EN-4540

Telecommunication Transmission and switching

Practical 01

060163EMembers: Hennayaka H.M.S.K Group 060163E 060166P 060175R 060176V 060185X 060186C H.M.S.K. HENNAYAKA H.M.S.A. HERATH I.P.S ILANGAKOON K. ILHAVANCHI S.C.K. JAYAKODY J.M.N.C. JAYALATH

Telecommunication Transmission and switching

Assignment 01

Local Signaling

Practical 01 Operation
Q. 01 If a call is made from telephone 1 to telephone 2, what happens if telephone 2 is replaced (switch hook pressed), and then pick up again? Call is made by telephone 1 to telephone 2, so even though switch hook pressed in telephone 2 line does not get disconnected. When telephone 2 picks up again, line can still resume because of the path is still reserved for that call. Only way to disconnect the line is pressing switch hook of telephone 1 (the one which originate the call). Q.02 With the same call what happens if the telephone 1 is replaced? Call will be disconnect if we replaced telephone 1. Call is originated by telephone 1, so if we replace the telephone 1 call gets cut. If we want it back we have to re dial it. Q.03 What tone or messages do you expect for Dial Tone, Ring Tone, Busy Tone and Number Unobtainable, when using your normal telephone? Dial Tone : Continuous tone Single frequency or combined tone of up to 3 frequencies in the given range with given frequency separation. Ring Tone : discontinuous discrete tone with on time of the tone is less than off time Recommended times, For on time limits For silence time limits : 0.67 1.5 seconds : 3 5 seconds

Busy Tone

: Quick period discontinuous tone with quit equal on and silence time Recommended times, On time to be Silence time to be : 0.3 1.1 seconds : 0.67 1. 5 seconds

Number unobtainable Tone

: Some continuous tone which differ to Dial Tone

Telecommunication Transmission and switching

Practical 02 Tones and Cadences

Q.01 If you have access to an internal telephone systems are the Tones used in that system different from these in the main public system? Yes, tones that are used in internal telephone systems are different in frequency and on - silence time durations. But the basic attributes for each type of tones are still there.

Q.02

What is the value of having similar or even identical tones for the main public system in different countries?

Use of a global Tone for a particular type of tone will provide understanding about what does the tone means, without dependence of what country that the user is in. This will avoid any misunderstanding about the meaning of the tone in international calls operators and users.

Q.03

Why does the CCITT not have a standard for ringing? Before the CCIT issue ITU-T standards for the tones in 1994, there were some operators who were already deployed their own telephone systems with tones. And there were and still are, some technology mismatch with some of existing operators to obey the standards issued by CCIT (e.g analog telephone system operators cant provide tone that is in digital systems). Because of these reasons CCIT does not have a standard for ringing.

Q.04

When would it be useful to have different ringing cadences? If there are multiple operators are operating in one country, they may use different cadences for ringing such a way that it can be differentiate one from other by the user. And also cadences are used to differentiate call from direct line and call from PABX line.

Telecommunication Transmission and switching

Assignment 02

Digital Switch Principles

Practical 01 Time Switching

Q. 1

What is the essential process in digital switching? Time Switching or Time Slot Interchange Digital Switch transfers the content of each time slot in the inlet bus to the appropriate time slot in the outlet bus. In this case the switching of the data from each timeslot in the inlet bus requires the changing the slot position at the outlet bus.

Observation

Switching between 4 telephones, all connected to 1 bus

Q.02

How many data transfer between time lots are required for one telephone connection? 8000 data transfer per second is needed with each data having 8-bit code

Q.03

How often are the data transfers made? One particular telephone connection get one time slot per frame, if data transfer rate is 8000 data per second, transfer of one particular call happens in every 125 s.

Telecommunication Transmission and switching Time duration between two timeslots in a one particular telephone call,

= 125 s Q.04 How long is each data sample available on the serial bus? Assume 32 timeslots per frame, Time that one each data sample available on the serial bus, = 3.9 s = 125/32

Q.05

How many connections can be made between telephones on one 30 channel bus? If 30 channels bus contains 15 inlet timeslots and 15 outlet time slots, we can have 15 maximum simultaneous connections (calls).

