Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
OXFORD
A T T H E C L A R E N D O N PRESS
1924
PREFACE
&c. . . . . . . . . 43
16.Verbal Stems . . . . . . . 44
17.PerfectTenses . . . . . . . 46
18.ImperfectTenses. . . . . . . 48
19. Imperatives . . . . . . . . 51
20. Infinitives . . . . . . . . . 52
21. Participles . . . . . . . . 54
22.CompoundTenses . . . . . . . 57
23. Influence of Gutturals upon Verbal Forms . . . 60
LITERATURE
BERLINER, A. Targum Onkelos (text, with introduction and notes).
Berlin, 1884.
Massorah zum Targum Onkelos. Leipzig, 1877. PALESTINIAN JEWISH ARAMAIC
BURNEY, C. I?. Aramaic Origin of the Fourth Gospel. Oxford, 1922.
DALMAK, GUSTAF. Grammatik des Jiidisch-Palastinischen Ara-
maisch. Zweite Auflage. Leipzig, 1905.
4 I. INTRODUCTION
Aramaisch- Neuhebraisches Handworterbuch zu Targum,
Talmud und Midrasch. Zweite verbesserte und vermehrte
Auflage. Frankfurt a. Main, 1922. DALMAN'SGran~nzarof ]ew?sh-Paleslznza?~Aramaic (Leipzig,
..
Aramaische Dialektproben .mit Worterverzeichnis. Leipzig, 1 8 9 ~ opened
) a new period in the study of the Aramaic dialects.
1896. It separated clearly for the first time the dialects of the Targums,
Worte Iesu. Leipzig, 1898. (English trans., T. & T. Clark, Talmuds, and Blidrashim, and it supplied a coherent and correct
1902.) vocalization of the grammatical forms of the Targum of Onkelos
and of the related dialect used in the Palestinian Talmud. The
DIETTRICH. Grammatische Beobachtungen zu drei . . Hand- .
schriften des Onqelostargums. ZATW xx 1900 (pp. 148- vocalization was based upon Yemenite IISS., which employed
59). supralinear vowel signs. The second edition of Dalman's grammar
KAHLE,PAUL. Masoreten des Ostens -die altesten punktierten (1905)~along aith his dictionary ( I ~ o I )supplemented
, and revised
Handschriften des Alten Testaments und der Targume his early work, but did not change its fundamental character.
(in Kittel's Beitrage, Heft 15). Leipzig, 1913. It was now made clear that the Targums of Onkelos (Penta-
LAGARDE, PAULDE. Prophetae chaldaice. Leipzig, I 8 7 2. 1 teuch) and Jonathan (Prophets) were written in practically the
LANDAUER, S. Studien zu Merx' Chrestomathia targumica. I n same Aramaic dialect (OJ), somewhat modified by the influence
Zeitschrift fiir Assyriologie, vol. iii, 1888 (pp. 263-92). of the Hebrew originals, and that the Palestinian Talmud and
MERX, ADALBERT.Chrestomathia Targumica (with critical notes Midrashim preserved the remains of another dialect (PTM), closely
and Latin glossary). Berlin, 1888. related to the former. Because of this relationship Dalman sup-
PRAETORIUS, FRANZ. Targum zu Josua in Jemenischer ~berliefe- plied the unvocal~zedtexts of P T M with vowels determined for
rung. Berlin, 1899.
the most part by the analogy of the supralinear tradition of the
Targum zum Buch der Richter in Jemenischer ~ b e r l i e f e r u n ~ . Targums. In this whole literature he saw, with good reason, the
Berlin, I goo.
best avenue of approach to the Aramaic speech of Palestine in
STRACK, H. L. Grammatik des Biblisch-Aramaischen, mit . . .
the time of Christ and a valuable help to the study of the language
Texten und einem Worterbuch. 6te Auflage. Munich,
1921. and thought of the New Testament.
&Y The origin, character, and variations of the supralinear IIISS. of
2765 B
I
10 $ 1. INTRODUCTION II
the Targums have been greatly elucidated by the patient and $ 2.1 ORTHOGRAPHY
extensive researches of Paul ICahle (published in 1913). ~i~
1, ln unvocalized texts JPTM) h., 3 , 1, and ' are freely used to
may be summarized as follows. The oldest and best
tradition of the Aramaic of the Targums is contained in MSS. of
(i. e. Meso~otamian) origin. The Yemenite MSS.
indicate vowels. W ~ \ V and yodh frequently denote short
as \?,ell as long rowels. Typical examples are:
llyn = I"&, 5 D p ' ~= ~ Q P , ~51'9= H)??, /'n" = P
*"
=
C 1'5'n'u =
K,
'k,
represent this tradition modified by the principles of the school of
Tiberias in Palestine. The measure of Palestinian influence in- 79bny, m,l = ~ ~ 33'1;~ 3 , = 7'>3, K n l n =KF!?, UP' or 'P?. The
vowel of the inflected forms of segholate nouns ( h . 5 ~ ' ~ and
)
creased as time went on, SO that the older Yemenite MSS, arg
the preformative vowel of verbal reflexives (1'5'n'~)are
nearer to the Babylonian tradition than the later. The sublinear
indicated in this way. The insertion of vowel signs into texts originally
vocalization of Berliner's edition of Onkelos goes back ultimately
unvocalired accounts for the existence of forms like PI'?, 5 ~ ? 9
to a MS. which used the supralinear system. The forms of
unvocalized texts 11 and $9 may be written for consonantal waw
Berliner's edition are not real Aramaic forms, but through them
we reach a supralinear tradition similar to that of the MSS. and in the middle of a word (e. g. jlli'5 = I!!+), and for "
diphthongal ni or for 9 pronounced as a double consonant, with
which employ a supralinear vocalization,
daghesh (e.g. jyyp = ~ 2 ) . N and 3 both represent a final long
The texts of P T M are to a large extent stories written in a
popular style- The language, according to Dalman, is that vowel, especially (I. I n PTM and OJ K is the more commonly
used. OTA K is preferred in some cases, e.g. to represent lhe
Galilee in the third and fourth centuries A.D. Part of what is
emphatic ending (§ s), 3 in other cases, e.g. in the feminine
contained in the Midrashim may be dated as late as the sixth
century. There are some differences of vocabulary between the termination 2,. In i H n (who?) and SUP (he entered) '
denotes
the short 2, in order to distinguish these words from the preposi-
Targums of Onkelos and Jonathan, but no very obvious differences
tions 1~ and ~~r ;n and 52 are generally used. Final
of grammar- The Aramaic of these Targums has a more literary
character than the language of the Galilean stories, and is supposed thongal n i is often denoted by 'K.
2. ~h~ punctuation of the I1ISS. of Babylonian origin published
have been moulded first in Judea. The Targums themselves
by Kahle is by no means uniform, varying through several stages
not have received their final literary form before the fifth
from a quite simple system to one which is highly complex. The
century, but the idiom in which they are written probably goes
system of the Yemenite MSS. is a variation of the simple Babylonian
back at least to the second century and perhaps earlier. ~ ~ l ~ ~ the ~ ' and differences
~
system, and of these are,
of the phraseology of the New Testament in the
light of Aramaic usage proceeds on the view that we have in OJ principally, what is explained in the following
and PTM, respectively, close approximations to the literary and C. F. ~~~~~~v~ Aranzaicorigilt oftAeForbrfh Gospel ( 1 9 ~ ~ )It. gives a most
popular forms of the language of Palestine in the time of Christ.' valuable synopsis of the Aramaic idioms and constructiolls which may be
looked for in the Greek of NT.
See especially Da1man.s Word- of jcszrs, Introduction, section viii. ~h~ i ~ i ~ may be omitted when the grammar is being read for :he first
b section
recent attempt to show the influence of Aramaic upon a NT writer is time. A knowledge of the ordinary Hebrew alphabet is P ~ ~ ~ ~ P P ~
12 4 2. ORTHOGRAPHY $2. ORTHOGRAPHY 13
3. In the simple Babylonian punctuation there are signs for periods, both 5, and )j \Irere pronounced as Hebrew ?i. No
'
daghesh (a supralinear or *) and raphe (supralinear P or 3, \.hi&, distinction is made in the representation of pathah and seghol,
are seldom used (Kahle, p. 167). Some Yemenite MSS. although, presumably, both sounds were used in actual speech. In
do not daghesh at all (as in Perx, pp. 5 7 ff.),others regu- transliterating the supralinear pathah into sublinear ~vriting, the
larly use the Palestinian sign (so in Judges and Joshua as edited by analogy of O T A and of Hebrew will determine Our choice between
PraetOrius). The supralinear MSS. of OTA in Strack occasionally sublinear pathah and sublinear seghol-
exhibit the Babylonian signs for daghesh (Dan. 4. 24, 5. 8, 2, kc) 7. ln Babylonian and sporadically in Yemenite blSS., pathah is
and raphe (Dan. 5 . 7 , 1 2 ) . used for l;lafeph pathah, following K and II and sometimes
4. The supralinear punctuation at first had no sign equivalent and n (e.g. ~ n forg in!, 1'2PK for 7'2gU). This usage Occurs
the Palestinian silent shewa. Some Babylonian MSS., however, in the supralinear hlSS. of O T A (Dan. 3. m , 3. 13, 4. 25j 4' 29)j
which a system of punctuation, employ the sign for but ,lot consistently (Dan. 4. 32 7722, 5 . 5 '%Q).
shews ambiguously as in the Palestinian system. I~ yemenite 8. some supralinear AIsS. hare forms like v!'(l, N?>'F, "!??'n
MSS. the shera sign usually represents only vocal shewa, although (= Hebretv ~135, v~+u, bmu), instead of forms commencing with
in some few cases it may represent Palestinian silent shews also. or u. It is possible that this orthography represents an a h n a -
5. Pathah furtive is seldom represented in either the Babylonian tive pronullciation of the words in question, but more likely that
Or the Yemenite MSS., but was, presumably, pronounced in the \vith sere, simply represented .::, just as pathah Stood for -:+
presence if it is preceded by the conjunction ! or 9 (Gen. I. 10, Accent. I*. In OJ and OTA the pronouns of the I person
1. 17, Judge 1. 17, I . 22, Dan. 3. 21, 5. 11, 6. 17, kc.). This may plural are accented on the penultimate syllable. This is one of the
imply that the vocal shewa in these cases, as in Hebrew and few exceptions to the general rule in these dialects that the last
I$?!, was no longer pronounced (so Dalman, p. 240). Some MSS. syllable of a word is accented.
treat w6rds that commence with n and n in the same ~vayso that, for Forms. 2. The shortened forms K ? , 11, and isn sometimes
example, H!3! may perhaps be an alternative for K!?! (cf. Heb. -hi$). occurindependently in PTRI (cf. d! for v!!j and K!31 for K!PI*)-
In the Babylonian PIISS. and in the supralinear RISS. of O T A They, and 5 = V S , also coalesce with participles into tense forms
(Strack), however, vocal shelva following an initial consonant is (8 21, note 7).
frequently unrepresented in writing, especially in association with 3*. i)]'K, kc,, are unvocalized spellings equivalent to Is%,
particular forms or words, such as the particles 2 , 2, 5 , and j.
