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AffllloteJ to c85 New uelbl
200910
Al larook 8esldenLlal School
AfflllaLed Lo C8SL new uelhl
larook college673632
Laboratory cert|f|cate
1hls ls Lo cerLlfy LhaL Lhe pro[ecL work LlLled
ls a bonaflde record done by
8eg no
ln parLlal fulflllmenL of Lhe pro[ecL ln 8lology durlng Lhe year
20092010
Mrs Mercy Abraham Mr kkunhoyl
ueparLmenL of 8oLany rlnclpal
Mrs ravlLha
ueparLmenL of Zoology
CerLlfled LhaL Lhe candldaLe was examlned by us ln Lhe pro[ecL work/vlva voce examlnaLlon held aL Al
farook resldenLlal school on
Interna| exam|ner externa| exam|ner
IN1kCDUC1ICN
ln Lhe presenL 21
sL
cenLury world one does noL need Lo say abouL ulLra vloleL rays lL ls Lhe mosL Lalked
abouL Loplc ln Lhls era lrom Lhe common man Lo academlclans uv rays hold an lmporLanL place
uv rays have been dlscussed for long around Lhe world especlally afLer Lhe dlscovery of Lhe hole ln Lhe
ozone layer ln 1990s1he hole meanL Lhe approachlng deaLh of our moLher earLh A hosL of sLudles have
been underLaken by many people and organlzaLlons such as Lhe unlLed naLlons C8LLnLACL eLc
Lven when Lhe world speaks much abouL Lhls greaL calamlLy LhaL has befallen our moLher earLh lL would
surely be a greaL ln[usLlce on Lhe parL of Lhe younger generaLlon especlally Lhe sLudenL fraLernlLy Lo be
ln uLLer lgnorance of Lhls slow klller as Lhey are Lhe fuLure generaLlons who should llve on Lhls earLh
1hus Laklng lnLo conslderaLlons Lhese polnLs Lhls pro[ecL has been Laken up noL only Lo know abouL uv
rays buL also how lL affecLs Lhe blo dlverslLy of our planeL
Pere Lhls pro[ecL deals wlLh Lhe above menLloned polnLs Also Lhe pro[ecL alms Lo glve a comprehenslve
plcLure on Lhe lmpendlng dlsasLer LhaL would Lake place lf we be lgnoranL on Lhls lssue
ACkNCWLLDGLMLN1
Many people have Laken greaL palns Lo make Lhls pro[ecL a reallLy llrsL of all l convey my deep Lhanks Lo
MrsravlLha uepL of Zoology wlLhouL whose guldance Lhls pro[ecL would have become noLhlng Also l
am deeply lndebLed Lo Mrs Mercy Abraham uepL of 8oLany who Loo was lnsLrumenLal ln collecLlng Lhe
daLa requlred for Lhls pro[ecL LasL buL noL Lhe leasL l deeply acknowledge Lhe help glven Lo me by my
classmaLes whose valuable Llps and suggesLlons helped me brlng abouL such a pro[ecL l am deeply
lndebLed Lo Lhem for also helplng me collecL Lhe relevanL lnformaLlon from many sources and also
provldlng many dlagrams requlred Lo emphaslse my polnLs

CCn1Ln1S
1 UL1kAVICLL1 kAS
11 Sources of UV
12 UVA UV8 UVC
2 LIILC1S CI UV kADIA1ICN CN NA1UkL AND nUMANS
21 Damage to mar|ne ||fe
22 Degradat|on of po|ymers p|gments and dyes
23 nAkMIUL LIILC1S CN nUMANS
231 Lffects on Lye
232 Lffects on Sk|n
233 Genet|c effects
234 Lffects on |mmune system
24 C2CNL DLLL1ICN AND UV kADIA1ICNS
2S VULNLkA8ILI1ILS DUL 1C UV kADIA1ICNS
1 UL1kAVICLL1 kAS
ln 1801 Lhe Cerman physlclsL !ohann Wllhelm 8lLLer found LhaL Lhere exlsL lnvlslble rays beyond Lhe
vloleL end of Lhe vlslble specLrum of Lhe Sun LhaL darken sllver chlorlde even more efflclenLly Lhan vlslble
llghL 1hls specLra reglon beLween vlslble llghL and xrays was found Lo be more chemlcally acLlve Lhan