Practical 02

Time & Space Switching

Q.01

Why is space switching sometimes required as well as time switching? In the case of large telephone systems one serial bus is not enough to handle the traffic. Such systems use multiple serial buses. Therefore in addition to time switching inside a serial bus, switching between serial buses is also present which is called space switching.

So space switching is used in large telephone systems to provide more inlet and outlet serial buses to handle large number of traffic.

Q.02

How many telephones can be connected through a digital switch with 8 inlet and outlet 30 channel serial buses? This is the format of the switch used on the work board? Total number of telephone connections = 8 X (30/2) = 120

Telecommunication Transmission and switching Q.03 Consider how several similar switches could be connected to provide for 16 inlets and outlets? When connecting several switches, outlet of one switch can be an inlet to another switch other than inlet from inlet bus of a serial buss. And also inlet (or outlet) from one serial bus can be connect to outlet (or inlet) of the same serial bus or it can be a different serial bus.

Assignment 3
Practical 1
Q.01

Digital Switch

How many locations in the connection memory need to be written for one speech connection?

Two locations need to be written. Each speech connection is full duplex. Therefore for transmission and receiving two time slots are required. For each time slot in outlet bus, one location in connection memory required to be written.

Q.02

How long does each sample of data remain in the data memory?

Amount of time a single sample remain in the data memory = 125s

Q.03

What is the sequence of actions to find correct data for the outlet during a particular timeslot?

Each location in the connection memory corresponds to a time slot in the outlet bus and following sequence of actions is executed.

Read the mapping location in connection memory to the outlet bus time slot

Go to the data memory address mentioned in connection memory

Copy data from data memory to relevant timeslot in outlet bus

Telecommunication Transmission and switching Q.04 What entries are made in which locations in the connection memory for a connection between lines L2 and L4? Connection memory

Data 4
con1 con2 con3

Data 2
con4

Practical 2
Q.01 What address is entered in to which location of the connection memory to apply dial tone to line L3? Connection Memory Data 21 Address
con1 con2 con3 con4

Q.02

Why? Line L3 corresponds to the 3rd timeslot in outlet bus. Therefore the data contained in the address mentioned in the 3rd location of the connection memory is copied to the third time slot in outlet bus. Data memory contains following data. Data memory DT RT BUS NU

Address

data21

data22

data23

data24

Telecommunication Transmission and switching Q.03 Is there any limit to number of lines which can receive the same tone from one source at the same time? There is no any limit and each tone can be connected to as many telephones as necessary.

Assignment 4
Practical 1
Q.01

Line Scan

Can you detect a difference in speed of response to the switch hook when the telephone is starting a call, or answering in the silent period (call detect), or when it is ringing (answer detect)?

Detectable difference in dial tones is observed.

Q.02

Why there is a difference?

Subscribers Line Interface Circuit (SLIC) monitors the status of the switch hook. SLIC normally uses a call detect circuit to test the switch hook when the telephone is under the normal condition.

When a call is received to the phone a call detect circuit waits to detect a response from call receiver. Since the circuitry needs some amount of time for detection we could observe a detectable delay.

Q.03

Consider a call which has been established from line L3 to Line L4. What action is

expected by the control if I. Bit 3 changes from 1 to 0; II. Disconnect the call

Bit 2 changes from 1 to 0; Nothing happens

Telecommunication Transmission and switching

Practical 2
Q.01

DTMF Receivers

Under what condition should the microprocessor control use the DTMF code for any particular line? Microprocessor needs to use the DTMF code only if both of following conditions are true There is a change of state on the switch hook Output of the validation signal is high

Q.02

Why does the line scan occur every 20 ms? Validation signal is in high state for at least 40 ms interval. To detect the condition of the validation signal, it is required to sample the validation output pin at time intervals less than or equals to 40ms/2 (20ms). Otherwise it is possible to miss a validation.

Q.03 How does the control determine whether a keypad button has been pressed more than once? Micro processer checks for valid DTMF signals in every 20 ms and validation signal keeps in high state for a 40 ms time. Therefore after every 40 ms interval key pressings can be detected. Humans take much higher time than 40 ms in between two key pressings. Therefore definitely two key pressings can be identified separately.

Q.04

What advantage is there in keeping the DTMF receivers connected continuously? Key pressings can be identified at any situation.