(§ 2. 1).
This implies that the absence of the sign of a hurried vowel (vocal OTA. 4. For the forms of O T A see paradigm, P. 92-
shewa) is not a certain proof of its absence in speech, and makes The last letter of K!n!$ is K three times and once 3 . m J K is
I6 4 3. PERSONAL PRONOUNS § 4. PERSONAL PRONOUNS I7
a Kethibh form, a]\~'ayschanged to c)U by Qere, but pointed a ju 3. bferx (Chr.esk. Targum.) prints ~>?i? in Gen. 2. 2 0 for~5%'
by the supralinear MSS. in Strack, 1338 and !m? occur, as nomina- and ~ n ! n vfor ?!nit13in Gen. 2. 2 I.
tives, each once only, cases. 4*. The accusatives of the personal Pro-
Idioms- 6. The expressions K Y ? ~~73; (<a certain man ?, nouns are expressed in three maps: (I) by suffixes (§ 3% by
4 5% 12) and Kn?8 w?? are used by PTM in modesty for N!? 'Q;, kc., (3) by '>,kc. OJ nearly always follows the Hebrew text
Hebrew 'l??P)
. . and in curses or protestations for n~. in its choice between a verbal suffix and an independent accusative
polite address, for ng, 0 J uses '!fa? and ')ia? and pTM '?p, fip, form. In the latter case it regularly employs 'n', kc., seldom '5, &c.
'?> and 1!?1 (cf. Hebrew 'a5). For m*> and ]in) after particc. see Gen. 3. 15 and Exode 3- 9-
6. For ' he himself ', kc., see 4 4, note 6. I~ PTM '5, kc., are used as accusatives after participles (1 8. 12,
rg. 5, 20. I I, 14, &C.)and sometimes after finite forms of the verb
(r6. ii. g, 26. 3, 28. 15). A pronominal object after a verb is
Q 4. PERSONAL PRONOUNS (suffix forms)
PThI 0.l OJ, P T n l
PLUR. PLUR. SING.
In O T A the pronominal object of a verb is generally expressed
I - K! '. I com.
by means of a suffix. But only the independent forms jm? (in
713 : 113 : 7 , 2 masc. Ezra), ]j~;! (in Daniel) and ])38 (Dan. 6. 25) are used for ' them '.
1'? : j'? : ' . fem. n: with a suffix occurs once (Dan. 3. 12, iinvj), '5, &c.. only with
ii , ]in , ;in , 2' .. 3 masc. participles (Dan. 2. 23, 4. 22, 29, 6. 17, Ezra 5 - 2).
l'? : ;'r! : - fem. Ethic Dative. 5. '5, &c., are also used as 'ethic datives',
Yemenite MSS. are Hebraisms (Dalman). (16. ii. 7) is (Judg. '3. 23, 75.7).
pointed i'$? in Dalman7sparadigm (p. 397). 9. I n PThI K"? generally serves as the pronoun 'that'
a*. ]'i9K, jlPii, and 1lPK are the unvocalized spellings of P T h l (16. ii. 11 and 13, 18. ii. 3) and other singular adjective forms are
(a 2. I). also freely used as pronouns (I j. 6, 16. ii. 12, 28. 24).
3. I?:, q]?,and i'?? occur as alternatives to i'l?, kc. On the other hand, pronoun forms are used as adjectives
(e.g. 15.6) and are cited by Dalman (p. I 11), but are held by him (18. ii. 10 and I 1-1'3, 28. 13-193). p&, in particular, occurs
to be incorrect forms (p. I 20). more often than ]'.$? as an adjective (16. ii. 10, 17. ii. 8, 20. 21,
4. P T M has a number of forms such as i';lT and ;;;lv (28. 24) in 24. ii. I).
which R alternates with 8. It also frequently uses contracted forms lo*. I n P T M a demonstrative nearly always stands before its
( 1 , c . ) . 1'7 and P l ? coalesce with a following i n into il), associated noun (two exceptions in Chrest. 20. I 2 and 2 I. 15 are
and iJr;l. 5, 3, I join with X? into "i,
'2,'! (Dalman, p. 112). both from the same narrative). In OJ the influence of the Hebrew
OTA. 5. For OTA forms see paradigm (p. 92). i986 for text has established the rule that demonstratives follow the nouns
' those ' (Dan. z. 44) and ;rki for ' these ' (Ezra 5. r 5 ) occur each they qualify. Exceptions agree with the order of the Hebrew text
once only. I?? 'that' is both masculine (once) and feminine (Gen. 2. 23, Judg. 16.15, &c.) In O T A a demonstrative adjective
(twice). In OTA the same forms are used, without distinction, as generally follows, but may precede, an associated noun (Dan.
adjectives and pronouns. See also notes 1 0 and 14.
2o $5. DEMONSTRATIVES $ 6 . INTERROGATIVES 2I
qualified by a demons. adjective nearly always q? tip?) ho\v many ?' Questions introduced by qS so often
assume the emphatic form (see $ 8, note 3). expect a negative answer that this interrogative acquires the sense
Idioms. 12. 1'7? is used with proper names in the sense of of a negative ($ 7, note 7).
' the well-known ' or ' the previously-mentioned ' (15. ii. 2, 17. ii. I; 4. ln OJ i'l K? or 1'19 renders Hebrew n:-ntl (Gen. 2 7 . 20,
22. ii. 9). K>n? is sometimes equivalent to ' 2 ) ~6 a certain
j, ~ u d g .18. r4), but P, UP) is used for n!-+"? ($ 5. note 6 ) .
e.g. in the phrases ~ 7 ~39 n ? , pi' ~937. I*?,, ,1'2 (and 1 5 , , , Syntax. 5. i q ' ~ ,kc., are both pronouns and adjectives.
.
15) express ' this . . that ' or ' one . . . another '. Their associated nouns may stand in the emphatic form (ChreJf.
n? with suffixes of the third person is sometimes used as 23.3 and 4, Isai. 66. I), but not necessarily.
a d e ~ o n s -adjective Or pronoun, like in&, kc., in the nIishnah Interrog. Adverbs. 6. IT (OJ) and I? (PThI) = where ?',
(Dalman, $ I 7. 8). ;$ = whither ?' and I? in = 'whence ? ' (Gen. 29. 4) is also
14. In O T A before a noun governed by a preposition an antici- written for in.
pative pronominal suffix is used in an emphasizing demonstrative OTA. 7, only ;n and np occur in OTA. Most editors, in-
sense (K4n! 33 'at that very time'). The noun is then in the eluding Baer and Ginsburg, point the former I?. I n Dan. 3- 33
emphatic form ($ 8). SO in PTM l!?i9 i?lj~+i < h e said to a?? (with an adjective) = how!
this same R. Jochanan' (20. ii. 10).
$ 7. T H E RELATIVE PRONOUN
$ 6. INTERROGATIVES l*. In OJ and P T M the relative pronoun is (unin-
Forms,
PTM OJ flected). I n OTA and in OJ compounds ('i?'?, kc., note 4) the
who ? i W , iP in
what? np UP ~ d i o m s . 2*. without an antecedent means ' that which',
which ? j't'*a 1'7'8 sing. masc. 'he who ', 'those who', &c. q ]'l;;l, 7 K?n;;l,q In, and ? are
), Ul'W, ~ 1 " n q'8 also used to express these combinations.
3*. 7 before a genitive means 'the possession of ', ' those of '7
, I'!'"N, I'~"~ (ir>!$) plural com.
' those belonging to ', &c. E.g. 'n'27 = ' the people of my house'.
l7'orms. I*. For the spelling IN2 see $ 2. I. ]q>$K happens In reports of the opinions of the Rabbis, before the name of a
not to occur in OJ. 791993, kc., are the unvocalized spellings of Rabbi, it stands for 'the opinion of'.
I'll:;?, &c. (5 2. I and 14). Compounds. 4*.'k?, ?/!V, &c., that which is to me ', ' that
2. In P T M ~3 In contracts into ran and K'? Kp into ' 9 ~ . which is to thee', &c., are the equivalents of the possessive Pro-
OJ ;'?? = 1'7 K F (note 4). nouns mine, thine, &c., in OJ (cf. Dan. 2. 20). I n PTM '?'?,
Usages. 3*. The meanings of N p are : what? how? what kind are more usual. $ 7 1 may be a phonetic variant of ')I(Barth) or
o f ? and (with adjectives) how ! K P ~(?pi) expresses 6 ) ' and = ? + '7; ' the possession of my hand' (Dalman).
22 $ 7. T H E RELATIVE PRONOUN $ 8 . NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES 23
+
5 . no+ 7 5, with suffixes, is treated as a substantive, meaning = 'our enemies', 24. ii. I 2, where ' the stick ' means 'his stick ' or
property (16. ii. 2, ~$?n). ' a stick ').
6. I n P T M 93 is a contraction for Nqn? and '3 occurs as a con- 2. I n P T I I and OJ the emphatic state tends to lose its distinc-
traction for K'?? (Dalman, p. 98). tive definite meaning, as in Syriac, but to a much lesser extent
Conjunctional uses. 7. 7 is much used as a conjunction,
' (14.k I, 25. ii. 10, 18. ii. 2, 2 0 . 12, 24. ii. I, 27. 6, 25. ii.3 and 9 ;
-of time (when), place (where), cause (because), purpose (in order Gen. 2.10, Exod. I. 8, 12.20, Josh. 2.2, Judg. g. 36). In PThl
that), and introducing subject and object sentences (= Hebrew 'P emphatic forms (I 8. 6, IS. ii. 6, 19. ii. 3, 21. ii. 7, 27. 2) as well as
'that '). Joined to prepositions it gives them the force of conjunc- absolute forms (16. ii. 6, I 7. ii. I , zg. I, 25. ii. 3) are associated with
tions (2 It? = after, 7 7p = until or whilst). 1 3 when ' and ~ $ 7 the indefinite word l n , one. I n OJ the emphatic state seems to be
'lest ' or <perhaps' (Ezra 7.23 n$ I )
are compounds with and more often used with 13 (Gen. I. 9, 2. 24, 27. 38, 45, 33.13, 34.16,
~o5 ($ 6, note 3) respectively. 7 5.78 is used for ' because ' and 40.5, Deut. 24.5, Josh. 3. 12, 13, 17. I 7, Judg. 6.16, g. 37) than the
' in order that '. absolute is (Gen. I. 5, 11. I , Deut. 28. 7, Josh. g. 2). The MS.
