Restoration Systems, LLC Milburnie Dam Mitigation Bank 1 of 89 1.0 Introduct|on Restoiation Systems, LLC (the Sponsoi) pioposes to iestoie appioximately S2,S9u-lineai feet (LF) of the Neuse Rivei, which iuns fiom noith to south along the eastein euge of the Extia Teiiitoiial }uiisuiction of Raleigh, Noith Caiolina. The iestoiation effoit will be achieveu by iemoving Nilbuinie Bam. The uam is locateu on the Neuse Rivei appioximately 1S miles uownstieam of Falls Lake in Wake County, NC (Figuie 1), within the 8-uigit 0niteu States ueological Seivice (0SuS) cataloging unit uSu2u2u1 (Neuse u1) anu NC Bivision of Watei Quality (NCBWQ) sub-basin uS-u4-u2 (Figuie 2). The iestoiation pioject is pioposeu as a compensatoiy mitigation bank, heieaftei known as the !"#$%&'"() *+,)-.&(+,)!"."/+."0')1+'2)3!*!14.
Since Febiuaiy 2uu2 the Nilbuinie Bam has been uesignateu as a piioiity foi iemoval by the NC inteiagency Bam Removal Task Foice (BRTF), which was compiiseu of staff fiom the N.C. Wilulife Resouices Commission, NCBWQ, N.C. Bivision of Naiine Fisheiies, N.C. Bivision of Coastal Nanagement, N.C. Natuial Beiitage Piogiam (NCNBP), National Naiine Fisheiies Seivice, 0.S. Fish anu Wilulife Seivice (0SFWS), anu the 0.S. Aimy Coips of Engineeis (0SACE). The piioiity uesignation was assigneu to the Nilbuinie Bam foi vaiious ieasonspiimaiily because it is a known baiiiei to the movement of migiatoiy fish, incluuing stiipeu bass (!"#"$%& '()*+*,*') anu Ameiican shau (-,"'(& '(.*/*''*0(). The uam cuiiently impounus appioximately S2,S9u-LF of the Neuse Rivei main stem. In auuition, the uam blocks anauiomous fish passage foi an auuitional 8.S-miles above the impounument until the next baiiiei, Falls Bam. Removal of the uam woulu iestoie the
Restoration Systems, LLC Milburnie Dam Mitigation Bank 2 of 89 cuiiently impounueu ieach by ieestablishing the iivei's fiee-flowing (lotic) chaiactei. The ie-establishment of lotic conuitions will iesult in multiple beneficial ecological changes, each of which will be monitoieu to uemonstiate success (oi lack theieof) as pait of the Sponsoi's obligations puisuant to the most iecent BRTF guiuance (BRTF 2uu8).
A piospectus was oiiginally submitteu foi the NBNB in Febiuaiy 2u1u. Aftei the Su-uay Public Notice peiiou, the 0SACE piepaieu an Initial Evaluation Lettei, which iuentifieu a list of issues inauequately auuiesseu in the Febiuaiy 2u1u Piospectus. Accoiuingly, the Sponsoi has incluueu supplemental infoimation heiein to auuiess the inauequacies of the oiiginal piospectus in accoiuance with SS CFR SS2.8(u)(S)(iii) foi ieview anu appioval by the Inteiagency Review Team (IRT). Numeious pie-pioject investigations have been completeu oi aie unueiway since submitting the initial piospectus. 565)7&08(9.):$8(9.";(<) The iemoval of the Nilbuinie Bam is pioposeu in oiuei to achieve the following two objectives: (1) the iestoiation of lotic anu anauiomous spawning habitat along appioximately 1S-miles of the Neuse Rivei as measuieu by a set of success ciiteiia (Section 11.u), anu (2) the geneiation of stieam mitigation cieuits iesulting fiom successful iestoiation. The success ciiteiia anu associateu stieam mitigation cieuits aie pioposeu unuei the most iecent BRTF guiuance (2uu8). This guiuance uesciibes geneial ciiteiia that will be monitoieu foi impiovement in oiuei to geneiate stieam mitigation cieuits. The following foui piimaiy success ciiteiia aie pioposeu foi the NBNB.