Telecommunication Transmission and switching

Assignment 05

Call Records

Practical 01 Call State

Q.01 Establish a call step by step between two telephones. Record the sequence of States used, including the name and code for each State.

Idle (S0)

Call Request (S1)

Dialing (S2)

Find Line (S3)

Ringing (S4)

Busy (S5)

Number Unobtainable (S6)

Connect (S7)

Q.02

What circumstances cause the system to reach states S5 or S6? S5 S6 : if the dialed number is engage (off hook) state 5 will reach : if the dialed number is wrong or not in use state 6 will reach

Telecommunication Transmission and switching Q.03 This small system can only provide 2 connections at one time. Why are 4 Call records provided? This system is having only 4 telephones so only two connections can provide. But all 4 telephones can put off hook state or idle state so that state should indicate in the call record. Therefore there should be 4 call records to indicate the state of each telephone.

Q.04

Does a large public telephone network need a Call record for every telephone connected? No. In large telephone networks even though there is large number of telephones are present most of them are not in use, only the small portion of that is actively connected to the system. Because of that, call record for each and every telephone that is connected to network is not necessary.

Q.05

What are the advantages of the Call state Diagram? Can observe the call progress Prediction on next state Call state diagram is the basis of the specification and description language (SDL) which serve as an introduction to the SDL concept

Practical 02 Line Identities

Q01. When is a new call Record started Each time a telephone goes off hook to start a call, call record starts.

Q.02

When is a call Record cleared? After a call disconnection

Q.03

If a Call is made from Line L1 to Line L2 at what stage of the call is the required Line Identity entered into the call Record?

After user of line L1 dialing the number of L2

Telecommunication Transmission and switching Q.04 Consider a call at state S4 with CLI=L2 and RLI=L3 a. What is happening? Call is made from Line 2 to Line 3, that is line 3 phone is ringing.

b. For each case what switching is required? Switching between L3 and L2

Q.05

What is the essential information required in the Call Record for the control of a call. Call state S and the Line Identities CLI and if appropriate the dialed number or RLI

Telecommunication Transmission and switching

Discussion
The signaling system is the nervous system of the network. A great deal of information needs to pass back and forth between the network elements in the completion of a call and also in the servicing of specialized features. Four main types of signals handle this passing of information:

Supervisory signals: Supervisory signals handle the on-hook/off-hook condition. For instance, when telephone handset is hooked (i.e., go off-hook), a signal tells the local exchange that a dial tone is required, and if the user exist in the database as an authenticated user, user is then delivered that service; when user hang up (i.e., go back on-hook), user send a notice that says he want to remove the service. A network is always monitoring for these supervisory signals to determine when someone needs to activate or deactivate service.

Address signals: Address signals have to do with the number dialed, which essentially consists of country codes, city codes, area codes, prefixes, and the subscriber number. This string of digits, referred to as the telephone number, is, in effect, a routing instruction to the network hierarchy.

Information signals: Information signals are associated with activating and delivering various enhanced features. Alerting signals: Alerting signals are the ringing tones, the busy tones, and any specific busy alerts used to indicate network congestion or unavailability.

Switching nodes interconnect transmission facilities at various locations and route traffic through a network. They set up the circuit connections for a signal path, based on the number dialed. To facilitate this type of switching, the ITU standardized a worldwide numbering plan (based on ITU E.164) that essentially acts as the routing instructions for how to complete a call through the PSTN. The switching nodes include the local exchanges, tandem exchanges (for routing calls between local exchanges within a city), toll offices (for routing calls to or from other cities), and international gateways (for routing calls to or from other countries). Primary network intelligence is contained in the Class 4 switches (i.e., toll offices switches) and Class 5 switches (i.e., local exchange switches). The Class 4 switches provide long-distance switching and network features, and the Class 5 switches provide the local switching and telephony features that subscribers subscribe to. Following figure shows where the types of telephone exchanges are located.

Telecommunication Transmission and switching

There are two main types of switched services: public and private. Switched public services include local calling, long-distance calling, toll-free calling, international calling, directory assistance, operator assistance, and emergency services. Switched private services can be switchable either because they are deployed within the CPE or because they are deployed on a carrier basis.