Relative Adverbs. 8'. The relative adverbs-where, whither, evidence sometimes varies and the printed texts even have both
and whence-are expressed in P T M by 7 I?, 7 I?!, and 7 I? constructions in the same verse (Gen. 11.6, Josh. 17. 14). I n OJ
(cf. $ 6, note 6) and in OJ generally by IF5 + + 7 , Ipn! + + 7 , and
..
;ynn + + (cf. OTA npn '3, Ezra 6. I).
a singular indefinite object is generally expressed by the emphatic
state (Gen. 2.8, 4.1, 4. 17, 20.9, 21.8, 28. 2, 29. 2, 33. 17, J ~ d g .
6. 26), rarely by the absolute (Judg. 6. 17). Emphatic forms are
$ 8, NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES (general) said to be preferred in pause (Berliner, Massorah, p. 96, Lev. 2. 13,
FEMIXINE. ~IASCULINE. Deut. 26. 7).
&?? =c? singular absolute. OTA seems always to use the emphatic form in its distinctive
n2P >? construct. sense.
NQ3 K?P emphatic. 3*. TLere are a few exceptions to the rule that a noun qualified
by a demons. adjective stands in the emphatic form (16. ii. 2). The
I?* !?I plural absolute.
absolute state is employed when the associated noun is accompanied
"?* 1' 153 construct.
by a numeral and a demons. adjective (28. 13). I n ?K! H?Z!
K??I? h';lp emphatic.
(Judges, passim) the feminine noun may be regarded as mascu-
Emphatic state. l*. The emphatic ending (Z has a demon- line in form, and so as in the emphatic state. Cf. K'?;! H?q!,
strative force equivalent to the Hebrew definite article. The Deut. 10. 10.
corresponding English expression may, however, be indefinite,
4*. An attributive adjective regularly assumes an emphatic orm
e. g. when the noun is abstract (16. ii. 4, 21.15, 24. ii. 6), or a
when the noun it qualifies stands in the emphatic state (Gen. I. 16,
generic word (Dan. 5. I). Sometimes the emphatic ending has 10.21, 27.15, 29.2, Deut.3.24, 1 1 . 2 ; Chrest. 23. ii. 4 ; Dan.
practically the force of a possessive pronoun (20.5, where "3Kp ! 3. 26, 6. 27). Cf. K?? R+PW (I Sam. I 2. 2 2 ) but 2$3'P'?? (24. ii. I 3);
24 5 8. NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES $ 8 . XOUNS AND ADJECTIVES 25
Absolute state. S*. Some words and phrases employ abso- bination with standing phrases, such as 'treasure-house', 'house of
lute forms in a definite sense (25. ii. 3, n'3 'the cemetery '). God ', ' book of records '. Examples : ~ ? )$9n Nll?g n'2 (Ezra 5.1 7)'
In PTM foreign words may be used definitely without the addition K?>c n'z-'.! NlE$ (Ezra 5. 16), d:Kll $7 ]P3?5 'fingers of a
of an emphatic ending (16.6 ff., 23.4, D@!?, '>'?). Predicative human hand' (Dan. 5.5). Cf. Ezra 4. I 5, 6.5, 7. 12, 7.17, Dan.
adjectives are generally put in the absolute state (Dan. 2. II), even 2. 14, 2.49, 4. 26, 5. 3. There are comparatively few cases of the
when, in OJ, they translate Hebrew words with a definite article use of these constructions as an alternative to a simple construct
attached (Gen. 2. 11, 42. 6). A predicative adjective in the em- and genitive (Ezra 5. 2, 13, 14, 7. 26, Dan. 2. 15, 19, 38, 41, 4. 1 2
phatic state may be considered to be a superlative (15. 8). (= 2o), 5.7 (= 16 and ~ g ) ,5. 23, 24, 7.4,6, 7 (= 19), 7.9, 10,
Construct and Genitive. 6*. I n PTM construct forms, 28). A considerable proportion of them seem to imply at least a
followed by genitives, have only a limited use (17. 13, 7?'9 '??MI)). slight emphasis (e.g. Ezra 5. 14, 7. 26, Dan. 2. 38, 5. 7 (= 16 and
They occur most frequently as the second member of compound 29), 5. 23, 7.4, 7 (= ~ g ) ,7. 9, 10). ' The den of lions' is both
prepositions (5'y), )j:, l i ~ ) ,&c.) and in stereotyped phrases which N?!37K 24 (6. 8, 13, 25) and Nc!:?K '? K??, (6. I 7, 20).
are almost compound nouns, e.g. V: 1 2 (28. II), D)? n92 (25. ii. 3), The construction of note 6 (b) occurs in 0 T A 4 about a dozen
'Yn$3n
~@q?@. . 'sunset ' (22. ii. 5), Dq-F 'my bed-cover' (29.15). times and the words governed by $7 are then evidently in most
Instead of the genitive construction PTRl usually employs cases emphatic (Dan. 2. 44, 3. 28 f., 4. 23, 6. 25, 27, Ezra 5. I I).
phrases like (a) K:nv? K?iY, a'?'?_?? KG'S ' the birds of the sky ', Renderings such as ' the name of him who is (really) God ' and
' the house of his comrade ', or (6) K;;1&q X'BV, 2PKT ?D'% ' the 'the appearance of that fourth' are sometimes appropriate (Dan.
name of God', 'the house of her mother ', when the expression is 2. 20, 3. 25, 3. 26).
definite, and like (c) W f ? i'!ynl 'pomegranates of gold', when the Accusative case. Q*. In PThI the object noun has generally
expression is indefinite. I n all these cases 7 means 'that of' or no distinctive mark. ) occasionally introduces definite accusatives
'those of' and governs the foilowing noun in the genitive case (15.11, 16.ii.11, 21. 6, 7, 23.8, 27.6) and nl does so rarely
($ 7, note 3). Mixed constructions like KcP??7 1 ' ) ~ n:? ( I 7. x5) (15. ii. 8). I n OJ n: is the regular equivalent of Hebrew nK and
and K?'?f '7.F (Chresf. I 7.7, Judg. I g. 22) occur less often.
7*. I n OJ the use of a construct, followed by a genitive,
2 seldom occurs (in Gen. 3. r 7 7 ~ 0 2= Hebrew 5i?!; for Gen.
39.15 see 36, note 11). The old accusative ending (I survives in
is generai, although the constructions of note 6 also occur. a few adverbs of place (e. g. NFng below '). For the accusative
Examples: (a) Gen. I. 14, 25, 2.7, 12, 2 2 . 12, Josh. 1.8, 13, 2. 2, pronoun anticipating an object noun see $ 36, note 1I.
4. 16, 5. I, and frequently; (6) Gen. 30. 20 ; (r) Gen. 3.21, Deut. 10. I n OTA 5 is not infrequently associated with a definite
10. 7-19?27 I'>~J. accusative. Possibly it has a slight demonstrative or emphasizing
8. I n OTA the idiom of a construct followed by a genitive effect.l
prevails-except in one group of cases, where the constructions of
note 6 (a) and (c) are preferred. These latter constructions are It is prefixed to expressions for the true God (Dan. z.1g,4.31, 34, 5. 23)
and the false gods (3. 18, 5. 4, 23 ; cf. z. 34), to words and phrases denoting
generally, though not exclusively, used before or after and in com- the rulers (3. 2, 6 . 2 ) and wise men of Babyion (2.12, 1 4 , 2 4 ; 5. 7), to the
- - - --
Inflexional endings. 11'. The feminine singular ending N* A nouns. Nouns originally disyllabic and having two short
is attached especially to stems that end in Qn, hence Kl!Q'l (Gen. vowels are very slightly distinguished in Aramaic from nouns
I. 2) and ~ $ 3 . Feminine plural endings dzodn and are originally monosyllabic and ending in two consonants. The two
used by some nouns. Examples: (a) i!$fi, I!?'?, I!?+>, ]!$n, groups are here joined in the A class of nouns, which is further
(6) I!3?, I!PK--from n?, sign, and npu, sister. Cf. ]!Kp = j!?n subdivided into three sub-classes according as the characteristic
and I!Kp = I!?D. See also $ 10, note 21, and Q 30, note 2. vo\vel (used in the inflected forms) is Li, i, or zi (OTA 6). The
12*. The plurals of f K , DK, and D ~ v are )??kt, ]?Fy, and ]??v, absolute forms, of which specimens follow, do not clearly indicate
respectively. the sub-class to which an A noun belongs.
13*. The termination '.. is sometimes used when a noun is in the
ti class. 1 class. 5 class.
absolute or in the emphatic state. Examples : 'Pn! (Gen. I. IO),
':lE (Gen. 2. 7), '?.in (Gen. 18.7). Such forms are specially frequent 7Q? originally disyllabic.
in the case of gentilic names like 'K733 (Chresf. 24. ii. I), '$?Tn y?! originally monosyllabic.
(Exod. 12. 30), 'K?? (Josh. I. 4), and 'KTVP(Dan. 2.5). Dalman aidp dv? m'?)
compares, also, I'c8crrlpav7j = '?FV n2 = <garden of oils '. ~ ~ i 3 $'Y ??!
14.. Words like ;'2?38 (Num. 32.4), from 137, village, and I'n??
I?;
(16. ii. I ~ are
) examples of double plurals. For dn as a plural
ending see Brockelmann, Grundriss, vol. i, p. 450 f. In the 2 class absolute forms like 727 (Deut. g. 20, Dan. 3. IS),
Duals. 15*. The only clear duals in P T M and OJ are I'lrjr, DD3 (Exod. 30. 23), and 5 5 ~ (Dan. 5. 5) sometimes occur. I n
I'Rln (' two '), and IWV (200). But the ending 1'. in words such Dan. 5 . 5 the supralinear MSS. give 5?3 for the 5n7 of IlT.
as I'?'P may also be a dual ending (OTA 19?1P). I n OTA (besides TVords of the d class like D'n! ale 5+~?., D'YF, 5*I?n, q r . j ~?'HP,
,
1'?9, I'nP, and ilnKv) I:$, 11-51?, IPlP, and ;:9V occur. and B*$: (OTA 5$?, DYP, D.$,' and BE?, with??? in Dan. z. 49,
6.2 I ) .
Some words have more than one absolute form (q&, 5~!7, &c.).