Restoration Systems, LLC Milburnie Dam Mitigation Bank 3 of 89 56 =,>&0;() ?+.(&) @%+#".A: The impounueu ieach is chionically affecteu by hypoxia anu anoxia associateu with theimal stiatification anu low flows along the iiveibeu within the impounument. B6 C<.+$#"<D)+')+>>&0>&"+.()+@%+."9)90,,%'".A: The existing aquatic community is pieuominately compiiseu of lentic species, typical of lakes anu ponus. The iestoiation effoit will tiansfoim the impounueu wateis into a iiveiine system; theieby suppoiting moie ecologically appiopiiate lotic communities; foi example, filtei feeuing macioinveitebiates anu fish species such as uaiteis. E6 F+9"#".+.()D+$".+.)&(<.0&+."0')G0&)+'H)&(I90#0'"J+."0')$A)&+&(K)('H+'/(&(H)+'H) .D&(+.('(H) +@%+."9) <>(9"(<: The NCNBP lists element occuiiences foi eight iaie species that aie state- anuoi feueially-listeu. These species occui upstieam anuoi uownstieam of Nilbuinie Bam. Bam iemoval woulu open anu iestoie habitat foi some of these species. L6 7&0;"H() +'+H&0,0%<) G"<D) >+<<+/(: Nilbuinie Bam is a well-known baiiiei to the migiation of two anauiomous species, stiipeu bass (!"#"$% '()*+*,*') anu Ameiican shau (-,"'( '(.*/*''*0(), anu its iemoval will open appioximately 1S miles of iivei main stem to spawning migiatoiy fish. 56B)1+'2)->0'<0&)+'H)M0'.+9.)='G0&,+."0') ) Restoiation Systems, LLC. }ohn Pieyei 11u1 Baynes Stieet Suite 211 Raleigh, NC 276u4 jpieyeiiestoiationsystems.com 919.7SS.949u
Restoration Systems, LLC Milburnie Dam Mitigation Bank 4 of 89 2.0 Genera| Need and 1echn|ca| Ieas|b|||ty 2.1 kegu|atory Need Neuse u1 is a laige uiainage aiea (~2,4uu-mi 2 ) within the Neuse Rivei basin. Its population giowth iate is among the highest in the countiy (0S Census Buieau 2u1u), anu theie aie almost 9 million LF of stieams within its bounuaiies (NCBWQ 2uu9). These uata suggest lanu uevelopment activities aie likely to inciease in fiequency, as will local conflicts between uevelopment anu aquatic iesouices. Theie is theiefoie an immeuiate neeu foi auequate compensatoiy mitigation in the aiea. 2.2 Lnv|ronmenta| Need The Neuse Rivei basin contains appioximately one-sixth of the state's population anu, peihaps moie impoitantly, it nouiishes one of the nation's laigest anu most piouuctive coastal estuaiies (the Albemaile-Pamlico). This complex ecosystem seives as a nuiseiy foi 9u% of the commeicial seafoou species caught in Noith Caiolina (Neuse Riveikeepei Founuation 2u11). The Neuse u1 extenus fiom its ultimate heauwateis in Peison anu Buiham counties to neai uolusboio (Figuie 2). This pait of the iivei passes thiough highly uibanizeu, as well as highly agiaiian lanuscapes. Population uensity of the Tiiangle is expecteu to inciease by moie than 6u% in the next 2u yeais. The Neuse Rivei has long been listeu as an impeiileu iivei uue to the giowing piesence of algae, as eviuenceu by the high chloiophyll-a concentiations of its wateis. Such conuitions aie known to be piecuisois to fish kills uuiing hot summei months. The oveiabunuance of algae in the iivei is known to be a function of excessive nutiient loauing, paiticulaily of nitiogen inputs fiom uiban anu agiicultuial lanuscapes. Ecosystem iestoiation effoits aie necessaiy anu shoulu be taigeteu at impioving anu extenuing valuable lotic habitat foi native fauna
Restoration Systems, LLC Milburnie Dam Mitigation Bank 5 of 89 stiesseu by the cumulative anu iecuiiing impacts associateu with uiban anu agiaiian lanu uses. 2.3 1echn|ca| Ieas|b|||ty As uiscusseu in moie uetail within the Restoiation Plan (Section 9.u), the pieuominant iestoiation mechanism at NBNB will be the iemoval of Nilbuinie Bam. Bam iemovals can have piofounu anu neaily immeuiate effects on fluvial ecosystemsboth positive anu negative. It is theiefoie impoitant that uam iemoval piojects aie caiefully evaluateu, planneu anu executeu so ecological benefits aie maximizeu anu unuesiiable outcomes aie minimizeu. The potential benefits of iemoving Nilbuinie Bam aie well iecognizeu by the NC aquatic iesouice agencies, as eviuenceu by the piioiity given to the Nilbuinie Bam by the BRTF as one of the most impoitant uams to iemove in the state (BRTF 2uu2). Inueeu, much uiscussion in this piospectus is focuseu on the likely ecological benefits of the pioposeu iemoval (see Section 11.u). Bowevei, the possibility of unintenueu ecological outcomes is ieal anu well iecognizeu by the Sponsoi, but the public anu the IRT uoes not yet unueistanu theii piobabilities anu magnituues.
Among the possible unuesiiable outcomes with potentially significant consequence(s) aie: the tianspoit of stoieu seuiments containing toxic substances, high iate anu fiequency of seuiment tianspoit (toxic oi otheiwise), potential loss of floouplain wetlanus anu violations of state watei quality stanuaius (i.e., tuibiuity, uissolveu oxygen anu nitiogen). Below is a pieliminaiy analysis of the specific challenges ielateu to the iemoval of Nilbuinie Bam. Each of the above conceins is auuiesseu in uetail in successive subsections. Any iepoits citeu heiein will be maue available to the IRT (upon iequest).
