experience of the surgeon.
Other Treatments

Drugs NA
Last Option: Mitrofanoff Procedure

A urinary diversion - appendicovesicostomy to allow the patient to perform self-catheterization of the bladder through the abdominal wall.
VI. Complications (Urethral Stricture)

Acute Urinary Retention total urine flow obstruction

7. EPISPADIAS
I. Definition

The urethral opening is on the dorsal side of the penis. A rare congenital defect location of the opening of the urethra. The urethra opens on the top or side (not tip) of the penis, though it is possible for the urethra to be open the entire length of the penis.
II. Causes, incidence, and risk factors

1. Cause: UNKNOWN 2. Believed to be related to improper development of the pubic bone. 3. Is often r/t bladder exstrophy **bladder exstrophy. - a congenital birth defect that is the malformation of the bladder and urethra, in which the bladder is turned "inside out".
III. Symptoms

1. Abnormal opening from the pubic symphysis to the area above the tip of the penis 2. Bladder exstrophy (may or may not be present) 3. Widened pubic bone 4. Short, widened penis with chordee (abnormal curvature of the penis) 5. Urinary incontinence 6. Reflux nephropathy 7. UTIs
IV. Signs and tests

CBC Serum electrolytes Pelvic x-ray Intravenous Pyelogram (IVP) UTZ of the urogenital system
V. Treatment

Plastic Surgery (Reconstructive) surgical repair of epispadias Surgery to correct leakage of urine (incontinence), a second surgery. VI. Complications Persistent urinary incontinence - can occur in some people even after multiple operations.

Upper Urinary Tract Damage - (ureters and kidneys) Infertility

8. HYPOSPADIAS
Urethral opening is on the underside, rather than at the end, of the penis.
I. Causes, incidence, and risk factors

1. a congenital defect 2. 3/1,000 newborn boys. 3. Most common less severe, hypospadias near the tip/glans
Note: The types, severity of hypospadias is associated with its location Hypospadias on the 1.Head -most common, less severe, hypospadias near

the tip/glans a. Glanular b. Subcoronal

2.Body/Shaft - more severe forms/less common of

hypospadias occur when the opening is at the midshaft or the base of the penis. a. Distal Penile b. Midshaft c. Proximal Penile
10

REPRODUCTIVE DISORDERS by:EGBautista II, USI-BSN (Jan09)

3.Root - rare, most severe located in the scrotum or the

perineum (behind the scrotum). a. Penoscrotal b. Scrotal c. Perineal
II. Symptoms

1. Urethral opening - not at the tip but is displaced to the underside of the penis 2. Penile downward curvature 3.Hood like appearance d/t malformation of the foreskin. 4.Child must sit down to urinate. 5. Abnormal spraying of urine
III. Signs and tests

PE - For hypospadias occurring at the base of the penis Radiologic studies - to look for other congenital anomalies.
IV. Treatment

1. No circumcision for infants - foreskin should be preserved for future surgical repair (used in grafting) 2. Surgery penis is straightened and the hypospadias is corrected using tissue grafts from the foreskin. 3.Repair - performed in stages, requiring multiple surgeries.

During toddler or preschool years. Nowadays - most urologists recommend repair before 18 mos of age.

9. Other Penile Disorders

Ambiguous genitalia - occurs when a child is born

with genitals that aren't clearly male or female. - The penis may be very small or nonexistent, but - Testicular tissue is present. - In a small number of cases, the child may have both testicular and ovarian tissue.

Micropenis - a disorder in which the penis, although

normally formed, is well below the average size, as determined by standard measurements.

PEYRONIES DISEASE
First described in 1704, named for Francois de la Peyronie, who, in 1743, described a patient who had "rosary beads of scar tissue to cause an upward curvature of the penis during erection." The penile curvature of Peyronie's disease is caused by an inelastic scar, or plaque, that shortens the involved aspect of the tunica albuginea of the corpora cavernosa during erection. I. Definition

Is an acquired inflammatory condition of the penis associated with penile curvature and, in some cases, pain. If left untreated = may cause fibrotic, nonexpansile thickening of corpora tunica, resulting in focal bend, pain or other functional or structural abnormalities of the erect penis. Many cases resolve w/o treatment.
II. Pathology

Build-up of fibrous plaques in the sheath of the corpus cavernosum Plaques are invisible when penis is relax When erect, curvature of the penis occurs Pain, sexual intercourse is difficult/impossible. Plagues may shrink in over time Middle-aged and older men (45-60 y.o.)
III. Signs and Symptoms

- Focal pain with erection - bent erection (curvature with erection) - Inability to penetrate as a result of curvature - Distal flaccidity. - have tenderness on palpation of the indurated plaque (hard mass)
Why curved?