$ g*. CLASSIFICATION O F NOUNS (declensions)
In O T A the uses of DYQ and DYP, D$y and B>? are perhaps
The following classification is made with a view to a statement differentiated by 3lT (Strack, $ 8 c.).
of the rules for nominal inflexion, as given in the next paragraph. 37': (Num. 5. 22) and nn'l (Exod. 2 2 . 21, Deut. 27. 19) are
Six classes, or declensions, are distinguished. unusual forms, perhaps at first only orthographically different from
names Shadrach, hfeshach, and Abednego (a. 49, 3 . 1 3 , ~z , 3 0 ; cf. 3 . 2 7 and 711 and Dnl (Q 2, notes 8 and 9). The former belongs to the i sub-
3. 25) and to the name Daniel, when standlng as an object by itself (2. 19, class and the latter to the a' sub-class.
5
4. 3 1 ~ 3 4 ,5 . 3; cf. a. 13 and 18). Almost the only other cases of introducing
B nouns. Disyllabic nouns having ci in the final syllable and
a definite object, in Daniel, are found in 5. z, 2a and 23. In Ezra very few
examples altogether occor (4.14, 5 . 12, 0. 7, 7. 25). In Ezra 6.7 n?rIy5 may an unchangeable long vowel, or a shut syllable, in the penult, toge-
be regarded as a textual error. ther with all participles (whose final vowel is sere or pathah) follow
D 2
I - --
words ending in a guttural o r resh commonly use a stem of the suffixes are united to the emphatic stem and heavy suffixes
5t3? type. E.g. lin!p (Josh. ro. 42), li2?b? (Judg. 8. 7), but also to the construct stem ('P!P, lin385f.2; ?)Q, ]inn$Q;
l i 3.1. ~ 3(judg. 9. 2). . . l i n p t ; T ~ P , ;inp$t3).
'n??~,
40 $12. PRONOMINAL SUFFIXES $13. PRONOMINAL SUFFIXES 41
(3) Nouns of the E, F, and G classes, whose emphatic ending is teristic of PTM. 11 is a reduplicated ending found also in Syriac.
Kc, addsuffixes to the emphatic or construct stems, which The suffix 1- is used by P T M in our teachers'.
are the same
, : h? ( linn!n, 'nqjSf2). For examples 3. In OTA the Kethibh implies the earlier pronunciations q',
of F nouns see $ 29, note g. 3'-, and K!l-, which the Qere alters into q,, 3-, and K1- respectively.
10. 3n!V (Dan. 6. rg) may be regarded as a noun of the C class, See paradigm, p. 93.
rather than as derived from an absolute form K$! (cf. $ I I, note 4). 4*. It may be observed that several of the az suffixes attached to
Feminine suffixes. 11. The supraIinear hlSS. of OJ generally plural stems are identical with the suffix forms attached to singular
write the suffixes of the 2 plur. masc. and of the 3 plur. masc. nouns (qT,3-, K ! - ) . Unvocalized 3' in PTM, when joined to a
instead of the corresponding feminine forms (Dalman). The same masc. plural stem means 'her ', and to a singular stem 'his '.
substitution is often made in PTM. Plural stems. 5*. Most of the plural stems of $ 10 are also
used when pronominal suffixes are joined to plurals (e.g. N$)P,
2 ,) Only the *$! group of E nouns employs with suffixes as
$ 13. PRONOMINAL SUFFIXES (with masc. plur. stems).
its plural stem a stem identical with that of the emphatic singular
PLURALSUFFIXES. SINGULAR
SUFFIXES.
($B, 1jn9$~). I n other E nouns ai suffixes are joined directly
to the ordinary plural stem (1 ' !, ii;l'l!, ]inr?Vp). I n Dan. 2.32
this treatment is extended to the form '?jY'?, although presumably
its uninflected singular is '15, as in OJ.
I?'. I?'. 7'- , fem. 6. For ' they two' OJ always uses jin'l,78 (Gen. 2.25), instead of
]in'??, and PTM sometimes has the same form (cf. $ 8, note 15).
Singular stems like plurals. 7*. The direct combination
of pronominal suffixes with the singular ending t? of certain nouns
I??'.. l'?'..
of the E class, like mvp and '?.wp, produces a set of ai suffixes,
suffix forms. I*. 'K, q", and are simply 01thographical which are precisely the same as those attached to plural stems.
variants for '-,3'-, and '?'-. For '?:- and sce $ 2.14. K - is This makes the singular and plural forms of such nouns frequently
an alternative in OJ for ', (see $ zg, note 8). indistinguishable (ijn'ydp, gin?). For the case of participles see
2*. The ' connective vowel' of these pronominal suffixes was $ 30, note 4, and for infinitives $ 29, note 8. Certain F nouns,
originally the plural ending ai, which in a majority of cases has like 'D792, are also combined with suffixes in the manner of plural
become 5 or or 5. The connective 5 of '$is explained either as
a nominative plural ending = au (Barth) or as a dissimilation from 8. '79 'master ', with suffixes en~ploysa stem with consonantal
ai (Dalman). The terminations '3, 'n, and Kn were originally used yodh (?I:?, Chresi., p. 23, note I), or a contracted stem with the
with singular as well as with plural stems ($4, note 2, $ 12, note 2). suffixes of $ 1 2 (n'??, Exod. 2 I. 29, 'lp, Dan. 4.16, 21) or a con-
The contracted forms of 3 sing. masc. and 3 sing. fem. are charac- tracted stem with the suffixesof this section ('?ill?, Exod. 21. 34).
F
42 $13. PRONOMINAL SUFFIXES 43
I n the Kethibh form 'KYD (Dan. 4.16, 2 I) 'K might represent ai $ 15. n ' ~ ,nr'z, ETC.
($ 2.1) but probably K stands for consonantal yodh ($ 23, n. 9). Forms. 1. Both in OJ (Lev. 11. 26) and PTn1 (25. ii. 12) ~5
Q*. Prepositions that originally ended in for that reason take
t?, nbKoccurs for n.' In OTA the forms used are 'C'EI: and 'n'K K).
ai suffixes ('5#,
q>#, kc.), and other prepositions do so by analogy Subject pronouns. 2. In P T M the subject pronouns of
('?n?, 'n!?:). I n O T A K!)'# or K!')? (Ezra 4. 12, &c.), an old these particles are in the nominative forms (e.g. 897 nv)). n 9 j
form of the suffix K!-, is preserved (cf. note 3). coalesces with the pronouns of the I sing. and I plur. and 3 plur.
Fem. plur. suffixes. 10. The observations of $12, note I I, into the compounds u!$, ]?), and IW'.
apply also to the suffixes added to plural stems. 3. I n OJ the subject pronouns are generally expressed by
suffixes,except in the 3 person plural. The suffixes are ai suffixes,
14*. PRONOMINAL SUFFIXES (with fem. plur. stems). because of the original ending of the particles (cf. $ 13, note 7, and
O T A 'n'u). I n the I person singular the ending ai has become 2
BORROWED
ai SUFFIXES. NORMAL
SUFFIXES. and the suffix adopts an accusative form ($ 36, note I). Examples:
PTM OJ OJ and P T M 5 ,i n ,I . The inflected stem of n$ has two forms, as
in 9;linr.j and 9;lin$. In the latter the shewa following yodh is
vocal (Dalman, p. 108). The nominative form of the pronoun of
the 3 person plural coalesces with n9>,as in PTRI (]an$). The
""
nqm3 n'?n? I sing.
its vocalization, which is also that of a 3 s. f. perfect, should be
jurp 129~3 t:2n2 3 pl. m. . . (as n$W) or n?2V;? (as in supralinear MSS.). The supra-
nnad?
linear MSS. of OTA have a larger proportion of OJ forms than
IF3 K?n;! i?n2 K?np f.
M T in the 3 s. f. perfect, but they do not wholly eliminate the
jsnp2 iJn?n? z pl. m.
Syriac type. The absence of vowels in the texts of P T M leaves it
j9npa i'93 f. uncertain how far they agree with the forms of OJ and how far
t~?n;l K:p52 . ?.
j!X K!%p I plur. with those of OTA.
48 $ 17. PERFECT TENSES . $18. IMPERFECT TENSES 49
Syntm. 7. I n P T M the 2 pl. masc. form is always used for in the case of some verbs initial guttuial ($ 23), is a usage of late
the 2 pl. fem. and frequently the 3 pl. m. for the 3 pl. f. (Dalman). Yemenite MSS. I n OTA preformative seghol occurs twice in M T
8. I n PTllI and OTA perfect tenses alternate with participles (V.i?U,%$)' and hireq once (Y?;lK).
in narratives regarding the past (cf. $ 21), and the use of successive 4*. I n the supralinear MSS. published by Kahle the preforma-
sentences unconnected by conjunctions (asyndeton) is characteristic, tive vowel of the I sing. imperf. Pael is regularly 'K, and *K is
especially of PTM. OJ follows the Hebrew text in its use of commonly written in the unvocalized texts of PTM. This
conjunctions. The perfect is used to express unfulfilled conditions orthography is to be regarded as a representation of hateph
after 1'5 (26. 18) and 3 5 (2~ I. I I, 24. r, 2 7. I 2) and sometimes also seghol (4 2.8). QgPK in the M T of Zech. 7.14 may be compared.
as the tense of the following apodosis (21. I I), but not generally The only I sing. imperf. Pael form in OTA is K!nu (Dan. 2. 24).
(see $ 2 2 , note 2f). 5. After the final consonant of the preformative syllables of the
imperff. Peal and Aphel an intrusive vowel (hireq) is sometimes
fj 18. IMPERFECT TENSES indicated by the supralinear punctuation (e. g. ;;~5w' = ]?a)*,
Deut. 15.6-Kahle p. 222). SO also in the Ithpeel ($ 16, note 8).
PAEL.-OJ AND PTM P~AL.-OJ AND PTM Prefix 5. 6. Forms of 3 s. m. imperf. with preformative 5
PLUR. SING. PLUR. SING. (Brockelmann, Grundriss, i. 565) are found in P T M (21. ~ i 6). .