Restoration Systems, LLC Milburnie Dam Mitigation Bank 6 of 89 2.3.1 Sed|ment 1ox|c|ty Seuiment toxicity is an impoitant consiueiation uuiing the evaluation phase of any uam iemoval. Initial investigations iegaiuing the potential of NBNB seuiments to be souices of toxicity if tianspoiteu uownstieam have been conuucteu. Below is a biief summaiy of the ongoing seuiment toxicity stuuy anu its pieliminaiy conclusions to uate.
Assisting the 0SACE, the 0SFWS's Bi. Tom Augspuigei completeu the 2uu8 iepoit titleu, "1*%#&2&3#%,*0*$(#4&56(,7(+*"$&"8&3",,7+($+&9"7#:%'&+"&+;%&20."7$/%/&<%(:;%'&"8&=*6%&>(0'&*$& +;%& ?%7'%& <*6%#& @('*$A& ?"#+;& B(#",*$(" (0SFWS 2uu8). The iepoit concluues the assessment aieas uiaining into the Nilbuinie impounument aie uibanizeu anu aieas of well uocumenteu watei quality uegiauation. In auuition, two laige municipal anu one inuustiial facility with contiolleu oi uncontiolleu pollutant ieleases weie iuentifieu in the NBNB assessment aiea. The iepoit iecommenus any pioposeu seuiment uistuibing activities (e.g., uam iemoval) aie evaluateu only aftei auuitional uata collection, with an emphasis on heavy metals anu hyuiocaibons (maikeis of uiban iunoff anu othei souices). The Sponsoi is funuing the appiopiiate Tiei II seuiment toxicity investigations, which began 11 August 2u11, leu by Bi. Tom Augspuigei. The Tiei II evaluation will ueteimine the piesenceabsence anu ielative concentiations of vaiious heavy metals anu hyuiocaibons. In auuition, the Tiei II evaluation will evaluate seuiment uownstieam of the uam foi compaiison puiposes.
The 0SFWS pioviueu a uiaft Tiei II Stuuy Plan to the IRT foi ieview (0SFWS 2u11) in }une 2u11. Seuiments weie sampleu fiom within anu below the Nilbuinie impounument in August 2u11. Bi. Augspuigei is cuiiently ieviewing seuiment chemistiy uata anu
Restoration Systems, LLC Milburnie Dam Mitigation Bank 7 of 89 piepaiing the Tiei II uiaft iepoit. The foithcoming Tiei II evaluation (anu all suppoiting uata) will be shaieu with the IRT anu useu along with othei seuiment investigations (see next subsection) to ueteimine whethei the pioposeu iemoval is likely to cause unacceptable effects on local anu iegional watei quality. 2.3.2 Sed|ment 1ransport Fine seuiment tianspoit is an impoitant consiueiation foi NBNB, especially in the contexts of toxicity, tuibiuity, uissolveu oxygen anu nitiogen. The mineial suifaces of fine seuiments aie known to be suitable binuing sites foi oiganics (the uisassociation of which can affect uissolveu oxygen anu tuibiuity levels uuiing tianspoit). Fuitheimoie, upon mobilization anu uisassociation fiom the substiate, aquatic oiganisms coulu be exposeu to seveial types of potential toxins, incluuing heavy metals anu hyuiocaibons (the substances iuentifieu in 0SFWS 2uu8). Theiefoie, the most likely mechanism of tianspoit foi toxins (if piesent) anu othei pollutants associateu with uam iemovals is suspenueu seuiment tianspoit. To bettei anticipate the likelihoou of fine seuiment tianspoit, the size, oiganic content anu uistiibution of impounueu seuiments was assesseu.
Seuiment chaiactei (size, oiganic content anu uistiibution patteins) was suiveyeu on thiee sepaiate occasions within the existing impounument. Bi. Auam Riggsbee conuucteu the fiist suivey (}une 2uu9). Bi. Riggsbee concluueu the impounument stoies mostly coaise sanu with low oiganic content within the channel, while floouplain backwatei anu wetlanu aieas contain oiganic, fine seuiment accumulations. ENTRIX of Raleigh, NC (now Caiuno- ENTRIX) conuucteu the seconu suivey (ENTRIX 2u1u). ENTRIX sampleu S8 sites within the active channel of the impounument. Neaily 9u% of the ENTRIX samples weie
Restoration Systems, LLC Milburnie Dam Mitigation Bank 8 of 89 chaiacteiizeu as "sanu", anu 4S% weie chaiacteiizeu as "coaise sanu". 0nly foui sites containeu "fines" (clay oi silt; see Figuie S, which also incluues a floouplain site noteu as a potential fine seuiment souice by Riggsbee). The laigest ueposit obseiveu by ENTRIX was locateu just upstieam of the uam, neai a cloggeu tiash iack (uiscusseu below anu in 0SFWS 2u11); the seconu laigest ueposit was obseiveu at the wetlanu confluence on the west bank ~16uu-feet upstieam of the uam. Bepth of iefusal (B0R; a means of appioximating seuiment uepth) measuiements thioughout the impounument inuicateu the vast majoiity of sites exhibiteu less than one-foot of accumulation (similai to othei fiee flowing ieaches of the Neuse Rivei); howevei, the fine seuiment site locateu neaiest the uam (by cloggeu tiash iacks) hau significant accumulations (7.7-feet; see next paiagiaph uiscussing 0SFWS 2u11 finuings).
