Certificate

This is to certify that the project entitled Dyes has been submitted by Soumya Subhra Dutta a student of class XII-A under the Roll no.__________ for the academic session 2009-2010. He has completed the project work Chemistry Department under direct supervision of the undersigned as per the requirement for the Board Examination.

(----------) Department of Chemistry ----------------------

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We want to express our sincere gratitude to our
Chemistry teacher Miss Rimpa Mukherjee for her guidance, encouragement and kind co-operation without which my chemistry project wont have been possible. We are also grateful to Mr. Manojeet Das, LABORATORY ASSISTANT, CHEMISTRY

DEPARTMENT for his valuable help during the preparation of this project.

SOUMYA SUBHRA DUTTA XII-A Roll No.________________

GENERAL INTRODUCTION
Qualitative Analysis: The type of analysis that deals with the methods which are used to determine the constituents of a compound. Radical: A radical is defined as an atom or group of atoms which carries charge and behaves as a single unit in chemical reactions. Radicals carrying positive charge are called Basic Radicals and radicals carrying negative charge are called Acidic radicals. Sublimation: It is a process by which a salt directly changes into a gaseous phase without melting when heated. On cooling, vapours condense back to the solid state. Importance of Preliminary test in qualitative analysis Preliminary tests give authentic information about an ion in the salt. For example, golden yellow color in flame test shows the presence of sodium. In a charcoal cavity test, brown residue shows the presence of cadmium in a salt and so on.

Groups reagents for different groups

Group I Dilute HCl Group II H2S in the presence of dil. HCl Group III NH4OH in presence of NH4Cl Group IV H2S in presence of NH4OH Group V (NH4)2CO3 in presence of NH4Cl and NH4OH Group VI NO specific reagent.

List of Acid Radicals ClBrINO3CH3COOC2O42SO42PO43CO32SO32S2NO2-

List of Basic Radicals NH4+ Pb2+ Cu2+ As3+ Fe3+ Co2+ Ni2+ Mn2+ Zn2+ Ba2+ Sr2+ Ca2+ Mg2+

PART I
Test Observations Inference Gas
Dil. H2S04 test: To a small quantity of salt , 1 -2 ml of dil. H2SO4 is added. 1) Colorless, odorless gas with brisk effervense

Radical CO32-

CO2

turns water milky. 2) Colorless gas, pungent smell, turns acidified

SO2

SO32-

K2Cr2O7 paper green. 3) Colourless gas with

rotten egg smell, turns lead acetate paper black. 4) Reddish brown gas, pungent smell, turns

H2S

S2-

NO2

NO2-

FeSO4 black.

Chemicals Reactions involved in dil. H2SO4 test: 1) Carbonate: CaCO3 + H2SO4 CaSO4 + H2O + CO2 2) Sulphides: ZnS + H2SO4 ZnSO4 + H2S

3) Sulphites: Na2SO3 + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + SO2 + H2O 4) Nitrites: 3KNO2 + 3H2SO4 3KHSO4 + HNO3 + H2O + 2NO 2NO2 + O2 2NO2 (brown fumes)

PART II Test
To a small quantity of slat 2-3 ml of concentrated sulphuric acid is added. 1)Colorless gas with

Observations

Inference Gas Radicals Cl-

pungent smell, white fume with aqueous ammonia

HCl

NH4OH white ppt. AgNO3 2) Reddish brown vapors with pungent smell, turns starch paper yellow. It doesnt turn FeSO4 soln black. 3) Deep violet vapors with

Br2

Br-

I2

I-

pungent smell turn starch paper blue. 4) Reddish brown gas with pungent smell turns FeSO4 soln black. 5) Colorless gas which turn lime water milky and a gas which flame. burns with blue

NO2

NO3-

CO2

C2O4-

Chemicals reactions involved in conc. H2SO4 test: 1) Chlorides: NaCl + H2SO4 NaHSO4 + HCl 2) Bromides: NaBr + H2SO4 Na SO4 + HBr H2SO4 + 2HBr KHSO4 + HI 3) Iodides: KI + H2SO4 SO2 + I2 + 2H2O H2SO4 + 2HI S02 + I2 + 2H20

Group Zero Detection of NH4+ Test

Nessler reagent

Observation

Inference

test: Brown ppt. formed (The NH4+ is present.

To the salt soltn few brown color is due to the drops of Nessler reagent formation of were added. Mercuric Amido Iodide [NH2.HgO.HgI] ).

