Mole fraction = 0.2 = moles of Sucrose / mols Sucrose + mols water Let x = mols water 0.2 = 0.292 / 0.

292 + x 0.2 (0.292 + x) = .0584 + .2x = 0.292 x = (.292 - .0584)/ .2 = 1.168 mols water Convert mols of water into grams 1.168 mols water X 18.0 grams water / 1 mol water = 21.0 grams water

Example #2 - convert 2.50 moles of KClO3 to grams. The molar mass for KClO3 is 122.550 grams/mole. Please note the unit of 'grams/mole.' It is important for proper cancelling of units that you remember to write this unit down when using a molar mass. Following step three, we obtain: 2.50 moles x 122.550 grams/mole = 306.375 grams Determine the mole fraction of KCl in 3000 grams of aqueous solution containing 37.3 grams of Potassium Chloride KCl. Convert grams KCl to moles KCl using the molecular weight of KCl 37.3 grams KCl X 1 mole KCl / 74.6 grams KCl =0.5 mole KCl Determine the grams of pure solvent water from the given grams of solution and solute Total grams = 3000 grams = Mass of solute + Mass of water 3000 grams = 37.3 + grams of pure solvent water 3000 - 37.3 = grams of pure solvent Convert grams of solvent H2O to mols 2962.7 grams water X 1 mol / 18.0 grams = 164.6 mols H2O Apply the definition for mole fraction Mole fraction = moles of KCl / Total mols of KCl and water = 0.5 / 0.5 + 164.6 = 0.5 / 165.1 = 0.00303 How many grams of water must be used to dissolve 100 grams of Sucrose C12H22O11 to prepare a .2 mole fraction of Sucrose in the solution? Determine moles of Sucrose in 100 grams. 100 grams C12H22O11 X 1 mole C12H22O11 / 342 grams = 0.292 moles Determine mols of solvent water from given mole fraction and moles of solute

The name gram-molecule was formerly used for essentially the same concept. The name gramatom (abbreviated gat.) has been used for related but distinct concept, namely a quantity of a substance that contains Avogadro's number of atoms, whether isolated or combined in molecules. Thus, for example, 1 mole of MgB2 is 1 gram-molecule of MgB2 but 3 gram-atoms of MgB2. So lets get on with the use of it it with a few sample problems.

Example #1 - calculate how many grams are in 0.700 moles of H2O2. Make sure you have a periodic table and a calculator handy. Step One: The problem will tell you how many moles are present. Look for the word "mole" or the unit "mol." The number immediately preceding it will be how many moles. I suppose that a problem can be worded in such a way that the number of moles comes after the unit, but that is rare. Step Two: You need to know the molar mass of the substance. The molar mass of H2O2 is 34.0146 grams/mole. You may wish to pause and calculate
this value, if you desire the practice. The formulas for compounds are familiar to you. You know the formula for hydrogen peroxide is H2O2. It should be reasonable that the weight of a formula unit can be calculated by adding up the weights for the atoms in the formula. The weights are read from the periodic table. The formula weight for H2O2 = weight from hydrogen + weight from oxygen The formula weight for H2O2 = 2 H atoms x 1.008 amu + 2 O atom x 16.00 amu = 34.016 amu The molar mass for H2O2 = 34.016 grams H2O2

Step Three: You multiply the moles given by the substance's molar mass: 0.700 mole x 34.0146 grams/mole = 23.8 grams The answer of 23.8 g has been rounded to three significant figures because the 0.700 value had the least number of significant figures in the problem.