Bi. Augspuigei anu Bi. Riggsbee peifoimeu a thiiu seuiment suivey (Nay 2u11) within anu uownstieam of the impounument as pait of the Tiei II Stuuy Plan (0SFWS 2u11). In all, Augspuigei anu Riggsbee confiimeu thiee of the foui fine seuiment locations iepoiteu by ENTRIX (2u1u). The fouith site (7.7-foot accumulation neai tiash gate) was iemoveu fiom consiueiation foi fine seuiment sampling, as the site was chaiacteiizeu by coaise paiticulate oiganic mattei, inteispeiseu with fine seuiments. Theiefoie, this paiticulai site uoes not appeai to contain much seuiment. An auuitional site was auueu to the list (leesiue euuy of islanu neai Beaveiuam Lake), which was uesciibeu as a "small anu shallow aiea" of ueposition.
Restoration Systems, LLC Milburnie Dam Mitigation Bank 9 of 89 All thiee suiveys concluueu the majoiity of seuiment stoieu within the impounument is sanu. In auuition, each stuuy founu only patchy, localizeu ueposits of fine seuiments. These iesults fit expectations baseu on the ieseivoii seuimentation anu uam iemoval seuiment tianspoit liteiatuie. Bam engineeis anu uam iemoval piactitioneis utilize a simple, yet effective, uimensionless iatio iepiesenting seuiment stoiage efficiency of an impounument, the "aspect iatio" (Noiiis anu Fan 1998). Specifically, the aspect iatio is uefineu as the iatio of ieseivoii wiuth to the fiee flowing channel wiuth. The concept is baseu on the unueistanuing an impounument's moiphology uiiectly affects its stoiage efficiency, which in tuin ueteimines an impounument's piobability of ieleasing seuiments following uam iemoval. The meaning: wiuei impounuments (ielative to fiee flowing channel wiuths) aie capable of stoiing moie seuiment than naiiowei impounuments. Riggsbee et al. (2uu7) showeu the aspect iatio coulu be useful when explaining (anu pieuicting) suspenueu seuiment tianspoit uuiing anu aftei uam iemovals (uemolition anu post-iemoval floous). The mean aspect iatio of Nilbuinie (using a mean impounument wiuth of 1S9-feet) is 1.u. The max aspect iatio (using a max impounument wiuth of 18S-feet) is 1.2. Riggsbee et al. (2uu7) founu iatios in this iange (<<S) weie likely to contiibute little auuitional total suspenueu solius (TSS; a measuie of suspenueu mateiial tianspoit) ielative to upstieam inputs, especially uuiing high uischaige events.
In combination with the thiee seuiment suiveys (2uu9, 2u1u anu 2u11) anu the use of Nilbuinie's aspect iatio, it is ieasonable to concluue fine seuiment tianspoit is unlikely to iesult in the chionic, sustaineu ieleases of concentiateu seuiment suspensions to uownstieam enviionments, especially if appiopiiate best management piactices (BNPs)
Restoration Systems, LLC Milburnie Dam Mitigation Bank 10 of 89 aie implementeu (see Section 9.u). Insteau, it is ieasonable to expect the pieuominant mechanism of seuiment tianspoit will be beuloau tianspoit. Theiefoie, in the absence of seuiment ielateu uam iemoval BNPs, the accumulateu sanus woulu most likely move in uunes with a piominent fiont uune initially auvancing iapiuly then slowing ovei time. Bowevei, if BNPs aie utilizeuas The Sponsoi pioposes heiein, the accumulateu sanus will be tianspoiteu in seveial small inciements, avoiuing concentiateu uune foimation anu movement (see Section 9.1). 2.3.3 1urb|d|ty and D|sso|ved Cxygen When assessing the potential foi incieaseu seuiment tianspoit associateu with uam iemovals to negatively affect local anu iegional watei quality (acute anu chionic), the chaiactei of stoieu seuiment is impoitant to consiuei. Seuiment assessments have concluueu stoieu seuiments aie mostly sanus with low oiganic content (e.g., Photo 1). So in-channel stoies aie unlikely to pioviue fine, oiganic anu nutiient iich seuiments that will negatively affect tuibiuity oi uissolveu oxygen concentiations within uownstieam ieachesat least not so much that state watei quality stanuaius aie likely to be violateu (Su NT0s foi tuibiuity; 4.u mgL foi B0). Bowevei, these stuuies also inuicate theie aie backwatei aieas (out-of-channel, floouplain stoiage) within the impounument that coulu pioviue significant souices of fine, oiganic iich seuiments. The Sponsoi intenus to take pieventive measuies that will ieuuce the chances of mobilizing these seuiments uuiing the uam iemoval piocess (see Section 9.u). In auuition, the Sponsoi will woik with the IRT to uesign anu implement tuibiuity anu uissolveu oxygen monitoiing uuiing the iemoval piocess.