Examples : vn5, 51395, nl&, pa$ ('::>, 5i3$, n?~!, 395). They
seem to occur generally in certain special types of sentence, e. g. in
those expressing a purpose (after 7 and K):) or a wish (see
1327 l9?q3? Dalman, p. 264 f.). In O T A the forms K!.?!
(l!!?)), lia!, and l:V$
occur. They may have been preferred in order to avoid the
use of forms resembling the divine name nn'.
Stem vowels. l*. The stem vowel of the imperf. Peal is OTA. 7. I n O T A the stem vowels of the imperf. Peal are 5
rarely e; except in the case of verbs final aleph or yodh (19sx!, (TaF:), ci (dpk), and ~(591)and those of the impff. Pael and Haphel
]W1, 'J31). Pathah is not usual in the imperff. Peal of intransitive F or i ($ 16, note 12). In the Haphel imperf. uncontracted forms
verbs. For verbs final guttural see $ 23. The occasional use of E are nearly always used ( 5 ? ~ ; l ln$:';?;).
, The plural ending 5 (or S),
for 5 and of i for t may originally have been limited to pausal for un, occurs twice ($29, note 10; $ 3 j,note 5 ) . See also notes
forms, where it is found with special frequency (Deut. 16. 29).
2*. The stem vowels of other imperff. than the Peal agree with Syntax. 8. In PTA9 the uses of the imperfect tense are
the corresponding vowels of the perfect. Examples : d9!.p3!, very strictly limited :
(I) I t is a jussive (21. ii. 6, 26. 17, 27.6) or imperative (with
Preformative vowels. 3*. Supralinear preformative pathah negative, 16. ii. 4, 19. ii. 7 f., 22. ii. 5 ; as a polite imperat., 24. ii. 7)
(= seghol) in the I sing. imperf Peal (as in Judg. 4. 7,6. IS), except 1 In the supralinear MSS. probably hireq, as Dan. 5.17 (Strack).
I
$ 23. INFLUENCE O F GUTTURALS UPON pathah) is indicated in some MSS. of OJ after initial y and initial
n in the imperf. and infin. forms of the Peal (Aphel, Shaphel).
VERBAL FORMS
l'?$!and fl$Q are most frequently so treated. Cf. Judg. 12. 5
The influence of gutturals (n, n, y) and of 1 upon the vowels of (lI$) and 16. 24 (Y?nP, Hebraism?). I n s o x e MSS. after 5) an
verbal forms is not as extensive as in Hebrew, but, so far as it goes, intrusive bireq is indicated, in harmony with the hireq of the
is similar in character. preformative syllable (Dalman, p. 9 3 ; Kahle, p. 223). For forms
I*. Patha@holds the place of normal sere in the final syllable of with intrusive vowels in OTA see note 2.
all parts ofverbs final guttural or resh (Pael, Aphel, partic. Peal, &c.). 8*. I n the intensives of verbs medial resh, in which the medial
I
I n the final syllable of imperff. and imperatives Peal pathah is usual, radical is not doubled, the preceding pathah is regularly lengthened
', but 5 also occurs before final resh and final 'ayin, especially in into compensation qames and, similarly, sometimes before medial
PTM. In OTA pathah is used in all the cases covered by this y or K. Examples : q'??, 5 * ~2 9, ? . In Dan. 5.9 the sublinear
'i section. The verbs of $5 27, 32, and 34 are not included.
2*. In the imperf. Peal preformative pathah is used in some
reading is !J;1?3~ and the supralinear is 5;12nP (or !J?zr?).
I' @. K between two vowels was pronounced yodh (Dalman, p. 60),
I verbs (e.g. Pi33!, ?jwy!, lr22!), but hireq is more common (Dalman). hence PTM in the inflected forms of the active partic. Peal of verbs
! In OTA Fl?YD (twice), ilp!?! (once) and n9y: or K??? (thrice), with medial aleph and in the intensive forms of ~ ' U Vand 1 K W writes
the imperfect forms of n!? (K115, &c.), are the only Peal imperff. of 9 for K. PTM 5 " ~and 7 : = ~ OJ 5 ' 5 ~(Gen. 43. 7-Dalman,
verbs initial guttural that occur. Dalman (page 93) makes the p. 305) and 3 ~ . See also 4 33, note 2.
supralinear pathah of f'?x! equivalent to seghol (hence Chresf. 18.4,
19. ii. g, 20. ii. 7). I 24. VERBS INITIAL NUN
a*. Apparently the only indn. with preformative pathah is
7 . I n OTA the form is P y q (twice) and Dalman f o l l o ~ sthis
P+ ,?5~ 2'P. ,WJ, PC: Peal perf.
P411 241: pis: imperf.
analogy in his Dialekfproben (18. 14, 29. 7). imperat.
3P 2'2 pih
4%.Pathah furtive is used in the pass. partic. Peal of verbs
SPP 33D \pss
final guttural (0'5~). See also 8 32, note I.
PDQ 2Qn PSP infin.
s*. An intrusive pathah separates the termination Ijl from the
stem of verbs final guttural. E. g. Tnl?~;! (Dan. 5. 27). pi~n 3i~n pisp PTM
6*. Vocal shewa following a guttural in the supralinear punctua- ?P' 2'Q: ?'P! partic.
tion is to be pronounced as the sublinear hateph would be. P'DK 3'CK Aphel perf.
Supralinear pathah in perff. like V K signifies hateph patha@and P'F! P'C1 imperf.
sere in imperative forms like TQ'F and 1IY ' signifies hateph seghol. P'DK PICK imperat.
See $ 2. 7, 8. KC?K q$K in fin.
?*. An intrusive ]?a$eph (before vocal shewa an intrusive P'Bn PCP partic.
62 $ 24. VERBS INITIAL NUN 63
Assimilation. I*. Assimilation of nun to the medial radical $ 25. VERBS INITIAL ALEPH
takes place in the impff. and inff. Peal and in all the tenses of the PeA L .
APHEL.
Aphel and Ittaphal. Nun and its vowel (shewa) generally dis-
appear in the imperat. Peal.
irsiu 515 515 perf.
2*. I n verbs medial n and medial y assimilation of nun does not
iv2iv 5'.!*.1 lG"! $i39.1 imperf.
i92iu 5 9 ~ j
9 9 ~ ~ 3 V'3 513'8 imperat.
take place (Gen. I. I 7, K'?;IK). Unassimilated forms of other verbs
also occur (22. ii. 9, slit?'; Gen. 26. I I, P'Ji!). n'liu 9579~ nn*u OJ
3+. The vocalization of verbs medial n, according to the supra- jn?iu I?$?! 1?lnF K PTM
linear punctuation, is shown above. Where pathah is written in m?iu 519n V'n 5 2 ' ~ infin.
the perfect Aphel (Gen. 2.5, Merx), it may be understood to denote i'2in 5'IT %? $ 9 3 ~ partic.
hateph pathah ($ 2. 7).
P e a l imperatt. and infinn.
I*. I n the imperf. and infin. Peal and in the Aphel N coalesces
4*. The stem vowels of' the
imperative Peal do not become vocal shewa in the inflected forms, with the preformative vowel into i and 6 respectively, and the
as they do in Hebrew (see table above). Forms with nun pre- orthography is generally the same as that of verbs initial yodh
(5i39!, i'siu),
served sometimes occur in PTM. Z'P ( I 5.9, 16. ii. 7 ) is an
Peal imperf. Z*. The imperfects Peal, that have pathah as
alternative to l b .
5. Infinitives like 32P are normal in OJ, and those like pien their stem vowel, are V'f, l T f , $"f, and l D 9 ; (but also 1 i ~ ' f ) . The
in PTnl. final stem vowel of the imperatives of these words is also pathah (in
Ithpeel. 6. Ithpeel forms sometimes assimilate n of the
Hebrew holem). 5i3'.1 does not belong to the group (unlike
prefix to the following nun ($ 16, note 7). Hebrew 51~i').
Imperat. 3*. The supralinear imperatives %'3, 5 ~ ~kc., 3,
3 ' 5 ~ 7*. I n ~ 9 I 5 assimilates
~ regressively, so that forms
although pointed with sere, should probably be pronounced lng,
like those of verbs initial nun are produced. The infin. Haphel
(Dan. 6. 24) is a case of erroneous dissimilation (cf. $ 10, ~ J U&c. , ($2.8), as in OTA (ytl!!). I n the supralinear MSS. of OJ
note 12). 5 ~ (Exod.
~ 3 33. I, Deut. 10. I I-Kahle, pp. 5 and 15) and 5.n
OTA. 8. So far as examples occur, notes 1-4 apply to OTA. (Judg. 18.19-Praetorius) both occur, and the plural form is 3i'?'F
The only verb medial guttural is nOJ, whose nun is assimilated in (Josh. 2. I , 18.8). In the singular Berliner's Onfielos has both F
(Deut. 10. 11) and t (Gen. 2 2 . 2, Exod. 3. 16, 33. I). I n a11 these
the Haphel imperfect ( n E ) , imperative (Ezra 5.15, nnK or ring)
forms yodh presumably at first represented a hurried vowel (vocal
and partic. (I'nn??), but not in the Hophal (no??). Other verbs
with unassimilated forms are InJ (imperf., inf.), 353 (Aphel), and shewa).
prl (Aphel). There are two E imperfects. 5 ~ (as : Syriac ; 0J h ! ) 4*. Some verbs (e.g. 5rN, K ~ Kuse) shortened imperatt. Peal as
and alternatives to the full forms (5*), 6'1; u p , in-in Dalman 591).
or ]?;I:. For the imperat. K w see $ 27, note 10, and for
P$D, note 7. For the ending 6 in k see $ 29.
1
64 $ 25. VERBS INITIAL ALEPH
5*. The stem vowel i of the imperat. plur. of P T M is indicated $ 26. VERBS INITIAL YODH AND WAW
in the texts for some words and may have been the stem vowel of
APHEL. P ~ L .
all words of this class. The analogy of the imperat. sing. with
suffixes points to i or u (5 36, note 9). Dalman's pointing ]blU 3+j?\K n$ 3
;: Yll 5'31 perf.
and ]*:K (23. I) seems unlikely. n"; 2'n:
Aphel. 6*. Of the Aphels with preformative sere that occur in
29pi9 my.: 995: Yl: 5\31 imperf.