The value of the Avogadro constant was first indicated by Johann Josef Loschmidt who, in 1865, estimated the average diameter of the molecules in air by a method that is equivalent to calculating the number of particles in a given volume of gas. This latter value, the number density of particles in an ideal gas, is now called the Loschmidt constant in his honor, and is approximately proportional to the Avogadro constant. The connection with Loschmidt is the root of the symbol L sometimes used for the Avogadro constant, and German language literature may refer to both constants by the same name, distinguished only by the units of measurement. Accurate determinations of Avogadro's number require the measurement of a single quantity on both the atomic and macroscopic scales using the same unit of measurement. This became possible for the first time when American physicist Robert Millikan measured the charge on an electron in 1910. The charge of a mole of electrons is the constant called the Faraday and had been known since 1834 when Michael Faraday published his works on electrolysis. By dividing the charge on a mole of electrons by the charge on a single electron the value of Avogadro's number is obtained. Since 1910, newer calculations have more accurately determined the values for Faraday's constant and the elementary charge. Perrin originally proposed the name Avogadro's number (N) to refer to the number of molecules in one gram-molecule of oxygen (exactly 32g of oxygen, according to the definitions of the period), and this term is still widely used, especially in introductory works. The change in name to Avogadro constant (NA) came with the introduction of the mole as a base unit in the International System of Units (SI) in 1971, which recognized amount of substance as an independent dimension of measurement. With this recognition, the Avogadro constant was no longer a pure number, but had a unit of measurement, the reciprocal mole (mol1). While it is rare to use units of amount of substance other than the mole, the Avogadro constant can also be defined in units such as the pound mole (lb-mole) and the ounce mole (oz-mol). NA = 2.73159757(14)1026 lb-mol1 = 1.707248479(85)1025 oz-mol1 The mole can also be define in terms of carbon atoms as an amount of a substance that contains as many elementary entities (e.g., atoms, molecules, ions, electrons) as there are atoms in 12 grams of pure carbon-12 (12C), the isotope of carbon with atomic weight 12. This corresponds to a value of 6.02214179(30) 1023 elementary entities of that substance. It is one of the base units in the International System of Units, and has the unit symbol mol. The mole is widely used in chemistry, instead of units of mass or volume, as a convenient way to express the amounts of reagents and products of chemical reactions. For example, the chemical equation 2 H2 + O2 2 H2O implies that 2 mol of dihydrogen and 1 mol of dioxygen react to form 2 mol of water. The mole may also be used to express the number of atoms, ions, or other elementary entities in some sample. The concentration of a solution is commonly expressed by its molarity, the number of moles of the dissolved substance per liter of solution. The number of molecules in a mole (known as Avogadro's number) is defined so that the mass of one mole of a substance, expressed in grams, is exactly equal to the substance's mean molecular weight. For example, the mean molecular weight of natural water is about 18.015, so one mole of water is about 18.015 grams. This property considerably simplifies many chemical and physical computations.

Working with Avogadros number:

In chemistry and physics, the Avogadro constant (symbols: L, NA) is defined as the ratio of the number of constituent particles (usually atoms or molecules) N in a sample to the amount of substance n (unit mole) through the relationship NA = N/n. Thus, it is the proportionality factor that relates the molar mass of an entity, i.e. the mass per amount of substance, to the mass of said entity.[2] The Avogadro constant expresses the number of elementary entities per mole of substance and it has the value 6.02214179(30) 1023 mol-1. Previous definitions of chemical quantity involved Avogadro's number, a historical term closely related to the Avogadro constant. Revisions in the base set of units of the International System of Units (SI) necessitated redefinitions of the concepts of chemical quantity. Avogadro's number was defined by Perrin as the number of molecules in one gram-molecule of hydrogen. It is also same number of elementary entities as the number of atoms in 12g of the isotope carbon12.[5] Thus, Avogadro's number is a dimensionless quantity and has the numerical value of the Avogadro constant given in base units. Value of NA[6] in various units 6.02214129(27)1023 mol1
2.73159734(12)1026 lb-mol1 1.707248434(77)1025 oz-mol1

What may you ask is the relevance of this number to me, well, if you are a physics or chemistry student you will find out? WE defined the mole above but really it is just a number. It is 6.02x 1023 of something. It is not just a number that was picked out of a hat, but if you have a mole of something you have 6.02x 1023rdof it. The Avogadro constant is named after the early nineteenthcentury Italian scientist Amedeo Avogadro, who, in 1811, first proposed that the volume of a gas (at a given pressure and temperature) is proportional to the number of atoms or molecules regardless of the nature of the gas.[7] The French physicist Jean Perrin in 1909 proposed naming the constant in honor of Avogadro.[8] Perrin won the 1926 Nobel Prize in Physics, in a large part for his work in determining the Avogadro constant by several different methods.