Chemical reactions involved in it are: Nessler Reagent test: 2K2[HgI4] + NH3 + 3KOH NH2.HgO.HgI + 7KI + 2H2O

Group 1 Detection of Pb2+ ion Test Observation Inference

1) HCl test: To the salt White ppt. of is formed Pb2+ is present. soln , dil. HCl is added to which is soluble in water. the solution. 2) K2CrO4 test: To the Yellow ppt. is formed due Pb2+ is present. salt solution chromate, added. 3) KI test: To the salt Yellow ppt. is formed due Pb2+ is present. soln Potassium Iodide is to the formation of PbI2 added. which is soluble in hot water reappears as Golden cooling. spangles on Potassium to formation of PbCrO4. is

K2CrO4

Chemical reactions involved in it:

HCL test: Pb (NO3)2 + 2 HCl PbCl2 + 2HNO3 K2CrO4 test: PbCl2 + K2CrO4 PbCrO4 + 2KCl KI test: PbCl2 + KI PbI2 + 2KCl.

Detection of Cu2+ Test

Potassium Ferro cyanide test: To the sample, few drops of K4[Fe(CN)6] is added.

Observation
Chocolate Brown ppt. of Cuprous Ferro cyanide

Inference
Cu2+ is present

Cu[Fe(CN)6] is obtained.

Chemical reactions involved in it are: Potassium Ferro cyanide test: 2CuSO4 + [Fe (CN)6] + 2 K2SO4.

Group II A Detection of As3+

Test Observation Inference
As3+ is present.

1) Ammonium molybdate A yellow ppt. is formed. test: To a part of the soln, add ammonium

molybdate and heat it. 2) Magnesia mixture A white ppt. is formed. As3+ is present.

test: The second part of the soln is made alkaline with NH4OH solution and magnesia added. 3) H2S gas test: The Yellow ppt. is formed. salt soln is added with dil H2S gas. As3+ is present. mixture is

Chemical Reactions involved are: 1) Ammonium molybdate test: H3AsO4 + 12(NH2)MoO4 (NH4)3AsO4.12MoO3 + 21NH4NO3 + 12H2O. 2) Magnesia Mixture test: H3AsO4 + MgSO4 + NH4OH Mg(NH4)2AsO4 + (NH4)2SO4 + 3 H2O

Group II B Detection of Fe3+

Test
Potassium

Inference

Observation

Ferro Deep Blue coloration of Fe3+ is present.

cyanide test: To the ferric ferro cyanide is sample, few drops of formed. K4[Fe(CN)6] is added.

Chemical reactions involved in it are: 4FeCl3 + 3K4[Fe(CN)6] 12KCl + Fe[Fe(CN)6]3.

Group III Detection of Al3+ Test

1) Lake ppt. Reaction: Al(OH)3

Inference
A A blue lake is seen is

Observation
Al3+ is present

white

dissolved in dil HCl and drop wise NH4OH is

added till the blue color develops. 2) Cobalt Nitrate test: Blue mass is produced. The salt is acted with cobalt nitrate. Al3+ is present

Chemical Reactions involved in it are: Lake test: AlCl3 + 3NH4OH NH4Cl + Al(OH)3

Group IV Detection of Ni2+ Test Observation Inference

is present and

DMG test: To a small Rose red coloration or Ni2+ amount of salt solution, ppt. is formed. few drops of NH4OH is added along with a few drops Glyoxime) DMG(Dimethyl

confirmed.

Detection of Zn2+
Test
1) Sodium

Observation

Inference

Hydroxide White ppt is formed that Zn2+ is present

test: To the salt soln, is dissolved in excess few drops of NaOH are NaOH. added. 2) H2S gas test: To the White ppt is formed salt soln, few drops of NH4OH soln. are added and then H 2S gas is Zn2+ is present

passed. 3) Potassium test: few Ferro White ppt is formed of Zn2+ is present To the Zinc Ferro cyanide. drops of

cyanide sample,

K4[Fe(CN)6] is added.

Chemical reaction involved in it is: NaOH test: ZnCl2 + NaOH ZnOH +NaCl

K4[Fe(CN)6] test: ZnCl2 + K4[Fe(CN)6] Zn[Fe(CN)6]

Detection of Co2+ Test Inference Observation

Ammonium thio cyanate Blue coloration of organic Co2+ is present. ether test: To the salt layer. soln, crystals of NH4SCN are added and 1 ml of amyl alcohol.

Chemical Reactions involved in it are: Ammonium thiocynate ether test: CoCl2 + NH4SCN (NH4)2[Co(SCN)4] + 2 NH4Cl.