vlslble llghL and named as Lhe ulLravloleL reglon
ulLravloleL (uv) llghL ls elecLromagneLlc radlaLlon wlLh a wavelengLh shorLer Lhan LhaL of vlslble llghL
buL longer Lhan xrays ln Lhe range 10 nm Lo 400 nm and energles from 3 ev Lo 124 ev

1he name means beyond vloleL" (from LaLln oltto beyond") vloleL belng Lhe colour of Lhe shorLesL
wavelengLhs of vlslble llghL uv llghL has a shorLer wavelengLh Lhan LhaL of vloleL llghL
1he elecLromagneLlc specLrum of ulLravloleL llghL can be subdlvlded ln a number of ways 1he drafL lSC
sLandard on deLermlnlng solar radlances (lSCulS21348)
3
descrlbes Lhe followlng ranges
name AbbrevlaLlon WavelengLh range ln
nanomeLers
Lnergy per
phoLon
ulLravloleL A long wave or black
llghL
uvA 400 nm320 nm 310394 ev
near nuv 400 nm300 nm 310413 ev
ulLravloleL 8 or medlum wave uv8 320 nm280 nm 394443 ev
Mlddle Muv 300 nm200 nm 413620 ev
ulLravloleL C shorL wave or
germlcldal
uvC 280 nm100 nm 443124 ev
lar luv 200 nm122 nm 620102 ev
vacuum vuv 200 nm10 nm 620124 ev
LxLreme Luv 121 nm10 nm 102124 ev
naLural sources of uv
1he Sun emlLs ulLravloleL radlaLlon ln Lhe uvA uv8 and uvC bands 1he LarLh's ozone layer blocks
987 of Lhls uv radlaLlon from peneLraLlng Lhrough Lhe aLmosphere 987 of Lhe ulLravloleL radlaLlon
LhaL reaches Lhe LarLh's surface ls uvA
CLher sources 1here are also several arLlflclal meLhods Lo produce uv rays such as from black llghL
(Wood's llghL) ulLravloleL fluorescenL lamps ulLravloleL LLus ulLravloleL lasers synchroLron radlaLlon
sources Argon and deuLerlum dlscharge lamps eLc
uvA uv8 uvC
Among Lhe dlfferenL Lypes of uv we conslder Lhe maln subdlvlslons as uv A uv 8 uv C
UVA (320400 nm)
ulLravloleL llghL Lype A 1hese are rays of llghL from Lhe sun whlch are noL vlslble buL can cause damage
Lo Lhe skln
UV8 (280320 nm)
ulLravloleL llghL Lype 8 1hese are rays of llghL from Lhe sun whlch are noL vlslble buL can cause damage
Lo Lhe skln
1he amounL of uv8 llghL recelved by a locaLlon ls sLrongly dependenL on
O Lat|tude and e|evat|on of the |ocat|on AL hlghlaLlLude polar reglons Lhe sun ls always low ln
Lhe sky 8ecause Lhe sunllghL passes Lhrough more aLmosphere more of Lhe uv8 ls absorbed
lor Lhls reason average uv8 exposure aL Lhe poles ls over a Lhousand Llmes lower Lhan aL Lhe
equaLor
O C|oud cover Lhe reducLlon ln uv8 exposure depends Lhe cover's Lhlckness
O rox|m|ty to an |ndustr|a| area uue Lo Lhe proLecLlon offered by phoLochemlcal smog
lndusLrlal processes produce ozone one of Lhe more lrrlLaLlng componenLs of smog whlch
absorbs uv8 1hls ls LhoughL Lo be one of Lhe maln reasons LhaL slgnlflcanL ozone losses ln Lhe
souLhern hemlsphere have noL been mlrrored ln Lhe norLhern hemlsphere
UVC (100280 nm) uvC rays are Lhe hlghesL energy mosL dangerous Lype of ulLravloleL llghL Lxposure
Lo lL can even lead Lo deaLh LlLLle aLLenLlon has been glven Lo uvC rays ln Lhe pasL slnce Lhey are fllLered
ouL by Lhe aLmosphere Powever Lhelr use ln equlpmenL such as pond sLerlllzaLlon unlLs may pose an
exposure rlsk lf Lhe lamp ls swlLched on ouLslde of lLs enclosed pond sLerlllzaLlon unlL
LIILC1S CI UV kADIA1ICN CN NA1UkL AS WLLL AS nUMANS