Penile curvature. Fibrous plaque prevents uniform lengthening as erection occurs. As the rest of the corpus cavernosum and corpus spongiosum lengthen, the penis bends toward the involved area.
IV. Causes/Etiology

1. Penile Trauma invasive procedure, blunt trauma or injury during sex 2. elasticity of the collagen of the penis 3. R/T Dupuytrens Syndrome, or Ledderhose Disease (fibrosis of the palmar and plantar fascia, respectively) 4.Episode/s of flexion of the tunica albuginea may result in tears that bleed and form a clot, with subsequent fibrin deposition.
V. Assessment Findings P.E. Penis (+) palpable Indurated plaques

(+) pain upon palpation (inflammatory stage) (+) curvature, hourglass shape (photo of the erect penis) (+) flail distal penis
VI. Diagnostic Tests
11 REPRODUCTIVE DISORDERS by:EGBautista II, USI-BSN (Jan09)

1. Radiographs of the penis = (+) calcification in 20 to 25 percent of patients with end-stage disease, and 25 percent of these patients have frank bone. 2. Doppler flow studies 3. Dynamic infusion cavernosometry and cavernosography are normal both proximal and distal to the plaque, demonstrating that disparity in the erection is not associated with lack of blood flow at or beyond the lesion
VII. Treatment 1.Non surgical - No generally accepted, standard

nonsurgical treatment. (unless the plaque is calcified or the patient is completely incapable of sexual activity)

2.Antioxidant prevent plaque devt (Vit. E, K

aminobenzoate) (antifibrotic property)

3.Corticosteroids - intralesional treatments for

inflammation. 4.Utz, radiation, laser tx, (results are not reliable, limited-sample patient populations for research.
For Surgical - considers penile rigidity, degree of curvature,

shaft narrowing and erectile response. 1. Nesbit Procedure - One commonly used surgical technique Involves excision of the plaque accompanied by "patch grafting" of the defect left by the excision. Graft material - generally is taken from scrotal tunica vaginalis or nonhair-bearing skin from the forearm. And/or with Artificial graft material (Gortex). These materials are generally less elastic and do not permit

adequate stretch of the corpora during erections. 2. Penile prosthesis and application of the tunica albuginea. 3. Excision of the plaque
VIII. Complications 1. rigidity of erection

2.Impotence following surgery.

3. damage of the erectile nerves during penile surgery
12

Male Reproductive Disorders

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disorders of the reproductive system male genitals include 1. testicles 2. duct system (epididymis & vas deferens) 3. accessory glands (seminal vesicles prostate g.) 4. penis prostate disorders 1. bph 2. prostatitis testicular and scrotal disorders 1 (more tags) ernie04
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Male Reproductive System Disorders -Penile Disorders

Problems with the penis can cause pain and affect a man's sexual function and fertility. Penis disorders include

Erectile dysfunction - inability to get or keep an erection Priapism - a painful erection that does not go away Peyronie's disease - bending of the penis during an erection due to a hard lump called a plaque Balanitis - inflammation of the skin covering the head of the penis, most often in men and boys who have not been circumcised Penile cancer - a rare form of cancer, highly curable when caught early And many others.

ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION

Erectile dysfunction (ED) affects the lives of many middle-aged men and their partners to one degree or another. The term erectile dysfunction covers a range of disorders, but usually refers to the inability to obtain an adequate erection for satisfactory sexual activity.

Although erectile dysfunction, formerly called impotence, is more common in men older than 65, it can occur at any age. An occasional episode of erectile dysfunction happens to most men and is normal. As men age, it's also normal to experience changes in erectile function. Erections may take longer to develop, may not be as rigid or may require more direct stimulation to be achieved. Men may also notice that orgasms are less intense, the volume of ejaculate is reduced and recovery time increases between erections.

