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Harvard Referencing Guidelines: Printed Text

When writing a piece of academic work you must always indicate in your text (reference) when you have used factual information, data, opinion, direct quotation, or have made a summary in your own words (paraphrased) from another source. References (also known as citations) serve to acknowledge the origins of the ideas and information you have used, provide support for the line of argument that you advance in your essay, and allow readers to trace your claims and check them for themselves. The full details of all references you have used in your assignment must also be given in a list at the end of your piece of work. There are several different referencing methods. One of the most widely used is based on the British Standard BS5605 (1990). It is commonly known as the Harvard System. Students should consult their lecturers if they are unsure of the required referencing method.

How to Reference In the Main Body of the Assignment


At every point in the text at which a reference to a particular document is made, the authors surname and the year of publication are inserted. If the authors name occurs naturally in the sentence, the year follows in brackets (see below).

Single Author:

In a recent study Cambers (1997) argued that Brown (2007) points out that In an earlier conference paper Smith (1996) claimed that Beynon and Dunkerley (1999) suggested that

Two Authors:

Alternatively, the authors name and date can be placed at the end of the sentence, both in brackets (see below).

More Than Two Authors: Author with More Than One Published Work in the Same Year:

The nature of laws can vary in accordance to which perspective they are viewed from. (Chartrand et al., 1997) Et al. means and others. (Williams, 1997a); (Williams, 1997b); (Williams, 1997c)

Adapted by Lowri Newman (2007) from David Travis Sociology Style: Guidelines for Coursework on Sociology Modules. University of Glamorgan.

Authors with the Same Surname: No Author:

(Williams, C., 1997); (Williams, R., 1999)

(Anon, 1996) Anon - anonymous. Smith (n.d.) stated that n.d. no date.

No Date:

An 72% of people believe that fixed retirement ages should be organisation or abolished (Age Concern, 2004). Corporate Body as Author:

Secondary Referencing
Sometimes authors may refer to the work/ideas of others. These are known as secondary references. For instance, Brown, in his article of 2004, could make reference to an argument put forward by Green in 2000. This would appear in an essay as:

Examples:

Green (2000) found that (cited in Brown, 2004) or at the end of the sentence - (Green, 2000 cited in Brown, 2004)

The details of Browns book should then feature in the reference list at the end of the essay. There is usually no need to make any reference to Green in this list, although it is advisable to check with your lecturer to find out if they have a preference regarding this. Other Sources You may need to cite sources other than academic books, journals and conference papers, including official publications (UK Government, European Union, United Nations etc.), film, video, tapes of broadcasts, the internet, newspaper articles, or a thesis. For these you should follow the author/date pattern of the examples given above. A separate handout on referencing electronic sources is available from the Drop-in Centre.

Adapted by Lowri Newman (2007) from David Travis Sociology Style: Guidelines for Coursework on Sociology Modules. University of Glamorgan.

Quotations
This refers to instances when you use the exact words of another author in your assignment. You should make sure that all quotations are exact, even if this means reproducing spelling mistakes or odd punctuation, etc. Some authors may use sexist pronouns. You may want to deal with this by putting (sic) after the offending word, to indicate that it is as quoted. Wherever you copy material from a document you must show this clearly. You should cite as above but also include the page number(s) of the quoted material. Quotations can be edited or sharpened up to make a point more clearly. Any material left out should be indicated by three dots in the text . If you need to add a word or two to a quotation to make the sense clear, put these inside square brackets [ ].

Short quotations (up to about two lines of your text) should be in single or double
quotation marks within the text, followed by the citation.

Example:

Chartrand et al. (1997: 1)argue that they [laws] can be said to be just when they create the conditions leading to peace, happiness and prosperity for all persons. This view is

Longer quotations should be set out as an indented passage (i.e., with an extra
margin of about 1cm at the left). Such longer, indented quotations are normally printed single-spaced, are not placed in quotation marks and are usually in a reduced font. Sometimes you will quote an extract that is already a quotation. In the following example, note that the text has been taken from a secondary source, and is cited accordingly.

Example:

that are indispensable and independent of their will, relations of production which correspond to a definite stage of the development of their material forces. The sum total of these relations of production constitutes the economic structure of society(Marx, 1859: 38, cited in Hughes et al., 1995: 42).

In the social production of their life men (sic) enter into definite relations

Adapted by Lowri Newman (2007) from David Travis Sociology Style: Guidelines for Coursework on Sociology Modules. University of Glamorgan.