1he effecLs of uv radlaLlon on earLh's ecosysLems are noL compleLely undersLood Lven lsolaLlng Lhe
effecLs of uvA versus uv8 ls somewhaL arblLrary SLudles have shown LhaL lncreased uv radlaLlon can
cause slgnlflcanL damage parLlcularly Lo small anlmals and planLs hyLoplankLon flsh eggs and young
planLs wlLh developlng leaves are parLlcularly suscepLlble Lo damage from over exposure Lo uv
Solar uv radlaLlon levels are hlghesL durlng Lhe mlddle of Lhe day ln LoLal almosL half Lhe dayLlme LoLal
uv radlaLlon ls recelved durlng Lhe few hours around noonLlme 1he sunllghL reachlng us conslsLs of only
approxlmaLely 03 uv8 radlaLlon ln Lerms of radlanL energy Clouds as well as ozone have a
Lremendous affecL on uv radlaLlon levels Powever cloudy skles generally do noL offer slgnlflcanL
proLecLlon from uv 1hln or scaLLered clouds can have mlnor lmpacLs on uv and even for a shorL Llme
lncrease uv above whaL lL would be on a blue sky day by furLher scaLLerlng Lhe radlaLlon and lncreaslng
Lhe levels LhaL reach Lhe surface
Damage to mar|ne ||fe 1he peneLraLlon of lncreased amounLs of uv8 llghL has caused greaL concern
over Lhe healLh of marlne plankLon LhaL densely populaLe Lhe Lop 2 meLers of ocean waLer 1he naLural
proLecLlveresponse of mosL chlorophyll conLalnlng cells Lo lncreased llghLradlaLlon ls Lo produce more
llghLabsorblng plgmenLs buL Lhls proLecLlve response ls noL Lrlggered by uv8 llghL AnoLher posslble
response of plankLon ls Lo slnk deeper lnLo Lhe waLer buL Lhls reduces Lhe amounL of vlslble llghL Lhey
need for phoLosynLhesls and Lhereby reduces Lhelr growLh and reproducLlon raLe ln oLher words Lhe
amounL of food and oxygen produced by plankLon could be reduced by uv exposure wlLhouL kllllng
lndlvldual organlsms
Degradat|on of po|ymers p|gments and dyes Many polymers used ln consumer producLs are degraded
by uv llghL 1he problem appears as dlscoloraLlon or fadlng cracklng and someLlmes LoLal producL
dlslnLegraLlon lf cracklng has proceeded sufflclenLly 1he raLe of aLLack lncreases wlLh exposure Llme and
sunllghL lnLenslLy lL ls known as uv degradaLlon and ls one form of polymer degradaLlon SenslLlve
polymers lnclude LhermoplasLlcs such as polypropylene and polyeLhylene as well as speclallLy flbres llke
aramlds
uv damaged polypropylene rope (lefL) and new rope (rlghL)
1here are several oLher conslderaLlons
O ulLravloleL levels are over 1000 Llmes hlgher aL Lhe equaLor Lhan aL Lhe polar reglons so lL ls
presumed LhaL marlne llfe aL Lhe equaLor ls much beLLer adapLed Lo Lhe hlgher envlromenLal uv
llghL Lhan organlsms ln Lhe polar reglons 1he currenL concern of marlne blologlsLs ls mosLly over
Lhe more senslLlve anLarcLlc phyLoplankLon whlch normally would recleve very low doses of uv
Cnly one largescale fleld survey of AnarcLlc phyLoplankLon has been carrled ouL so far SmlLh
eLal _Sclence_1992 Lhey found a 612 drop ln phyLoplankLon producLlvlLy once Lhelr shlp
enLered Lhe area of Lhe sprlngLlme ozone hole Slnce Lhe hole only lasLs from 1012weeks Lhls
LranslaLes lnLo a 24loss overall a measurable buL noL yeL caLasLrophlc loss
O 8oLh planLs and phyLoplankLon vary wldely ln Lhelr senslLlvlLy Lo uv8 When over 200