When erectile dysfunction proves to be a pattern or a persistent problem, it can interfere with a man's self-image as well as his and his partner's sexual life. Erectile dysfunction may also be a sign of a physical or emotional problem that requires treatment.

Erectile dysfunction was once a taboo subject, but more men are seeking help. Doctors are gaining a better understanding of what causes erectile dysfunction and are finding new and better treatments.

Signs and symptoms

Patterns of erectile dysfunction include:

Occasional inability to obtain a full erection Inability to maintain an erection throughout intercourse Complete inability to achieve an erection

Causes

The penis contains two cylindrical, sponge-like structures that run along its length, parallel to the tube that carries semen and urine (urethra). When a man becomes sexually aroused, nerve impulses cause the blood flow to the cylinders to increase about seven times the normal amount. This sudden influx of blood expands the sponge-like structures and produces an

erection by straightening and stiffening the penis. Continued sexual arousal or excitation maintains the higher rate of blood flow, keeping the erection firm. After ejaculation, or when the sexual excitation passes, the excess blood drains out of the spongy tissue, and the penis returns to its nonerect size and shape.

Specific steps take place to produce and sustain an erection:

Arousal. The first step is sexual arousal, which men obtain from the senses of sight, touch, hearing and smell, and from thoughts.

Nervous system response. The brain communicates the sexual excitation to the body's nervous system, which activates increased blood flow to the penis.

Blood vessel response. A relaxing action occurs in the blood vessels that supply the penis, allowing more blood to flow into the shafts that produce the erection.

If something affects any of these factors or the delicate balance among them, erectile dysfunction can result.

Nonphysical causes Nonphysical causes may account for impotence. They may include:

Psychological problems. The most common nonphysical causes are stress, anxiety and fatigue. Impotence is also an occasional side effect of psychological problems such as depression. Negative feelings. Feelings that you express toward your sexual partner or that are expressed by your sexual partner such as resentment, hostility or lack of interest also can be a factor in erectile dysfunction.

Physical causes Physical causes account for many cases of erectile dysfunction and may include:

Nerve damage from longstanding diabetes (diabetic neuropathy) Cardiovascular disorders affecting the blood supply to the pelvis Certain prescription medications Operations for cancer of the prostate Fractures that injure the spinal cord Multiple sclerosis Hormonal disorders Alcoholism and other forms of drug abuse

In fact, erectile dysfunction may be one of the first signs of an underlying medical problem.

The physical and nonphysical causes of erectile dysfunction commonly interact. For instance, a minor physical problem that slows sexual response may cause anxiety about attaining an erection. Then the anxiety can worsen your erectile dysfunction.

Risk factors

A wide variety of physical and emotional risk factors can contribute to erectile dysfunction. They include:

Physical diseases and disorders. Chronic diseases of the lungs, liver, kidneys, heart, nerves, arteries or veins can lead to impotence. So can endocrine system disorders, particularly diabetes. The accumulation of deposits (plaques) in your arteries (atherosclerosis) also can prevent adequate blood from entering the penis. And in some men, erectile dysfunction may be caused by low levels of the hormone testosterone (male hypogonadism).

Surgery or trauma. Damage to the nerves that control erections can cause erectile dysfunction. It may result from an injury to the pelvic area or spinal cord. Surgery to treat bladder, rectal or prostate cancer also can result in erectile dysfunction. Prolonged bicycle riding also can cause a temporary problem. Medications. A wide range of drugs including antidepressants, antihistamines and medications to treat high blood pressure, pain and prostate cancer can cause erectile

dysfunction by interfering with nerve impulses or blood flow to the penis. Tranquilizers and sleeping aids also may pose a problem.

Substance abuse. Chronic use of alcohol, marijuana or other drugs often causes erectile dysfunction and decreased sexual drive. Excessive tobacco use also can damage penile arteries.

Stress, anxiety or depression. Psychological conditions also contribute to some cases of erectile dysfunction.

When to seek medical advice

It's normal to experience erectile dysfunction on occasion. But if erectile dysfunction lasts longer than two months or is a recurring problem, see your doctor for a physical exam or for a referral to a doctor who specializes in erectile problems. Your own doctor or a specialist can help you determine the underlying cause or causes of erectile dysfunction and then help you find the right type of treatment.