Detection of Mn2+ Test

1) and Sodium Bromine

Observations

Inference

Hydroxide A white ppt. was formed. Mn2+ is present test: To But after addition of Br2

the salt soln, NaOH soln water it turned black or is added and well shaken brown. and then Br2 water is added. 2) Lead Peroxide test: Pink colored soln is Mn2+ is present.

To a black ppt. conc. observed. HNO3 and lead peroxide are added. It is boiled, cooled and allowed to settle down.

Chemical reactions involved in it are: 1) NaOH and Br2 water test: MnCl2 + 2NaOH Mn(OH)2 + 2NaCl

Mn(OH)2 + Br2 + H20 MnO(OH)2 2) PbO2 test: MnS + PbO2 + HNO3 2HMnO4 + Pb(NO)3 + 2 H20.

Group V Detection of Sr2+

Test
1) Ammonium

Observation
Sulphate A white ppt. is formed.

Inference
Sr2+ is present

test: To the salt soln, 1 ml of ammonium sulphate soln is added and

warmed. 2)Flame test: Perform Crimson red flame visible Sr2+ is present.

flame test with original through blue glass. salt

Chemical reactions involved in it are

1) Ammonium Sulphate test: SrCO3 + 2 CH3COOH (CH3COO)2Sr + CO2 + H20 (CH3COO)2Sr + (NH4)SO4 2CH3COONH4 + SrSO4

Detection for Ba2+ Test Observation Inference

1) (NH4)2CO3 test: To a A white ppt. soluble in Ba2+ is present small soln, quantity few of salt acetic acid is formed. of

drops

NH4OH and (NH4)2CO3 is added. 2) K2CrO4 test: To the A yellow ppt. is formed. salt solution chromate, added. 3) (NH4)2SO4 test: To a A white ppt. is formed. small of salt soln, Ba2+ is present. Potassium is Ba2+ is present

K2CrO4

(NH4)2SO4 is added.

Chemical reactions involved in it are:

BaC03 + 2CH3COOH (CH3C00)2Ba + CO2 + H2O 1) K2CrO4 test: (CH3C00)2Ba + K2CrO4 2CH3COOK + Ba2CrO4 + H20.

Detection of Ca2+ Test

1)Ammonium

Observation
Oxalate White ppt. is formed.

Inference
Ca2+ is formed.

test: To the salt soln. add 1-2 ml of ammonium oxalate and a little

ammonium hydroxide is added to it. 2) Flame test: Perform Brick red flame yellow Ca2+ is formed. Flame test with the through blue glass.

original salt.

Chemical reactions involved in it are: CaCO3 + 2CH3COOH (CH3COO)2Ca + CO2 + H2O

1) Ammonium Oxalate test: (CH3COO)2Ca + NH4C2O4 2CH3COONH4 + CaC2O4

Group VI Detection of Mg2+ Test Observation Inference

Mg2+ is present.

1) Ammonium Phosphate A white ppt. is formed. test: To the salt soln, some solid NH4Cl and NH4OH is added. Then ammonium soln. added. 2)Charcoal cavity test: A pink mass is obtained. Perform charcoal cavity cobalt nitrate test with phosphate

Mg2+ is present.

the salt soln.

Chemical reactions involved in it are: 1) Ammonium phosphate test: MgCl2 + NH4OH + (NH4)2HPO4

Mg(NH4)PO4 + 2NH4Cl + H20

Detection of Na+ Test

1) Potassium

Observation
pyro- A white milkiness

Inference
is Na+ is present

antimonate test: To the observed. salt soln, potassium pyro antimonite soln is

added. 2)Flame test: Perform Persistent golden yellow Na+ is present. flame invisible through blue glass.

flame test the salt soln.

Chemical reactions involved in it are: Potassium pyro-antimonate test: 2NaCl + K2H2Sb207 2KCl +

Na2H2Sb207

Detection of K+ Test Observation Inference

K+ is present.

1) Sodium Cobalt nitrile A yellow ppt. is formed. test: To the salt soln NaOH soln is added and then sodium freshly cobalt prepared nitrite

soln is added. 2) Picric acid test: To Yellow shining crystalline K+ is present. the salt soln, picric acid ppt. is formed. is added. 3)Flame test: Perform A pale violet flame is K+ is present.

flame test with the salt observed and it is pink soln. through the blue glass.

Chemical reactions involved in it are: 1) Sodium cobalt nitrite soln: 3KCl + Na3[Co(NO2)6] 3NaCl + K3[Co(NO2)6] 2) Picric acid test:KCl + C6H2(NO2)3OH HCl + C6H2(NO2)3OK.