agrlculLural planLs were LesLed more Lhan half showed senslLlvlLy Lo uv8 llghL CLher planLs
showed negllble effecLs or even a small lncrease ln vlgor Lven wlLhln a specles Lhere were
marked dlfferences for example one varleLy of soybean showed a 16 decrease ln growLh whlle
anoLher varleLy of Lhe same soybean showed no effecL 8arson An lncrease ln uv8 could
cause a shlfL ln populaLlon raLher Lhan a large dleoff of planLs
O An lncrease ln uv8 wlll cause lncreased amounLs of Czone Lo be produced aL lower levels ln Lhe
aLmosphere Whlle some have halled Lhe proLecLlon offered by Lhls 'polluLlonshelld' many
planLs have shown Lhemselves Lo be very senslLlve Lo phoLochemlcal smog
nAkMIUL LIILC1S CN nUMANS
8elng Lhe one whlch commonly affecLs our healLh we usually dlscuss Lhe harmful effecLs of uv8 1he
consequences of lncreased exposure of Lhe human body Lo uv8 radlaLlon wlll ln Lhe flrsL lnsLance be
characLerlzed by Lhe physlcal properLles of Lhls Lype of radlaLlon uv8 radlaLlon does noL peneLraLe far
lnLo Lhe body mosL of lL ls absorbed ln Lhe superflclal Llssue layers of 01 mm depLh 1hls llmlLs Lhe
prlmary effecLs Lo Lhe skln and Lhe eyes 1here are however also sysLemlc effecLs Lhese sLarL wlLh a
prlmary reacLlon ln Lhe superflclal layers buL have consequences LhroughouL Lhe body lL ls Lhe maln
cause of sunburn and Lannlng and lL has lnfluences on Lhe lmmune sysLem uv8 radlaLlon ls also Lhe
maln cause of snowbllndness and an lmporLanL facLor ln Lhe lnducLlon of caLaracLs uv8 radlaLlon
conLrlbuLes slgnlflcanLly Lo Lhe aglng of Lhe skln and eyes and lL ls Lhe uv8 range LhaL ls Lhe mosL
effecLlve ln causlng skln cancer
CeneLlc damage
ulLravloleL phoLons harm Lhe unA molecules of llvlng organlsms ln dlfferenL ways unA absorbs uv8
llghL and Lhe absorbed energy can break bonds ln Lhe unA MosL of Lhe unA breakages are repalred by
proLelns presenL ln Lhe cells nucleus 1hese may mend Lhe damage or parL of Lhe damage 1he repalr
sysLems may however Lhemselves be damaged by lncreased uv8 exposure 8uL unrepalred geneLlc
damage of Lhe unA can lead Lo skln cancers ln one common damage evenL ad[acenL Lhymlne bases
bond wlLh each oLher lnsLead of across Lhe ladder" 1hls makes a bulge and Lhe dlsLorLed unA
molecule does noL funcLlon properly
LffecLs on Skln
" ulLravloleL (uv) lrradlaLlon presenL ln sunllghL ls an envlronmenLal human carclnogen 1he
Loxlc effecLs of uv from naLural sunllghL and LherapeuLlc arLlflclal lamps are a ma[or
concern for human healLh 1he ma[or acuLe effecLs of uv lrradlaLlon on normal human skln
"
1 | Sunburn Cne of Lhe mosL common effecLs of uv exposure ls eryLhema" also known as
sunburn Sunburn occurs when skln cells are damaged by Lhe absorpLlon of energy from uv
rays 1o compensaLe for Lhls ln[ury Lhe skln sends exLra blood Lo Lhe damaged skln ln an
aLLempL Lo repalr lLLhus accounLlng for Lhe redness LhaL ls assoclaLed wlLh sunburn 1he
amounL of Llme lL Lakes for a sunburn Lo occur ls dependenL mosLly on Lhe relaLlve amounLs of
uv rays LhaL are hlLLlng Lhe skln and on a person's skln Lype eople wlLh naLurally dark skln