Restoration Systems, LLC Milburnie Dam Mitigation Bank 11 of 89 2.3.4 Wet|ands Buiing the initial site evaluation phase (}une 2uu9), Bi. Riggsbee conuucteu a thoiough wetlanu-iivei nexus ieview within the impounueu ieach. The fiist step of the ieview was a uesktop uIS assessment to iuentify the locations anu appioximate extents of iipaiian wetlanus anu open watei aieas. Each iuentifieu aiea was then visiteu by boat to asceitain if a nexus was piesent anu the hyuiological contiol foi each wetlanu. Each nexus was photo-uocumenteu (Figuie 4). Bi. Riggsbee ueteimineu the vast majoiity of wetlanu aieas with possible nexuses with the Neuse Rivei weie hyuiologically contiolleu by one of the following: manmaue uams (e.g., Photo 2), natuial levees (e.g., Photo S), manmaue giaue contiol featuies (to piotect City of Raleigh sewei line; e.g., Photo 4) oi beavei uams (e.g., Photo S).
0nly one location was ueteimineu to be unuei the uiiect hyuiological contiol of the Nilbuinie Bam (Wetlanu 1). Anothei location was ueteimineu to be unuei the contiol of seveial beavei uams (Wetlanu 2); howevei, uue to the pioximity of Nilbuinie Bam, the Wetlanu 2 ueseives fuithei attention. In auuition, an open watei aiea was also iuentifieu as an aiea capable of suppoiting wetlanu establishment following uam iemoval.
The Catena uioup (TCu) conuucteu a seconu, two phase suivey of the aiea (TCu 2u1u anu TCu 2u11). The fiist phase uelineateu floouplain wetlanu aieasusing the thiee methou appioach (0SACE 1987)within the impounueu ieach (TCu 2u1u). The iepoit concluues theie aie 11S-acies of juiisuictional wetlanus in the floouplain aieas associateu with the impounument (Figuie S). The iepoit also obseiveu the pieuominant hyuiological contiol of floouplain wetlanus within the impounument (similai to Bi. Riggsbee's conclusions)
Restoration Systems, LLC Milburnie Dam Mitigation Bank 12 of 89 weie natuial levees, beavei uams anu manmaue giaue contiols associateu with the City of Raleigh sewei line.
Baseu on the obseivations of Bi. Riggsbee anu TCu, it is ieasonable to concluue the vast majoiity of wetlanus along the Nilbuinie impounument aie not hyuiologically contiolleu by the uam's piesence. Still, the Sponsoi acknowleuges the piesence of alteinative hyuiological contiols uoes not necessaiily mean the uam iemoval will have no effect on wetlanus along the cuiient impounument (see Section 11.u foi floouplain wetlanu monitoiing plan). Neveitheless, the Sponsoi believes any negative effects on these hyuiological contiols as a iesult of uam iemoval will be /%& 0*$*0*'. Nanmaue giaue contiol stiuctuies aie unlikely to be affecteu by impounument uewateiing. Likewise, the piesence of levees appeais to be a natuial featuie extenuing beyonu the uam's influence anu aie theiefoie likely to iemain stable following uam iemoval. Beavei uams in theii cuiient locations, howevei, aie susceptible to failuie, which is a significant contiol on floouplain wetlanu hyuiology. But baseu on high levels of local beavei activity, most beavei uams aie likely to be iepaiieu oi ieplaceu if uamage iesults following the iemoval of Nilbuinie Bam. To ieuuce the occuiience of uamage ielateu to Nilbuinie Bam's iemoval, specific BNPs will be employeu to limit the iate of ieseivoii uiawuown (uewateiing), which will pievent oi uiamatically ieuuce the iate anu numbei of bank slumping events that might unueimine existing beavei uams (see Section 9.u).
It is theiefoie ieasonable to concluue theie aie only two wetlanu aieas (anu one open watei aiea) likely to be negatively anu immeuiately affecteu by the pioposeu uam iemoval
Restoration Systems, LLC Milburnie Dam Mitigation Bank 13 of 89 (see Figuie 6). Nilbuinie Bam hyuiologically contiols Wetlanu 1. While numeious beavei uams contiol Wetlanu 2's hyuiology, this aiea is locateu in Nilbuinie Bam's immeuiate vicinity anu coulu be geomoiphically affecteu if Nilbuinie is iemoveu. ENTRIX was engageu to fuithei investigate the potential effects of the pioposeu iemoval on these specific wetlanu anu open watei aieas. The stuuy useu BEC-RAS hyuiological moueling to appioximate post-iemoval hyuiology within the stuuy aiea. ENTRIX concluueu in a technical memoianuum (ENTRIX 2uu9) if "uam iemoval (was conuucteu) in the absence of any action to minimize (wetlanu) change", appioximately 1S.S-acies of wetlanu woulu potentially be impacteu (Figuie 6) anu S.7-acies of open watei may be conveiteu to wetlanu (a net anticipateu loss of 11.8-acies). These conclusions weie also baseu on the high level of local beavei activity in the aiea (Photo 6 anu Photo 7).