P T M only 5'3'K, I?' and some verbs having both initial K and Ygi~ n7 2'5 ~p - imperat.
final K, such as KnK, are recognized by Dalman (p. 298f.) as correct. '13't$~ qnl 3x71 syp
The salutation i!?;U 'hail ' (Chest. 29. 19) is also supposed to be K?I$K 3nn Ypn 53n infin.
an Aphel form (imperative). In 0J and OTA ;*nrn ($ I 6, note 5) m'n 3nrn Y ~2 5rn
and 'n'K or 'nlg (OTA 'nr;l, ml;l), from KQ5, are used. Peal prefixes. I*. In the imperf. and infin. Peal yodh coalesces
Contracted forms. 7. Contraction takes place in the imperf., with the preformative vowel into (I) dand (2) r followed by the middle
infin., and partic. of s ] h (s]')!, K?>P, I@= elr.$U;,k c . ) . Contracted radical doubled. In the imperf. tense 2 is unusual except before a
Ithpeels and Ithpaals also occur (e.g. V F K = Y n K F and fD9K medial guttural or resh ( q'!,nT.l) and the punctuation of the MSS.
= V K n K . There seems to be similar contraction of verbs initial cannot always be reliedon. Examples : ~ 2 ' 5(Ezek. 17. ro-Kahle,
yodh (in l * $ + n Gen.
~ , 4. 18, 26, 24.15, Merx). p. 46), ,'.)C> (Deut. 10. 13-Kahle, p. 15; Ezra 7. 18), h ' ~ (Josh.
U n u s u a l forms. 8. f 9' and 759 ( I 8. ii. 2) are used as alterna- g. 19, for ha.! 'we are able'), ]45:5' (Josh. 24.19, for 1153~ you
tive forms of ' l f ~and ~ 5 8 (cf. 5 23, note 9). (=iny@ is a are able '). For 0J forms having shewa as their preformative vowel
Babylonian form, which occurs in PTM (16.5). ]!?J! (17. ii. 7) see note 2.
seems to have no parallel and may be an error for i Y 5 3 ~($ 21, S t e m vowels. 2. Imperff. Peal with 5 as their stem vowel are
note 7) or ~ $ 5 1 ~ . 3'81 (OTA Xl:) and 2'?'.! (PTM occasionally). I n OJ imperf.
OTA. 9. The variations of OTA are as follows. Etymo- forms like 7'51 (Gen. 3. 16) and 9'11 (Deut. 15. 6) are found
logical aleph is generally written in the Peal imperf. and infin. occasionally.
( 5 ~ 2 %K1;?),
, except in the cases of Kn1;? and KJn, from K ~ and K
Imperat. a*. The imperatt. Peal are treated like the imperatt.
K)K ($ 27). I n the Peal imperat. K is generally followed by hafeph of verbs initial nun. I n PTM the initial radical is sometimes
seghol and in '$3(Ezra 5. 15) sere is its equivalent (cf. note 3 and preserved (3;? 1, PC?).
338, Dan. 3. 2 2 , = 2]u, pass. ptc. Peal). I n Dan. 7.5, where b l T Aphel. 4*. The preformative vowel of rhe Aphel is generally
has (9, Strack's supralinear text reads $3,i.e. ')?u ($ 2. 8,9) 5( 2 , ) Where Poccurs in the MSS. it is frequently due
The Hophal. perf. 7 3 3 (Dan. 7. I I ) has the same form as the to textual error (Dalman, p. 307 f.). Dalman recognizes %'".!' in OJ
Hophal of verbs initial yodh. See also note 6 and the table of and DnyE and fn9U as possibly correct in PTM ~ 1 ' ? o c c u r sin
verbs, p. 96. OTA (Ezra 5. 14, 7. 15).
5*. I n OJ Ylia is used for YliK and the uncontracted forms Il~jn;
2761 I
66 $26. VERBS INITIAL YODH AND WAW
$ 2 7 . VERBS FINAL YODH AND ALEPH 67
and Y?inp more often, probably, than the contracted forms. Cf. F i n a l vowels of stem. l*. In the bare stem forms, with-
$ 16, note 4.
out an inflexional ending, the final radical coalesces with the
Shaphel. 6 . The Shaphel 2'1'~(OTA ? ' w ) 'rescue' has no
preceding vowel into ? or i or ci or 2. d occurs only in the per-
Peal in use (? = ~ ' J Y V ) .5 1 (Ezra
~ ~ 6. 3) may be regarded as a fect Peal (3 s. m.) and in the OJ adverbial infin. (note 6). ii comes
causative of h*,with D as in some Syriac forms. For 'X'V (?from
from az' (cf. $ 13, note 2) and the forms of the paradigm in which
) $ 2 7, note 8.
K Y ~see it is found seem to be peculiar to OJ (see, however, note 6). In
Ithpeel. 7. For elision of yodh in Ithpeel forms see $ 25, OJ and P T M the distinctive orthography n!? is more common, in
note 7.
this verb, than K?! (cf. Kin).
2;1: 8. In P T M forms with elided n are used (e.g. n'?! = ny:;l;,
2". Intransitive perfects Peal ending in i in 0 J are: 'nw, '?P,
Chrest. 29.8). I n OJ and OTA the imperf. and infin. of ]nj take
'y, ,:q' &c. 'nW (or 'J@, with prosthetic vowel) is the only form
the place of the corresponding parts of 2n9 and are the only parts
of the kind in PTM (Dalman). In O T A V ~ (or'J3q~)
W and $ 2occur.
~
of in3 in use (see $ 24, note 8). I n PTAl they are alternatives
3. Where Z appears in the final syllable of imperfects, it may be
to >;I9.!or YQ'l and 2g9P.
regarded as due to scribal error (Dalman),
OTA. 0. For a synopsis of the forms of OTA see table, p. 96.
4*. I n Yemenite MSS. Peal imperatt. of the form !$ ' are correc-
In Peal perff. and imperff. the stem vowel i corresponds to OJ e
tions of under the influence of Hebrew (Diettrich, ZATW., xx,
(l?:, >?:; 29:). In the imperf. Peal preformative i and 8 both
p- 151).
occur (S?:, 3D':). Y?f is always, erroneously, dissimilated to Y?;1:
Infin. forms. 6*.In OJ the third radical of feminine infinn.
(seven times). The normal Haphel form is like fnin (cf. note 4)
is written aleph but pronounced yodh (cf. $ 23, note 9). The
and a Hophal form ( 7 W ) occurs once. See also notes 6 and 8.
writing of yodh twice in forms like Krl!np, &c., is a characteristic of
unvocalized MSS. n is used in PTM less frequently than K to
$ 27. VERBS FINAL YODH AND ALEPH denote the feminine ending of infinitives.
P~AL. 6 . I n OJ an infin. Peal of the form Kj3P is used as an adverbial
KF perf. infin. (cf. $ 20, note 7). The PTM form Krnn may have been pro-
~louncedK13n, from 'IQn; I n 25. ii. 4 Dalman points (Z in the final
'131 imperf. syllable ( ~ ~ 3 4 .
p a s s . partic. 7*. The passive partic. Peal is sometimes
'15 imperat. pointed with final i by supralinear MSS. (Deut. 25.10, Josh .7. 10).
Shaphel. 8. The Shaphel form 'Y'w 'complete', may be
')3Q infin.
derived from Ky:. For the d of the preformative syllable see $ 26,
PTM
notes 4 and 6.
'I? act. ptc.
9. The vocalic endings of the uninflected forms of
OTA.
'In pass. ptc. the perff., imperff., and participles of OTA are (Z, 2, and 4 as in
PTM I 2
68 $27. VERBS FINAL YODH AND ALEPH $28. VERBS FINAL YODH AND ALEPH 69
OJ (see table, p. 96). Final yodh is written when the vowel is i Endings. I*. The OJ plural terminations i (3 masc.) and
('?.)n?)and in '?.?31 (Dan. 5. 12). In other cases-when the final ]in (2 masc.) are peculiar to this class of verbs and are used in the
vowel is or 5-K or ;r is written at the end of the word, without Peal only. Dalman makes the corresponding endings of P T M on
any precise distinction between them. Examples: K q 3 and np?; and iCn (?)and extends the use of ;n to all perfects, in accordance
KY?!; KP?p; KY? and nY?; 3 2
:
. For the form a!% (Dan. 3.22) with the analogy of OJ imperfects.
see $ 25, note g. In Ezra 6 . 15 the Kethibh is K'Y'W, the Qere 'r'? 2*. The distinctive endings K? and 'n occur frequently in 0J and
or 'YW. to a less extent in PTM. I n O T A the endings of the 2 sing. masc.
10. There are three examples of a 2 s. m. imperat. in OTA, one and I sing. are ? and n respectively, and there is no example of
Pael ('Jn, Ezra 7. 25, for '@) and two Peals (I'!, in Dan. 2.4, kc., 2 s.f
and KV, Ezra 5. 15, from Kv?). 3rd radical. 3*. Before all consonantal endings the third
11. The third radical of the infinitives of the derived stems is radical of these verbs coalesces with the preceding stem vowel into
always yodh in the Kethibh of M T (l;$;l, kc). There are, however, i o r T, as shown in the table. I n f perfects the reading 2, for i, by
supralinear and other MSS. in which aleph is read, as in OJ, by the Yemenite MSS. is due to late correctors (Diettrich, ZATW., vol. xx,
Qere (see Strack's notes on Daniel 2. 10 and 6.9). p. 151 f.).
12. The forms '?? (Ezra 4. 18, 23) and $5:
(Dan. 2. 30) or $2 4*. In the 3 s. f. of i perfects and in the 3 pl. f. of all perfects,
(Dan. 2. 19) and the plural I'm
(Dan. 3. z I , 7. g) are examples of OJ retains consonantal aleph (pronounced as yodh) and P T M
perfect Peils ($ 16, note I I). consonantal yodh (nl?!, 18. 3 ; n:??, 21. ii. 7). There are two
cases in OTA, both of which agree with PTM in writing yodh
$ 28.