Although you might view erectile dysfunction as a personal or embarrassing problem, it's important to seek treatment. In many cases, erectile dysfunction can be successfully treated. Also, see your doctor if the therapy or medication prescribed to treat erectile dysfunction isn't working for you. Don't try to combine medications or therapies on your own or deviate from prescribed doses.

Screening and diagnosis

Your doctor will want to ask questions about how and when your condition developed, the medications you take and any other physical conditions you may have. Your doctor will also want to discuss recent physical or emotional changes.

If your doctor suspects that physical causes are involved, he or she will likely want to take blood tests to check your level of male hormones and for other potential medical problems, such as diabetes. Your doctor may also want to try eliminating or replacing certain prescription drugs

you're taking one at a time to see whether any are responsible for erectile dysfunction.

More specialized tests may include:

Ultrasonography. This test can determine the adequacy of arterial circulation in your genital organs. Ultrasonography involves using a wand-like device (transducer) held over the blood vessels that supply the penis. The transducer emits sound waves that pass through body tissues and reflect back, producing an image to let your doctor see if your blood flow is impaired. The test often is done before and after injection of medication to see if there's an improvement in blood flow.

Neurologic evaluation. Your doctor usually assesses possible nerve damage by conducting a physical examination to test for normal touch sensation in your genital area.

Cavernosometry and cavernosography. Cavernosometry is a test that measures penile vascular pressure. Cavernosography involves injecting a dye into your blood vessels to permit your doctor to view any possible abnormalities in blood flow into and out of your penis.

If your doctor suspects that mainly nonphysical causes are to blame, he or she may ask whether you obtain erections during masturbation, with a partner or while you sleep. Most men experience many erections, without remembering them, during sleep. A simple test that involves wrapping a special perforated tape around your penis before going to sleep can confirm whether you have nocturnal erections. If the tape is separated in the morning, your penis was erect at some time during the night. Tests of this type confirm that there is not a physical abnormality causing erectile dysfunction, and that the cause is likely psychological.

Treatment

A wide variety of options exist for treating erectile dysfunction. They include everything from medications and simple mechanical devices to surgery and psychological counseling. The cause and severity of your condition are important factors in determining the best treatment or combination of treatments for you. You and your doctor may also want to consider how much money you're willing to spend and the personal preferences of you and your partner. If erectile

dysfunction is the result of a medical condition, the cost of treatment may be covered by insurance.

Oral medications Oral medications available to treat ED include:

Sildenafil (Viagra) Tadalafil (Cialis) Vardenafil (Levitra)

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved Viagra in 1998, and it became the first oral medication for erectile dysfunction on the market. Since then, Levitra and Cialis have been approved, providing more options for oral therapy.

Viagra, Levitra and Cialis work in much the same way. Chemically known as phosphodiesterase inhibitors, these drugs enhance the effects of nitric oxide, a chemical messenger that relaxes smooth muscles in the penis. This increases the amount of blood and allows a natural sequence to occur an erection in response to sexual stimulation. These medications don't automatically produce an erection. Instead they allow an erection to occur after physical and psychological stimulation. Many men experience improvement in erectile function after taking these medications regardless of the cause of their impotence.

These medications share many similarities, but they have differences as well. They vary in dosage, duration of effectiveness and possible side effects. Other distinctions for example, which drug is best for certain types of men aren't yet known. No study has directly compared these three medications.

Not all men benefit Although these medications can help many people, not all men can or should take them to treat erectile dysfunction. If you've had a heart attack, stroke or life-threatening heart rhythm during the last six months, don't take these medications. If you've been told that sexual activity could trigger a cardiac event, discuss other options with your doctor. In addition, don't take Viagra, Levitra or Cialis with nitrate medications, such as the heart drugs nitroglycerin (Nitro-Bid,

others), isosorbide mononitrate (Imdur) and isosorbide dinitrate (Isordil). The combination of these medications, which work to widen (dilate) blood vessels, can cause dizziness, low blood pressure, and circulation and heart problems.