already have lnherenLly hlgh levels of melanln and so are able Lo spend a longer amounL of Llme
ln Lhe sun before burnlng lf Lhey burn aL all lalrsklnned people don'L have lL qulLe so easy
burnlng can occur wlLhln a relaLlvely shorL amounL of Llme
2 || Sun tan As a defense agalnsL uv radlaLlon Lhe amounL of Lhe brown plgmenL melanln ln Lhe
skln lncreases when exposed Lo moderaLe (dependlng on skln Lype) levels of radlaLlon Lhls ls
commonly known as a sun Lan 1he purpose of melanln ls Lo absorb uv radlaLlon and dlsslpaLe
Lhe energy as harmless heaL blocklng Lhe uv from damaglng skln Llssue uvA glves a qulck Lan
LhaL lasLs for days by oxldlzlng melanln LhaL was already presenL and Lrlggers Lhe release of Lhe
melanln from melanocyLes uv8 ylelds a Lan LhaL Lakes roughly 2 days Lo develop because lL
sLlmulaLes Lhe body Lo produce more melanln 1he phoLochemlcal properLles of melanln make lL
an excellenL phoLoproLecLanL
3 ||| hotodermatoses hoLodermaLoses are skln dlseases where Lhe skln leslons are caused by
llghL Such leslons may be lLchlng papules wheallng of Lhe skln flerce reddenlng and peellng
eLc 1he more senslLlve paLlenLs cannoL even sLand one mlnuLe of ouLdoor dayllghL ln several of
Lhese dlseases Lhe uv8 radlaLlon ln sunllghL ls Lhe predomlnanL causaLlve agenL Loss of
adapLaLlon of Lhe skln Lo llghL appears Lo be a predomlnanL facLor ln Lhese dlseases
4 |v remature Age|ng of Sk|n AnoLher effecL of ulLravloleL rays on Lhe skln ls phoLo agelng
8ecenL sLudles have shown LhaL many of Lhe sympLoms commonly assoclaLed wlLh mere aglng
(le wrlnkles loosenlng of Lhe skln) may lnsLead be relaLed Lo uv exposure Lven careful Lannlng
kllls skln cells damages unA and causes permanenL changes ln skln connecLlve Llssue whlch
leads Lo wrlnkle formaLlon ln laLer llfe uvA uv8 and uvC can all damage collagen flbers and
Lhereby acceleraLe aglng of Lhe skln 8oLh uvA and uv8 desLroy vlLamln A ln skln whlch may
cause furLher damage
3 v Sk|n Cancer
9 0 of Lhe skln carclnomas are aLLrlbuLed Lo uv8 exposure Wayne and Lhe chemlcal mechanlsm by
whlch lL causes skln cancer has been ldenLlfled 1evlnl 1he above named carclnomas are relaLlvely easy
Lo LreaL lf deLecLed ln Llme and are rarely faLal
comprlse sunburn lnflammaLlon eryLhema Lannlng and local or sysLemlc
lmmunosuppresslon
MaLsumura and AnanLhaswamy (2004)
1here are varlous Lypes of skln cancer Cne maln class ls formed by Lhe cuLaneous melanomas Lhe
cancers of Lhe plgmenL cells 1here appears Lo be a correlaLlon beLween brlef hlgh lnLenslLy exposures
Lo uv and evenLual appearance (as long as 1020yrs) of melanoma
1he oLher maln Lypes are basal cell carclnomas and squamous cell carclnomas cancers of Lhe eplLhellal
cells 1hese carclnomas of Lhe skln are someLlmes collecLlvely called nonmelanoma skln cancers" lor
Lhe presenL example we wlll deal wlLh Lhese nonmelanoma skln cancers ln whlLe caucaslans Lhe
lncldence of Lhese cancers ranks hlgh among Lhe varlous Lypes of cancer ln some populaLlons lL ls ln facL
Lhe hlghesL of all 1he lncldence ls lower ln more plgmenLed populaLlons Lyplcally by a facLor of 10 or