VERBS FINAL YODH AND ALEPH . . Dan. 7. 15, and nInr;l, Dan. 6. 18). In M T these two
(n!??nK,
(perfect tenses) forms follow two different systems of punctuation. One of the
APHEL. P~AL. P~AL. MSS. used by Strack supplies the variant reading n!n';l. In PTM
PTnI OJ PTAT OJ P T ~ I OJ
nTnK and ]**!nu are unvocalized forms for n:!3K (?n:!qK or n2jnK)
'nw K!n 3 S. m. and i113K. I n OJ K appears also in the 3 pl. m. of all Z perfects.
n"rn~ nel!n~ n"nw ng'nw 2 f. 5. In P T M forms of the 3 s. f. and 3 pl. m. perf. Peal, with con-
n- K?'!~u n- u?+nw n- K?'.?n 2 S. m. sonantal yodh retained, sometimes occur. Presumably they were
nr!n8 n'nw . ? f. pronounced like n?!? and 19'!D respectively ($ 17). Dalman's
n- 'nq!3u n- 'n'nw n- 'n'.?c I S. com, pointing of n p n (22. 19) and nlg3 (27.2) seems to follow the
1 ~ 9 7 3 ~ ;inw 1wnw iirn j r n 3 pl. m.
analogy of the OTA (Hophal) form n:n9;l (note 4). I n O T A the
1113ci: 3$'!3K - nynw I;]? "yJ f. Kethibh preserves one 3 s. f. perf. Peal with consonantal yodh
;sn'!i~u pn'nw Iin'.?n 2 pl. ~ n . (nwn, Dan. 4. 21).
i9n'!3K r'n9n~ I9J??q f. OTA. 6. In OTA before consonantal terminations the final
IJ9!3K K!'!3F?: I?nw K!Tw ; K!+!VJ I PI. com.
syllable of the stem becomes i in i perfects (?'JQ), ai in the 2 s. m.
70 $ 2 8 . VERBS FINAL YODH AND ALEPH $ 2 9 . VERBS FINAL YODH AND ALEPH 71
5pn r zn 5 9 5 ~ ptc. pass. Ittaphal. 9. The Ittaphal forms are like ~ Y F F and 5Fnu.
OTA. 10. For the PeAL perf. see note 3, and for the only
Disyllabic stems. l*.Disyllabic stems are used in the Peal examples of imperf. infin. and partic. see notes 4 and 5. There are
participles, all intensive forms, Ithpeels, and Shaphels. Examples : three typesof INTENSIVES in OTA : 5 $ (three ~ verbs), YP?n (Dan.
59&, 1'13!, ~Y>?W. See also $ 35, note 4. 2 . 40), and iYr2inWc (Dan. 4. 16). In the HAPHEL, preformative
80 $ 34. PARTIALLY MONOSYLLABIC STEMS
$35. PARTIALLY MONOSYLLABIC STEMS 81
pathah becomes seghol before ( n ) ~ l Dan.
, 5.7). There are two (appropriate to
2*. I n the 3 pl. m. perf. Peal the stem vowel
cases of erroneously dissimilated Haphel forms (5yj;?,Dan. 2. 25,
9'9 stems) is sometimes written in supralinear MSS. for 6. T h e
6. 19, and n)p?;l, Dan. 4. 3). Cf. $ 26, note 9. For normal
only example of a 3 plur. rnasc. perf. Peal in O T A is treated in this
Haphel forms see table p. 96. A HOPHAL form of one verb is
way PP?, Dan, 2. 35). See also $ 34, note 3.
found (927).
3. Supralinear pathah in imperf. forms like 1759".. (Deut. 10. I I-
Kahle, p. 15) may be regarded as representing hafeph pathah
$ 35. PARTIALLY MONOSYLLABIC STEMS
(4 2. 7)-
(inflected forms) 4. Peal and Aphel forms like n337 (PTM), n%y (Dan. 5. 10,
APHEL. P~AL. Kethibh), and $ 5 ~ (Dan.
9 4. g), with repetition of the final radical,
PERFECT. PERFECT. occur in P T M and OTA.
Plur. Szizg. Plur. Shg. OTA. 5. The distinctive features of OTA are as follows : I n
bryB ~'PK +Y (5?) !JY 3 masc. the inflected forms of the imperative PeAL the stem vowel is 6
K ~ Y K n 5 ~ ~ ~ $ 2 n$y fem. (l*ri, Dan. 4. 11, 20). I n the perfect HOPHAL some MSS.
j9nk)js KC- fjlkyu j(+p q-+Y 2 masc. double the final radical before the plural ending (sblt?, Dan. 5. IS),
r n ? ~B ~$~r(t~ t9n)r, ..
&Y fern.
others do not. I n HAPHEL forms, when the stem vowel ( 5 )
K@YB becomes vocal shewa, it is written hafeph seghol in some MSS.
~+PK K;)Y n*>y I com.
(ntzn, Dan. 7.7, 19, Dan. 7. a3-Baer, Ginsburg, Strack).
IMPERFECT. IMPERFECT. Perhaps SD'n1 (Ezra 4. I 2) was originally intended for ID
! (cf. $ 2.
Pbr. Shg. Plur. Sing. 8, 9). But the tense, termination ($ 18, note 7) and possibly stem
P~X! 592: P~Y! 5W 3 masc. vowel (cf. 3 34, note 8) are all abnormal. There is no other
;%5$? 59~g i s 5 ~ ~
57~99 2 masc. example of the 3 plur. imperf. Haphel of an Y"Y verb in O T A .
5*P2 ~YPB 59992 519'8 I com. See also notes above, and for n?%;l or n?;! (Dan. 2. 34, 45), 5 17,
note 6.
IMPERATIVE. IMPERATIVE.
PZur. Sing. PZzrr. Sifzg. $ 36. VERBAL SUFFIXES
35rVK ~ Y B qbrv 5iu . masc.
2
l*. For the various forms of the accusative suffixes see pp. go-
K ~ P K '~'VK K$SY fem.
91. In P T M the suffixes added to verbal stems ending in a con-
l*. Following Dalman's precedent, and in accordance with the sonant are those of $ 4 and the suffixes added to stems ending in
analogy of OTA, the final radical has been doubled in the above a vowel are presumably those of $ 1 2 , note 2, although the only
table, before vocalic endings, in the Peal perfect and imperative, possible vocalic stem is the 2 sing. fem. perf. (for the 2 s. m. and the
but not in the Aphel. In Berliner's Onkelos doubling is not indi- 3 pl. see notes 3 and 5). I n O j the variations from the suffixes of
cated in any tense. $$ 4 and 12 are in the I singular, '; or '!-for F, and in the 3 plural,
2705 L
82 5 36. VERBAL SUFFIXES $ 3 6 . VERBAL SUFFIXES 83
where the independent pronoun ]$3P is substituted for iin (ii). For ambiguity arises) are distinguished in OJ by the use of the form
the forms of the sufixes added to the 3 s. f. perf. see note 6. I n OJ, $?3 for the 2 s. m. But ambiguous forms with suffixes of the
in agreement with the Hebrew text, the suffix of the 2 plural is rarely 3 sing. fem. like nfi32vK ' I have found her' (Gen. 38. 22) and
found. I t seems never to occur with a 3 sing. masc. perf. stem. 'thou hast found her' (Gen. 38. 23) are in use. '39?2w (Gen.
a*. I n OJ IWY is joined in writing to the verbal stem with 31. 28) = aaPaxOav~l(Matt. 27. 46), having a suffix of the first
which it is associated, N being omitted when the stem ends in a person, can only mean 'thou hast forsaken me '. I n P T M the
consonant and the form being reduced to PJ with the 3 s. f. perf 2 S. m. is clearly distinguished from the I sing. com. by its employ-
and to 173 in union with stems ending in a vowel (pa+?, F J ~ ~ $ v , ment of the termination inn (note 8) before suffixes ('$7?2w,
iurnh?). The forms of the verbal stems are not modified before . .
3lGn8~U). The 2 sing. fem. perf. is distinguished by its retention
IMK except in the I s. perf., in which n?l??, n?'n2 and k?'n?K of the old termination i before suffixes ( ~ ? ' g n 2 ? ~ ) .
are used for n793, &c. . .
3 a. f. 6*. The 3 sing. fem. perf. with suffixes is sometimes
3*. The difference between P T M and 0 J in the endings of the
written as if it were r sing. com. (3'??$~ 'she counselled him ',
3 plur. perf. and 2 plur. imperat. involves a further difference in the
Judg. I. 14). All the cases noted by Praetorius (Judg. I. 14) are
sufixes attached to these forms. P T M uses the suffixes appro- forms in which thesuffix is 3 s. m. The unambiguous forms are :
priate to the consonantal ending Gn, while 01 uses those reauired
v~nn5v,~,nn>w,ienn5v, . i q. n .k ; ~ n. 5. va*n&v,
, .. q>w.
by the vocalic ending li. Examples: R')$?$K (25. ii. z), 'r?l?BK 1 plur. and 2 plur. 7. The suffixed stem of the I plur. perf.
(Gen. 19. 16).
in OJ is the same as the independent stem, but written without K
Perfect 3 s. m. and 3 pl. m. 4. For the stem forms of the ~;l!n5v). Instead of no!n$ the form Y$p is used. I n P T M the
3 s. m. and 3 pl. m. perfects Peal and Aphel with suffixes see forms n!i$~, &c., are used with sufixes. Dalman explains n as
paradigm, p. go. Pael perfects are treated like Aphels. I n the
derived from the accus. particle n: (5 4, note 4). The suffixed stems
suffixed forms of the perfects Pael and Aphel the final stem vowel
of the 2 plur. mhsc. perf. are like m n 5 in ~ OJ (suffixes as $ I 2) and
generally becomes vocal shewa both in the 3 sing. and the 3 plural
in P T M (suffixes as in 8 4).
like ] l n n > ~
('P?$K, Gen. 19.16) although sometimes the orthography of P T M
Imperf. stems. 8*. The stems of imperfects with suffixes are
presumably indicates the retention of the full vowel (20. ii. 2 ,
treated similarly in OJ and PTM. The syllable inn is added to
w'!.u'>PK,2 I. I, '!~3'>nK).
. . the stems of all imperfects (cf. Hebrew 137:Y!), except in OJ before
OJ plural forms are sometimes found in P T M (26.8, ?Jrtig)!). the 3 plur. masc. suffix. The suffixes are the same as those added
Sometimes the vowel points in Dalman's Dialekfproden are un-
to perfect stems. (See paradigm, p. go f.). T h e orthography Pa??F
necessarily those of OJ, instead of being those of PTM. I n for ]?3gy! and ;sa?ql! for ]lP?'fl! in Yemenite MSS. is a Hebraism
21. ii. 7 ]?JUG: should be ]bU$, and in 28.5 P5B78 should be fi~iS7p.
due to late correctors (Diettrich in ZATW. XX. 152).