Buiing the seconu phase of the TCu stuuy (TCu 2u11), the geneial extent of floouplain wetlanus immeuiately uownstieam was ueteimineuusing the thiee methou appioach (0SACE 1987)anu chaiacteiizeu to pioviue some basis of compaiison foi ENTRIX's iesults, which suggest the piesence of floouplain wetlanus is a natuial featuie of this ieach. This seconu iepoit inuicateu theie aie appioximately 1u7-acies of juiisuictional wetlanus (Figuie 7) within the floouplain aieas associateu with the S.S-miles of the Neuse Rivei immeuiately uownstieam of Nilbuinie. (Foi compaiison, the Nilbuinie impounument is ~6-miles long anu contains 11S-acies of floouplain wetlanus.) TCu concluues wetlanu types, hyuiology anu aieas above anu below the uam aie geneially similai. TCu's stuuy theiefoie suppoits the following hypothesis: the piesence of floouplain wetlanus along this section of the Neuse is a natuial featuie laigely inuepenuent of the uam.
Restoration Systems, LLC Milburnie Dam Mitigation Bank 14 of 89
While it is incieasingly appaient wetlanu aieas anu functions upstieam of Nilbuinie Bam will not be entiiely lost if the uam is iemoveu, the Sponsoi acknowleuges theie is ieasonable concein some losses will occui in the absence of pieventative measuies. Avoiuance of wetlanu impacts is theiefoie an impoitant consiueiation foi the Sponsoi. To this enu, the Sponsoi is cuiiently investigating vaiious engineeieu appioaches that woulu avoiu anu minimize any unintenueu, uiiect anu inuiiect impacts to upstieam wetlanus. The Sponsoi will shaie this infoimation (once available) with the IRT uuiing the NBI uiafting piocess. 2.3.3 Nutr|ent ketent|on As the Neuse Rivei basin is subject to a state nutiient management plan iegulating phosphoius anu nitiogen, the Sponsoi has consiueieu the effect of uam iemoval on the system's oveiall nutiient ietention. The analysis to follow auuiesses both watei quality constituents (phosphoius anu nitiogen) within the Nilbuinie system anu uiaws conclusions iegaiuing the likelihoou the pioposeu iemoval will leau to algal blooms anu fish kills within ieceiving wateis (the impetus behinu the nutiient management plan).
<*6%#&($/&C%+,($/'& Nilbuinie has numeious inunuateu oi wetlanu floouplain aieas, which unuoubteuly pioviue impoitant watei quality functions foi local subuiban catchments. In the vast majoiity of cases, local floouplain wetlanus aie suppoiteu fiom souices othei than the impounument (e.g., local hill slopes aujacent to the iivei). As uiscusseu in Section 2.S.2, these wetlanus (incluuing theii watei quality functions) aie not expecteu to be affecteu by
Restoration Systems, LLC Milburnie Dam Mitigation Bank 15 of 89 the pioposeu iemoval. Bowevei, two wetlanu aieas (Wetlanu 1 anu Wetlanu 2; Figuie 6) weie iuentifieu foi concein iegaiuing the potential foi wetlanu impacts, which may in tuin affect nutiient ietention.
In auuition to wetlanu aieas, the cuiiently impounueu iivei assumeuly pioviues some uegiee of nutiient ietention. The ietentive capacity of the iivei is ceitain to change following uam iemoval, as in-channel watei stoiage will be loweieu. Anticipateu changes in both components of the Nilbuinie system (iivei anu wetlanus) aie consiueieu below.
3;"'.;"#7'& Inoiganic phosphoius often limits piouuctivity in fieshwatei systems (Wetzel 2uu1) anu stieam metabolism specifically (Newbolu et al. 198S). Theiefoie uissolveu phosphoius is usually not founu in high concentiations. Fuithei limiting phosphoius concentiations, inoiganic anu oiganic phosphoius have high affinities foi the mineial suifaces of fine seuiment. Theiefoie phosphoius ietention in aquatic systems is contiolleu laigely by the physical piocess of seuimentation (Schlesingei 1997). Thus, a iivei's capacity to ietain phosphoius is uiiectly ielateu to its seuimentation iates (i.e., highei seuimentation iates, highei phosphoius ietention). Conveisely, following uam iemoval, phosphoius expoit is uiiectly ielateu to fine seuiment expoit (foi a uam iemoval example, see Boyle et al. 2uuSb).
As uiscusseu above (Section 2.S.2), the Nilbuinie impounument is inefficient at fine seuiment stoiage, anu is theiefoie unlikely effective at phosphoius ietention. Following
Restoration Systems, LLC Milburnie Dam Mitigation Bank 16 of 89 uam iemoval, the efficiency of phosphoius ietention is likely to ueciease in some iespects, as fine seuiments will be iouteu moie efficiently thiough the ieach.