even 100 1he morLallLy raLe ls low ln comparlson wlLh LhaL for oLher Lypes of cancer approxlmaLely 1
ln areas wlLh good medlcal care
1he nonmelanoma skln cancers are clearly correlaLed Lo sunllghL 1hey occur mosLly ln llghLsklnned
people and Lhen predomlnanLly on skln areas mosL exposed Lo sunllghL such as Lhe face ln people of
comparable geneLlc background Lhe lncldences are hlgher ln Lhe sunnler geographlcal areas
Larly experlmenLs showed LhaL whlLe raLs exposed Lo sunllghL developed skln cancers buL slmllar raLs
exposed Lo sunllghL fllLered Lhrough wlndow glass dld noL As Lhe wlndow glass absorbed malnly uv8
radlaLlon Lhls resulL lndlcaLed LhaL Lhe carclnogenlc effecL was Lo a large exLenL due Lo Lhe uv8
radlaLlon ln sunllghL
ln Lechnlcal Lerms carclnogenlc effecLlveness was deflned as Lhe reclprocal value of Lhe dally dose of
radlaLlon aL a cerLaln wavelengLh requlred for Lhe lnducLlon of Lumors of 1 mm dlameLer ln 30 of a
group of mlce ln 300 days 1he Lumors ln Lhese mlce were predomlnanLly squamous cell carclnomas
uv8 llghL can cause dlrecL unA damage 1he radlaLlon exclLes unA molecules ln skln cells causlng
aberranL covalenL bonds Lo form beLween ad[acenL cyLoslne bases produclng a dlmer When unA
polymerase comes along Lo repllcaLe Lhls sLrand of unA lL reads Lhe dlmer as AA" and noL Lhe orlglnal
CC" 1hls causes Lhe unA repllcaLlon mechanlsm Lo add a 11" on Lhe growlng sLrand 1hls ls a
muLaLlon whlch can resulL ln cancerous growLhs and ls known as a classlcal C1 muLaLlon" 1he
muLaLlons LhaL are caused by Lhe dlrecL unA damage carry a uv slgnaLure muLaLlon LhaL ls commonly
seen ln skln cancers
LffecLs on Lye
Plgh lnLenslLles of uv8 llghL are hazardous Lo Lhe eyes and exposure can cause welJets
flosb(phoLokeraLlLls or arc eye) and may lead Lo caLaracLs pLeryglum and plnguecula formaLlon
AnoLher osslble eye damage LhaL can resulL from hlgh doses of uv llghL ls parLlcularly Lo Lhe cornea
whlch ls a good absorber of uv llghL Plgh doses of uv llghL can causes a Lemporary cloudlng of Lhe
cornea called 'snowbllndness' and chronlc doses has been LenlLlvely llnked Lo Lhe formaLlon of
caLaracLs Plgher lncldences of caLaracLs are found aL hlgh elevaLlons1lbeL and 8ollvla and hlgher
lncldences are seen aL lower laLlLudes(approachlng Lhe equaLor)uv llghL ls absorbed by molecules
known as chromophores whlch are presenL ln Lhe eye cells and Llssues Chromophores absorb llghL
energy from Lhe varlous wavelengLhs aL dlfferenL raLes a paLLern known as absorpLlon specLrum lf Loo
much uv llghL ls absorbed eye sLrucLures such as Lhe cornea Lhe lens and Lhe reLlna can be damaged
LffecLs on lmmune sysLem
rolonged exposure can cause damage Lo Lhe human lmmune sysLem Cells or Llssue componenLs whlch
are alLered by Lhe radlaLlon may be recognlzed as forelgn by Lhe lmmune sysLem and removed CerLaln
funcLlons of Lhe lmmune sysLem are however suppressed by exposure Lo uv8 radlaLlon When skln ls
exposed Lo more uv8 radlaLlon Lhan lL ls accusLomed Lo lL has Lhe ablllLy Lo adapL
CZCnL uLLL1lCn Anu uv 8AulA1lCnS
Czone depleLlon resulLs ln an lncrease of uv8 radlaLlon buL Lhe shorLer Lhe wavelengLh Lhe sLronger