2 sing. and 1 sing. 6. In OJ and P T M the forms of the Imperat. stems. 0. I n OJ singular imperative stems with
I sing. perf. with sufixes are like n??, &c. The 2 sing. masc.
suffixesremain unchanged and the suffixes are those of $ I 2, except
and I sing. com. with suffixes of the 3 s. m. or 3 pl. (where in the cases of the I sing. and 3 plural. I n P T M the Pael and
L 2
84 $ 36. VERBAL SUFFIXES
I $37. VERBAL SUFFIXES W I T H ~ " 5STEMS 85
I
Aphel singular imperat. stems with suffixes are identical with the
corresponding perfect stems. The Peal imperat. stem is distin-
guished from its perfect by the vowels i or ri following the initial
! (cf. $ 36, note 7). Examples: x'n?? and x9n;nn (or W!'p!7),
3'nlD3, 3'nlr?!U. .. I n the derived stems these forms, when un-
vocalized, are the same as the 3 s. f. (note 4), and in the Peal i.1?'?!?
radical. These vowels are sometimes indicated in the MSS. by is always ambiguous, 'he saw him' or 'she saw him ' (note 5).
yodh and waw respectively. 2. In OJ the 3 s. m. perf. Peal with-suffixeseither retains (con-
The imperative plural stem in OJ is like 9333 and in P T M like sonantal) K (q$!n, Z'KE, &c.) or is treated as ending in a vowel
In34 (see paradigm, p. 91). Pael and Aphel perfect and impera- I
(9E, ';1!?). With ]?3? the suffixed forms are like /735.
tive plural forms are generally not distinguishable. The Aphel 3 s . m . a n d 3 p1.m. 3. I n O J t h e 3 s . m . a n d 3 p l . m . p e r -
imperat. in OJ occasionally retains its final stem vowel (e. g. K;P'BK fects Pael and Aphel with suffixes generally preserve the third
'bring her out ' = K???Qg). radical yodh. Examples : W :!a' U (Gen. 2. IS), 3!31!8 (Gen. 2. 22)'
S"Y stems. lo*. The forms of qf'Y verbs undergo no change . . (Gen. 3. IS), 'i73'TU (Judg. I . 7). With IrPK the ordinary
'!!YPK
when suffixes are attached (but see $ 32, note 2). stem is used (]33'!3U).
Syntax. 11. The use of an anticipative pronominal suffix I n P T M the third radical yodh is sometimes retained both in
before a definite accusative governed by a verb, an idiom character- Peal perfects (25. iii. 7, x1J"nr2 = w7JVnf2), and in perfects of the
istic of Syriac, is found occasionally in OJ (Gen. 39. 15, W ' p V derived stems (cf. notes I and 5).
'fl) a9v:55 'he left his garment beside me ') and P T b l (22. ii. 4, 3 s. f. 4. I n OJ and PTM the ending of the 3 s. f. of i perfects
Kp'$$J x'l?B 'he ordered the messenger '; 21. 7, 22. ii. 6). ($ 27) is generally contracted to n'. before suffixes. Examples :
12. The subject of a dependent clause introduced by 7 is also 8 9 n 9 p ~ uxm9pp
, (Judg. 4. I ~ ) q?'n9#
, (Chmt. 18. 13). In P T M
sometimes preceded by an anticipative pronoun (16. 6, J'~@U these are also imperative forms (note 7).
)'3q 'he found that he had been selling '). It is idiomatic to Perf. stems. 5. In the other parts of the perfect tenses suffixes
put the subject of such a dependent clause into the principal are generally added to the unchanged verbal stem. Examples:
sentence as an object (16. ii. 11, a'??? O'Kty K%3?> Kpn 3'n!q (3 s. f.), '??'!!I(0J 2 s. m), ?'!'Ir?: (I sing.), '?it? ( 0J 3 ~ 1 .
'he saw that the buyer was standing behind him '). perf. Peal), 3+)irn(PTM 3 pl.). For 3?;y ( I plur.) see ( 36,
13. Occasionally the object pronoun of the 3 plural is used note 7.
indefinitely for ' some people ' (28. 4, ] ' > p ~~ h ~hensaw some I n some supralinear MSS. the ending of the 3 pl. m. pf. Peal with
men killing' (mice) ; for the verbal stem nnn see 5 37, note I). suffixes is written z2 instead of 6 (K?qnp, Judg. I. 8 ; Iralnp, Judg.
1. 4).
$ 37.' VERBAL SUFFIXES W I T H K"5 STEMS Impf. stems. 6. In all in~perf.tenses the suffixed stem is made
Perf. 3 s. m. 1. In P T M the termination of 3 s. m. of all by adding 3 to the ordinary stem (5 36, note 8). Examples:
perfects with suffixes is treated like the ending of a feminine noun 2 ,2 . When fa$ is used the forms are like that of ]93+Jn!.
I n some supralinear MSS. the vowels before nn are i instead of F,
1 To be passed over on a first reading of the grammar.
and instead of 5 (7'2171, 2'?373!). Cf. OTA, $ 38, note 5.
86 $37. VERBAL SUFFIXES W I T H $5 STEMS $ 3 8 . VERBAL SUFFIXES I N O T A 87
Imperat. stems. 7. In OJ imperatives 2 s. m. and 2 pl. m. . . With the suffix of the 2 pl. m. is
ples : a?!?:, q??!ye, FI??w!~w:.
stems are unchanged when suffixes are added ('?it!?, '?'!3EI;). In written, without daghesh, and in one case the preceding vowel is
some MSS. P is written for 5 and forms with consonantal yodh are seghol (]i2@?, Dan. 3. 15; ]?J~>UW!, Ezra 7.21). In the case
also found (K?!!nK, Judg. I. 24). of two imperfects used in a jussive sense the suffixes are added to
In P T M the termination i of the 2 s. m. is treated like a femi- the verbal stem without nn (q)??:, Dan. 4.16 ; 795:2j, Dan. 5.10).
nine termination (23. ii. 7, R'n'nlu). 2 pl. m. forms are like ]ijib?K Imperat. stems. 4. The only imperatt. with suffixes in O T A
(for which in 28. 5 Dalman puts p.1h:EI;),
are ?)w (Dan. 2. 24), ' 7 6 ~ " ~ a n . 4. 201, and one from a 83
Participles. 8. nn is used with other suffixed stems than verb (note 5). They agree with the forms of OJ (§ 36, note 9).
those named above, e. g. with participles (29. 7, n9!.'?.9n, i.e. n9?.'EDQ). $5 verbs. 5. There are seven cases in O T A of ~ " verbs 5
with suffixes attached. The PERFECT form an139 ' I have built
5 38. VERBAL SUFFIXES I N O T A it' (Dan. 4. 27) is peculiar in having a i for E (5 28, note 6) and
seghol for vocal shewa. Some MSS. read Rn:!?. The other cases
SufEx forms. 1. T h e forms of the verbal suffixes in OTA
of perfect stems with suffixes (';l??, '?~Jw)agree with the practice
and the treatment of the stems to which they are attached agree
of OJ (5 37, notes 2 and 5).
closely with the corresponding features of OJ. The accusative
I n the 3 s. m. IMPERFECT before 3 the Sere of the indepen-
pronoun 'them' is not expressed by a suffix but by some one of
dent form (1.ln;) is replaced by hireq ('!an', ??!I) and in the plural
three independent pronouns-jm;! (eight times), ]in? (three times),
C? is replaced by u ('JEl,???, 2 pl. m. impf. Haphel). For similar
and j3JK (Dan. 6. 25). The suffixes attached to verbal stems vary
forms in OJ see $ 37, note 6.
according as the stem ends in a consonant or a vowel. I n the
The only ~ " 5IMPERATIVE form is the 2 pl. m. imperat.
former case, they are the same as the suffixes joined to nouns,
Haphel '!in? (Dan. 2. 6).
except that '3 is me ' and that K! .. is written for K-! in the only
7"Y verbs. 6. No change takes place in the stems of Y"' verbs
case of its occurrence (Dan. 2. 23). I n the latter case, the suffixes
when suffixes are attached (but see 5 32, note 2).
that actually occur are : ' 2 , 7 (2 s. m.), '7 (8 12) K,! and 173.
Perf. stems. 2. The stems of the 3 s. m. and 3 pl. m. of all
perfects are treated as in OJ (see OJ paradigm, p. go). Examples:
nnnn, qr$v;r, r!r5pp, *;nip?...
The only examples of other parts of a perfect tense with suffixes
are two of the 2 s. m. in Dan. 2. 2 3 ('!gyliz and K??ylin) and one
I sing of a ~ " verb
5 (note 5).
Imperf. stems. 3. Imperfects with suffixes closely resemble
those of OJ and P T M ($ 36, note 8). 3. is combined with stems
ending in a consonant and 3 with stems ending in a vowel. Exam-
0
,-:
p2. p2.
,-;
fi. -= &. ,-.
,-: ,p.. ,-:
p.,
h'i,hh..3.&h*h..'nF,;
I; E. c..c
I%' T\i' P3 111'
-
,-. ,-. I-:
"
a-,
9 *-
5 . -
r
j
,-I
y.E.
,-I
n
E. E.
e.fi. I-&.
.-
t-1
n 9.r..
-
.. ;;"
5; n; PI 2: 9: 2:
5 5. 3 jxz,.
nt
n-
**
x r-
Q..
nt
E'
n+
Q.. O.. Q..
nt
5-'%
9 n~
E
'n h l 'ECn .E.
%
E..
. &' =
h -h &
--
z h5. .5h ... hg. . 2-
E..
2e
EI EI
z1?5;.
,+ 5;.
1:
El EI
E.. 9. 2 X
-5 5..-
E' E,
n -
n E..
n EI p
F:. Fi: F:. ' :. '
re. I-.. '
,7- Jr ,7- J? .JF
3;2;2;2:.3.
a p.n c 'il
F!. I-;'
"'
1 , .-n..
A
OLD TESTAMENT ARAMAIC
Personal pronouns (nominafives).
n!pF ,K!324 K$
! I corn.
p!K pMN) F;rK 2 masc.
- - fern.
im? ,]:a8 Kqn 3 masc.
1F
:' K'? fem.
2 S. m.
f.
w
I sing. e
3 pl. m.
f.
2 p1. m.
f.
I pl.
3?1q 2 s. m.
f.
I sing.'
n.. c
111
.
n n.-
6 a. n- a fi..
9 Q..
rt
n n 5' n n+E. n KO
c n n
i ',
0 C.. -.
i-; C.. -.
. g r: r- c," -5
P a
n > a g g
--I
'=
Ll