While a ieuuction in seuimentation iates (anu associateu phosphoius ietention) is expecteu, this anticipateu loss is likely to be small (cuiient seuiment stoiage is low) anu coulu be offset thiough the enhancement of anothei nutiient ietention pathway, piimaiy piouuctivity. Benthic light availability will inciease (with lowei uepths), which will suppoit highei piimaiy piouuctivity of benthic macioalgae anu maciophytes, theieby incieasing local uemanu foi uissolveu phosphoius.
?*+#"D%$& Nitiogen ietention in fieshwatei systems is contiolleu moie by tiansient stoiage (hyuiaulic iesiuence time) as well as aquatic plant anu miciobial community inteiactions. Benitiification (the most peimanent means of iemoving nitiogen) iequiies anoxic enviionments, which aie suppoiteu in systems with long hyuiaulic iesiuence times (Nitsch anu uosselink 2uuu). Anoxic fieshwatei miciobial communities aie iecognizeu as being globally impoitant in uenitiification (e.g., Schlesingei 1997, Nitsch anu uosselink 2uuu). Bowevei, uenitiification is often limiteu by N0S concentiations (Schlesingei 1997). Aquatic plant ioots pioviue oxygen (bypiouuct of photosynthesis) to otheiwise anoxic seuiments, which also coveits ammonium (NB4) to N0S (iefeiieu to as nitiification). Thus, uenitiification iates inciease uiamatically in the piesence of maciophytic vegetation (laige, iooteu aquatic plants; Wetzel 2uu1). Nitiogen ietention is fuithei enhanceu as aquatic plants also sequestei nitiogen. Neaning, nitiogen ietention is highest in systems with
Restoration Systems, LLC Milburnie Dam Mitigation Bank 17 of 89 tiansient stoiage anu aquatic plant anu miciobial inteiactionsthe cuiient conuition in Wetlanu 1 anu Wetlanu 2. Assuming impacts to these wetlanus aie unavoiuable (which may not be the case), losses in watei quality function aie anticipateu. Bowevei, theses loses may be offset by wetlanu establishment in othei aieas of the system as well as auuitional gains in watei quality function fiom within the iivei channel.
Incieaseu benthic light availability (uiscusseu above) following uam iemoval is expecteu to inciease, which will pioviue a limiting iesouice to local macioalgal anu maciophytic communities. Incieaseu benthic piimaiy piouuctivity will inciease uissolveu inoiganic nitiogen uemanu. In auuition, incieaseu watei exchange between seuiments anu the iivei following uam iemoval will potentially fuithei inciease nitiogen ietention. Aieas of iivei- seuiment watei exchange (the "hypoiheic zone") aie well-iecognizeu as aieas of high uenitiification potential (e.g., Buff anu Tiiska 199u; Tiiska et al. 199S; Cuiie et al. 2uu9; Zainestske et al. 2u11). 2.3.4 Lxot|c Spec|es Two invasive species have been obseiveu within the Neuse Rivei in the geneial pioximity of the impounument, Byuiilla (E4/#*,,(& 6%#+*:*,,(+() anu Chinese Nysteiy Snails (B*.($D".(,7/*$(& :;*$%$'*'& 0(,,%(+(). Byuiilla is an aquatic habitat geneialist (e.g., lakes, iiveis, maishes, uitches, spiings, etc.) that has been obseiveu well upstieam anu uownstieam of the impounument (NCWRC comment lettei auuiessing NBNB Biaft Piospectus). It is theiefoie unlikely the uam's piesence oi absence will have any effect on this species' uistiibution with the Neuse Rivei.
Restoration Systems, LLC Milburnie Dam Mitigation Bank 18 of 89 Regaiuing the Chinese Nysteiy Snail, one population has been obseiveu neai the tailwateis of Falls Lake Bam (peis. comm. Tim Saviuge of TCu). Bowevei, these same snails weie not obseiveu uuiing baseline mollusk suiveys within the impounument. As this species piefeis lentic watei bouies with silt, muu anu sanu (0SuS 2uu7), the iemoval of Nilbuinie Bam woulu ieuuce the numbei of sites available foi the snail's expansion. 2.3.S ro[ect Ieas|b|||ty Conc|us|ons Baseu on the analyses piesenteu above, it appeais the impounument is inefficient at seuiment stoiagepaiticulaily fine seuiment stoiageanu is theiefoie unlikely to cause unacceptable chionic anu peisistent watei quality pioblems locally oi iegionally (i.e., toxicity, tuibiuity oi uissolveu oxygen). Bowevei, final conclusions iegaiuing any anticipateu watei quality effects associateu with the pioposeu uam iemoval will be maue in close cooiuination with the IRT. In auuition, final watei quality conclusions shoulu not be uiawn until the foithcoming Tiei II evaluation is complete anu all public comments have been ieceiveu anu consiueieu.
If the Tiei II evaluation inuicates stoieu fine seuiment may thieaten uownstieam ecosystems, one of the following actions may be appiopiiate: a) toxic seuiments aie iemoveu, b) toxic seuiments aie secuieu in place, c) some combination of a anu b, oi u) the uam is left in place. Regaiuless of whethei the Tiei II evaluation ueteimines toxins aie piesent at unacceptable concentiations, BNPs will be utilizeu to limit the mobilization of any accumulateu fine seuiments uuiing oi aftei the iemoval of Nilbuinie Bam (if the uam is iemoveu). (Please see Section 9.u foi specific uiscussions iegaiuing pioposeu BNPs.)