Don't expect these medications to fix your impotence immediately. Dosages may need adjusting. Or you may need to alter when you take the medication. Before taking any medication, make sure to discuss with your doctor its potential benefits and side effects.

Prostaglandin E (alprostadil) Two treatments involve using a drug called alprostadil (al-PROS-tuh-dil). Alprostadil is a synthetic version of the hormone prostaglandin E. The hormone helps relax smooth muscle tissue in the penis, which enhances the blood flow needed for an erection. There are two ways to use alprostadil:

Needle-injection therapy. With this method, you use a fine needle to inject alprostadil (Caverject, Edex) into the base or side of your penis. This generally produces an erection in five to 20 minutes that lasts about an hour. Because the injection goes directly into the spongy cylinders that fill with blood, alprostadil is an effective treatment for many men. And because the needle used is so fine, pain from the injection site is usually minor. Other side effects may include bleeding from the injection, prolonged erection and formation of fibrous tissue at the injection site. The cost per injection can be expensive. Injecting a mixture of alprostadil and other prescribed drugs may be a less expensive and more effective option. These other drugs may include papaverine and phentolamine (Regitine).

Self-administered intraurethral therapy. This method's trade name is Medicated Urethral System for Erection (MUSE). It involves using a disposable applicator to insert a tiny suppository, about half the size of a grain of rice, into the tip of your penis. The suppository, placed about two inches into your urethra, is absorbed by erectile tissue in your penis, increasing the blood flow that causes an erection. Although needles aren't involved, you may still find this method painful or uncomfortable. Side effects may include pain, minor bleeding in the urethra, dizziness and formation of fibrous tissue.

Hormone replacement therapy

For the small number of men who have testosterone deficiency, testosterone replacement therapy may be an option.

Vacuum devices This treatment involves the use of an external vacuum and one or more rubber bands (tension rings). To begin you place a hollow plastic tube, available by prescription, over your penis. You then use a hand pump to create a vacuum in the tube and pull blood into the penis. Once you achieve an adequate erection, you slip a tension ring around the base of your penis to maintain the erection. You then remove the vacuum device. The erection typically lasts long enough for a couple to have adequate sexual relations. You remove the tension ring after intercourse.

Vascular surgery This treatment is usually reserved for men whose blood flow has been blocked by an injury to the penis or pelvic area. Surgery may also be used to correct erectile dysfunction caused by vascular blockages. The goal of this treatment is to correct a blockage of blood flow to the penis so that erections can occur naturally. But the long-term success of this surgery is unclear.

Penile implants This treatment involves surgically placing a device into the two sides of the penis, allowing erection to occur as often and for as long as desired. These implants consist of either an inflatable device or semirigid rods made from silicone or polyurethane. This treatment is often expensive and is usually not recommended until other methods have been considered or tried first. As with any surgery, there is a small risk of complications such as infection.

Psychological counseling If stress, anxiety or depression is the cause of your erectile dysfunction, your doctor may suggest that you, or you and your partner, visit a psychologist or psychiatrist with experience in treating sexual problems.

Prevention

Although most men experience episodes of erectile dysfunction from time to time, you can take these steps to decrease the likelihood of occurrences:

Limit or avoid the use of alcohol and other similar drugs. Stop smoking. Exercise regularly. Reduce stress. Get enough sleep. Deal with anxiety or depression. See your doctor for regular checkups and medical screening tests.

Coping skills

Whether the cause is physical factors or psychological factors or a combination of both, erectile dysfunction can become a source of mental and emotional stress for a man and his partner. If you experience erectile dysfunction only on occasion, try not to assume that you have a permanent problem or to expect it to happen again during your next sexual encounter. Don't view one episode of erectile dysfunction as a lasting comment on your health, virility or masculinity.

In addition, if you experience occasional or persistent erectile dysfunction, remember your sexual partner. Your partner may see your inability to have an erection as a sign of diminished sexual desire. Your reassurance that this is not the case can be helpful in this situation.

To appropriately treat erectile dysfunction and strengthen your relationship with your partner, try to communicate openly and honestly about your condition. Couples may also want to seek counseling to confront any concerns they may have about erectile dysfunction and to learn how to discuss their feelings. Try to maintain this communication throughout the diagnosis and treatment process. In fact, treatment is often more successful if couples work together as a team