Reference List At the End of the Assignment


In the Harvard system all cited material is listed in alphabetical order at the end of the piece of work. A sample is given at the end of this handout, showing how to set out the references.

A book:
Author(s): Surname(s), Initial(s) Year of publication (in brackets) Title or Title (be consistent about either underlining or using italics) Edition if other than first Place of publication Publisher

Example: Lowes, R., Peters, H. and Turner, M. (2004) The International Students Guide: Studying at University, London: Sage.

A chapter in an edited book:


Author of contribution Year of publication (in brackets) Title of contribution (in single quotes) In: Author(s)/Editors Title of publication or Title of publication Edition if other than first Place of publication Publisher Page numbers

Example:

Travis, G.D.L. (1980) On the Construction of Creativity: The memory transfer phenomenon and the Importance of Being Earnest in K.D. Knorr, R. Krohn & R. Whitley (eds) The Sociology of the Sciences Yearbook lV: The social processes of scientific investigation, Dordrecht: Reidel, pp 165-193.

Adapted by Lowri Newman (2007) from David Travis Sociology Style: Guidelines for Coursework on Sociology Modules. University of Glamorgan.

An article in a periodical (journal):


Author(s) Year of publication (in brackets) Title of article (in single quotes) Title of periodical or Title of periodical Volume number Part number (in brackets) Inclusive page numbers

Example: Oerton, S. and Atkinson, K. (1999) Voices from the Valleys: Researching lone mothers talk, in Community, Work and Family, 2 (3): 229-56.

An article in a newspaper:
Author(s) Year of publication (in brackets) Title of article (in single quotes) Title of newspaper or Title of newspaper Complete date Inclusive page numbers

Example: White, M. (1998) 68m to Cut NHS Waiting Lists, Guardian, Monday May 18 1998, p. 8.

Other sources: if the reference is to non-book materials, a description of the


medium should be inserted, in brackets, after the title, eg. (video), (dvd), (software).

Electronic media: The reference should give the author and title in the usual way, followed by the full web address. You should give the date on which the document was last updated, if possible. The date on which you accessed the site should also be given. Please see separate handout on referencing electronic sources available from the Drop-in Centre.

Adapted by Lowri Newman (2007) from David Travis Sociology Style: Guidelines for Coursework on Sociology Modules. University of Glamorgan.

A Sample Reference List


Age Concern (2004) Fixed Retirement Ages Must Go Says UK Public [online]. Available: http//www.ageconcern.org.uk/AgeConcern/news_2894.htm [accessed 6 August 2004]. Anon (1996) Anonymous Writing [online]. Available: http//www.fourwinds10.com/anon.htm [accessed 24 July 2004]. Beynon, J. & Dunkerley, D. (1999) Issues in Globalisation, Moscow: Moscow University Press. BBC (1995) Once There was a Time (video). Cambers, P. (1997) On or Off the Bus: Identity, belonging and schism, a case study of a neo-Pentacostal housechurch, in M. Hamilton, S. Hunt & T. Walter (eds), Charismatic Christianity: Sociological perspectives, London: Macmillan, pp 67-83. Chartrand, M., (1997) English for Contract and Company Law, London: Sweet and Maxwell. Department of Health (2004) Funding Boost for Medical School Research.[online] Available: http://www.dh.gov.uk/PublicationsAndStatistics/PressReleases/PressReleasesNotices/fs/e n?CONTENT_ID=4087036&chk=TvoTco[accessed 6 August 2004]. Dunkerley, D. & Thomas, R. (1999) Careering Downwards? Middle managers experiences in the down-sized organisation, British Journal of Management, 10 (2): 15770. Hutson, S. & Jones, S. (1999) Building for the Future? An evaluation of community selfbuild. A report for Barnados, Pontypridd: University of Glamorgan. Norton, M. B. (2002) Salem Witch Trials. [interview online]. Available: http://talkinghistory.oah.org.org/arch2002.html .[accessed 24 February 2003] Oerton, S. (1996) Beyond Hierarchy: Gender, sexuality and the social economy, London: Taylor and Francis. Oerton, S. & Atkinson, K. (1999) Voices from the Valleys: Researching lone mothers talk in Community, Work and Family, 2 (3): 229-56. Bibliography
In some subject disciplines you may be expected to provide evidence of sources consulted other than those cited in your text. These additional sources should be listed separately from your references list and put under the heading bibliography.
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Adapted by Lowri Newman (2007) from David Travis Sociology Style: Guidelines for Coursework on Sociology Modules. University of Glamorgan.

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