Lhe lncrease even wlLhln Lhe uv8 range A 1decrease ln Lhe ozone layer wlll cause a esLlmaLed
2lncrease ln uv8 lrradlaLlon lL ls esLlmaLed LhaL Lhls wlll lead Lo a 4lncrease ln basal carclnomas and
6lncrease ln squamouscell carclnomasCraedel CruLzen Many sclenLlsLs Loday belleve LhaL Lhls
llfeproLecLlng sLraLospherlc ozone layer ls belng reduced by Lhe chlorofluorocarbon gases released lnLo
Lhe aLmosphere by dlfferenL sources on Lhe earLh Many envlronmenL groups are vehemenLly proLesLlng
agalnsL Lhe use of Lhese gases and Lhelr use ln many places ln Lhe world has been banned olluLlon on
Lhe earLh has already caused a hole ln Lhe ozone layer above Lhe AnLarcLlc
vuLnl8A8lLl1lLS uuL 1C uv 8AulA1lCnS
A dlagram produced by WPC based on 'global burden of dlseases from solar ulLravloleL radlaLlon' ln Lhe
year 2006
An art|c|e po|nt|ng out the |ncreas|ng So|ar UV Czone Dep|et|on
CCNCLUSICN
1hus we can conclude LhaL uv rays have a dlsasLrous lmpacL on our planeL lL wlll lead Lo many dangers
whlch would affecL noL only us buL also Lhe enLlre llvlng communlLy on Lhls earLh uv rays could lead Lo
many unforeseen dlsasLers whlch could also slgnal Lhe end of llfe on Lhls beauLlful planeL
All Lhe dangers aLLrlbuLed Lo uv rays reachlng our earLh reslde only on man Man by hls reckless acLlons
have dug graves noL only for hlmself buL also for Lhe earLh Loo lL's hls only responslblllLy Lo resLore Lhe
earLh back Lo lLs healLhy mode
1hus a concerLed efforL ls needed on Lhe slde of manklnd Lo qulckly address Lhls danger SLeps have Lo
be Laken from lndlvldual Lo Lhe lnLernaLlonal level Lo proLecL our earLh lrom abandonlng plasLlcs Lo
decreaslng Lhe dependence on auLomoblles man has Lo be careful Lo ensure LhaL he does noL push earLh
Lo lLs deaLh We also need Lo ensure LhaL we do noL creaLe uv rays by machlnes and LhaL Lhelr usage ls
sLrongly resLrlcLed only Lo Lhe academlc fleld Also we need Lo creaLe awareness among ourselves on
Lhe need of Lhe hour Lo proLecL llfe lL's a plLy LhaL we Lry Lo blame domesLlc anlmals for lncreaslng Lhe
levels of meLhane ln Lhe aLmosphere WhaL we need Lo undersLand ls LhaL Lhelr meLhane levels are
noLhlng compared Lo our creaLlon of a hole on Lhe ozone layer 1helr acLlons are Loo small Lo be even
compared Lo our slns
As fuLure generaLlons Lhe sLudenL communlLy also needs Lo be aware ln Lhls Loplc a prlmary reason for
me selecLlng Lhls pro[ecL We Loo should Lake care noL Lo harm our earLh ln any way Always we should
remember LhaL e have not |nher|ted the earth from our fathers but have |eased |t from our future
generat|ons 1hls alone wlll make us responslble and be sLeadfasL ln our Lndeavour Lo combaL Lhe
peneLraLlon of uv rays
8l8LlO6k4PnY
O 9otsoo lAO 111 uv ooJ bloloqlcol effects of uv
O luA coosomet Moqozloe ooJ pobllcotloos luA#878272 #818149 ooJ #921146
O M@evlol uv8 oJlotloo ooJ Ozooe uepletloo ffects oo bomoos oolmols ploots
mlctootqoolsms ooJ motetlols lewls 9ob 8oco otoo 199J
O 9Joyoe cbemlstty of tbe Atmospbetes 2oJ eJ OxfotJ 1991
O 5mltb Ozooe Jepletloo ulttovlolet toJlotloo ooJ pbytoplooktoo blolqy lo oototctlc wotets
5cleoce 255 952 (1992)
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