Part 2: Wireless Communication

! Section 1: Wireless Transmission ! Section 2: Digital modulation ! Section 3: Multiplexing/Medium Access Control

Digital Modulation

Why Modulate?
! Modulation is the process of encoding information from a message source in a manner suitable for transmission ! In general it involves translating a baseband signal (source signal) to a modulated signal signal at a higher frequency (the carrier frequency, fc)
energy fc frequency 0

Digital vs Analog Modulation

! Analog modulation uses mainly AM (Amplitude) and FM (Frequency Modulations) ! Modern mobile communication systems use digital modulation techniques
! e.g. sophisticated and efficient schemes such as Phase modulation...

without mod. ! Motivations:

after modulation
0

! Digital modulation offers many advantages:

! ! ! !

! Reduce antenna size: the size of an antenna is proportional to the signal wavelength. By increasing the carrier frequency, the wavelength decreases. ! Allow to share the spectrum: see frequency-division multiplexing
3

greater noise immunity and robustness to channel impairments easier multiplexing greater security (encryption) more flexibility

The performance of a modulation scheme is often measured in terms of its power and bandwidth efficiencies. ! Power efficiency:
! Problem: in order to increase noise immunity, it is necessary to increase the signal power. The amount by which the signal power should be increased to maintain a certain BER depends on the modulation scheme. ! Power efficiency describes the ability to preserve the fidelity of a digital message at low power levels. ! The power efficiency expresses the "signal energy over the noise energy" ratio (Eb/No) required at the receiver to guaranty a certain BER
5

Factors that influence the choice of Digital Modulation

Factors that influence the choice of Digital Modulation (2)

! Bandwidth efficiency:
! Problem: increasing the data rate implies decreasing the pulse width of the digital symbol, which increases the bandwidth of the signal. ! Bandwidth efficiency describes how efficiently the allocated bandwidth is used ! Defined as the ratio of the throughput data rate per Hertz (bps/ Hz) ! Fundamental upper bound: C/B = log2(1+S/N) where C is the channel capacity (bps), B the bandwidth (Hz) and S/ N the signal-to-noise ratio.

Factors that influence the choice of Digital Modulation (3)

! Very often there is a tradeoff:
! adding error control coding reduces the bandwidth efficiency (redundancy is transmitted too) but increases the power efficiency (there remain fewer errors) ! M-ary schemes increase the bandwidth efficiency but require higher transmission power to keep the same BER

Digital Modulation techniques

! Digital modulation is the process by which a sequence of pulses (message) of duration T is transformed into a sequence of sinusoidal waveforms, s(t) of duration T. ! The general form of the modulated signal is:
s(t) = A(t).cos[2.!.(fc + fm(t)).t + "(t)]

! Other factors are important

! cost and the complexity of the receiver ! for wireless networks, the robustness under various types of channel impairments such as Rayleigh fading and multipath dispersion is important

! Digital modulation can then be defined as the process whereby the amplitude, frequency, phase or a combination of them is varied in accordance with the information to be transmitted ! A scheme that uses:
! amplitude is called ! frequency is called ! phase is called ASK (Amplitude Shift Keying) FSK (Frequency Shift Keying) PSK (Phase Shift Keying)

Digital Modulation techniques: Illustration

1 0
t

Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)

Si(t) = [(2.Ei(t))/T]1/2 cos[2.!.fc.t + "]
! where the amplitude may have M discrete values

0 <= t <= T i = 1, ...., M

ASK
1 1 0 1 0

A(t).cos[2.!.(fc t)]
1
t

FSK
t

cos[2.!.(fc+fm(t)).t]

PSK

! If M =2, the amplitude is either 0 or 1. The scheme is called Binary ASK. ! If M > 2, each waveform carry log2(M) bits. This scheme is therefore more bandwidth efficient. It is called M-ary ASK.
! Exp: M = 4; log2(4)=2 bits/waveform
! A1 = 0; 00 ! A2 = 1; 01 ! A3 = 2; 10 ! A4 = 3; 11 3 2 1
t

1
t

cos[2.!.fc.t + "(t)]

ASK/PSK (APK)

1
t

A(t)cos[2.!.fc.t + "(t)]
9

01

00

10

11
10

Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)

Si(t) = (2E/T)1/2 cos[2.!.(fc + i.fm ).t + "]
! where i.fm may have M discrete value, E is the symbol energy and T the symbol time duration.

Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) (2)

Si(t) = (2E/T)1/2 cos[2.!.(fc + i.fm ).t + "]
0 <= t <= T i = 1, ...., M ! If M > 2, each waveform carry log2(M) bits. This scheme is therefore more bandwidth efficient. It is called M-ary FSK.
! Exp: M = 4; log2(4)=2 bits/waveform
! f1 = fc+fm; 00 ! f2 = fc-fm; 01 ! f3 = fc+2.fm; 10 ! f4 = fc-2.fm; 11
01

0 <= t <= T i = 1, ...., M

! If M =2, the scheme is called Binary FSK and the carrier frequency switches between 2 values, fh and fl:
! fh = fc + fm corresponding to binary 1 ! fl = fc - fm corresponding to binary 0
1 0 1
t

11

00

10

11

12

Phase Shift Keying (PSK)

Si(t) = (2E/T)1/2 cos[2.!.fc .t + "i(t)]
! where the phase term "i(t) will have M discrete values, typically given by: "i(t) = 2.!.i/M ! M-ary PSK can displayed as constellation diagrams

Phase Shift Keying (PSK) (2)

Si(t) = (2E/T)1/2 cos[2.!.fc .t + "i(t)]
! where the phase term "i(t) will have M discrete values, typically given by: "i(t) = 2.!.i/M

0 <= t <= T i = 1, ...., M

0 <= t <= T i = 1, ...., M

! If M =2, the scheme is called Binary PSK and the phase switches between 2 values, 0 and !.
! Binary 1 = (2/T)1/2 cos[2.!.fc .t] ! Binary 0 =
1

! If M > 2, the scheme is called M-ary PSK and can carry log2 (M) bits/waveform.
! If M=8, 3 bits/waveform
! s0(t) = (2E/T)1/2 cos[2.!.fc .t] ! s1(t) = (2E/T)1/2 cos[2.!.fc .t + !/4 ] ! s2(t) = (2E/T)1/2 cos[2.!.fc .t + !/2 ] ! ... ! s7(t) = (2E/T)1/2 cos[2.!.fc .t + 7.!/4 ]
Q

(2/T)1/2
0

cos[2.!.fc .t + !]
Q

011 100 101

010 001 000

I

1
t 1 0 I

110
13

111
14

Phase Shift Keying (PSK) (3)

! Obviously the bandwidth efficiency of a M-ary PSK scheme increases as M increases because more bits per symbol can be sent ! ...however the distance between 2 points in the constellation is reduced and therefore the error rate gets larger. ! As M increases, the bandwidth efficiency increases but the waveform energy (Eb) must be increased to keep the BER at 10-6. M
(bandwith efficiency) (power efficiency)

Quadrature PSK (QPSK)

! If M=4 then the scheme is called Quadrature PSK
Si(t) = (2E/T)1/2 cos[2.!.fc .t + #.!/2] i =1,..4
(1,-1)
Q

(1,1)
I

! using trigonometry:

(-1,1)

Si(t) = (E/T)1/2.[di(t).cos(2!fct+!/4) + dq(t).sin(2!fct+!/4)]

(-1,-1)

2 0.5 10.5

4 1 10.5

8 1.5 14

16 2

32 2.5

64 3 28.5
15

R/Bw in bits/Hz Eb/No

! where di(t) = d0, d2, d4, (even bits of the input signal) dq(t) = d1, d3, d5, (odd bits of the input signal) ! note that di(t) and dq(t) have half bit rate of dk(t) ! this last formula is an efficient way to generate the QPSK waveform...

18.5 23.4

16

QPSK (2)
-1 -1 -1

OQPSK
d7

dk(t)

d0

d1

d2
1

d3
-1

d4
-1

d5
1

d6
1

! In QPSK, due to the coincident alignment of dI(t) and dq(t), the carrier can change only once every 2T.

dI(t)
+0.7 -0.7

d0 d2 d1 d3

d6

d4 d5 d7

. cos(2!fct + !/4) t . sin(2!fct + !/4)

dQ(t)

! 180o phase shift will cause the envelope to go to zero creating interference ! In OQPSK (Offset QPSK), dI(t) and dq(t) bit stream
are offset by one bit period (half symbol period). ! In OQPSK, bit transition and therefore carrier modulation can occur more frequently (every T) but with a smaller phase shift (+/-90).
! The envelope never goes to zero
18

! If both dI(t) and dq(t) change, the phase shift is 180o. ! If dI(t) or dq(t) changes sign, the phase shift is +/-90o.

+1.4

11

00

01

11

dI(t)+ dQ(t)

s(t)
-1.4

t
17

OQPSK
dk(t)
dI(t)

Amplitude and Phase modulation

d7

d0

d1

-1

-1

-1

d2
1

d3
-1

d4
-1

d5
1

d6
1

d0 d2

d6

d4 d5 d3 d7

. cos(2.!.fc .t+!./4) t . sin(2.!.fc .t+!./4) t

dI(t)+ dQ(t)

! With M-ary QAM, the amplitude and phase of the signal are both changed ! If M=16, it is called 16QAM, or 16-Phase Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
! ! ! ! M = 16; log2(16)=4 bits/waveform Si(t) = (2E/T)1/2 .[ai.cos(2.!.fc .t) + bi.sin(2.!.fc .t)] Higher transmission rate but less robust NB: there isnt a constant energy per symbol # some symbols are detected with a higher probability than others!

dQ(t)

d1

s(t)

11

t
19 24