Restoration Systems, LLC Milburnie Dam Mitigation Bank 19 of 89 Regaiuing the likelihoou of wetlanu losses upstieam of the impounument following the pioposeu uam iemoval, initial investigations suggest the thieat of total loss is limiteu to 11.8-acies (ENTRIX 2uu9). Although the iipaiian aieas along the impounueu ieach aie extensively coveieu with wetlanus, hyuiological contiols foi these aieas consist of natuial levees oi beavei uams, not Nilbuinie Bam. In auuition, the piesence of floouplain wetlanus appeais to be a natuial featuie of this section of the Neuse Rivei, as inuicateu by the extent, type anu hyuiology of neaiby, uownstieam floouplain wetlanus. These conclusions aie baseu on multiple stuuies that piouuceu complimentaiy iesults. In all, theie appeais to only be two aieas of immeuiate concein (Figuie 6). These two aieas aie cuiiently the focus of engineeiing investigations assessing the potential to constiuct hyuiological contiol featuies capable of maintaining existing heau within these wetlanus once the uam is iemoveu. In auuition, BNPs aie pioposeu (see Section 9.u) that aie intenueu to minimize the iate of ieseivoii uiawuown so existing hyuiological contiols aie not compiomiseu by a suuuen loss of in-channel stoiage (a souice of hyuiostatic piessuie). The Sponsoi is committeu to monitoiing the wetlanu hyuiology thioughout the impounument, especially in Wetlanu 1 anu Wetlanu 2 (Figuie 6). Thus fai, 1S peimanent giounuwatei-monitoiing stations have been stiategically locateu to suppoit pie- anu post-iemoval monitoiing (see Section 1u.u foi moie uiscussion) uesigneu to uocument the effect of uam iemoval on the wetlanu netwoik upstieam of Nilbuinie Bam (Figuie S). Nonitoiing station locations weie selecteu foi the following puiposes:
Quantify any change in hyuiology in wetlanus thioughout the length of the impounument;
Restoration Systems, LLC Milburnie Dam Mitigation Bank 20 of 89 Quantify any change in the hyuiology in paiticulai wetlanu types baseu on hyuiological contiol; Concentiate well locations in the lowei impounument to bettei quantify impacts to wetlanus most likely to be impacteu fiom uam iemoval.
Watei quality functions within the systems aie not expecteu to be affecteu uiastically, mostly because wetlanu losses will be minimal. In auuition, the ietentive capacity of the iivei itself is expecteu to iemain unchangeu oveiallas enhanceu piocesses (e.g., benthic piouuctivity anu hypoiheic exchange) shoulu offset the loss of the system's most impoitant existing piocess ielateu to nutiient ietention, tiansient stoiage.
In all, it is ieasonable to concluue, if appiopiiate pieventative measuies aie taken, negative outcomes associateu with seuiment uischaiges, wetlanu losses anu watei quality functions aie avoiuable oi can be minimizeu. In Section 9.u (Restoiation Plan), the Sponsoi pioposes seveial BNPs intenueu to ieuuce the iate anu magnituue of stoieu seuiment uischaiges (fines anu sanus) as well as avoiu oi minimize the loss of local iipaiian wetlanus. Regaiuing wetlanus specifically, any losses not consiueieu /%& 0*$*0*'& oi otheiwise avoiuable will be mitigateu. The Sponsoi is expeiienceu at locating anu iestoiing iipaiian wetlanu ecosystems. In fact, the Sponsoi cuiiently has an inventoiy of moie than 1S-acies of iipaiian wetlanu iestoiation in the Neuse u1. In auuition, the Sponsoi has iuentifieu seveial auuitional sites that coulu also be useu to geneiate the appiopiiate wetlanu offsets if neeueu. Although the Sponsoi is piepaieu to pioviue mitigation if necessaiy, vaiious avoiuance mechanisms aie cuiiently being investigateu.
Restoration Systems, LLC Milburnie Dam Mitigation Bank 21 of 89 3.0 Cwnersh|p and Long-term Management The Sponsoi owns an option to puichase a conseivation easement to peimanently piotect all paicels compiising NBNB. The pioject's foithcoming Nitigation Plan anu Nitigation Banking Instiument (NBI) will pioviue ciitical uetails foi the long-teim management of the NBNB site. Following appioval anu execution of the NBI, the Sponsoi will exeicise its iights unuei the pieviously mentioneu ieal estate option anu iecoiu a conseivation easement on NBNB piopeity. Aftei the uevelopment of a long-teim management plan incluuing a maintenance plan, the Sponsoi will assign the conseivation easement to a non- piofit entity appioveu by the IRT. 0iganizations unuei consiueiation incluue the Tiiangle Lanu Conseivancy, the N.C. Wilulife Babitat Founuation, City of Raleigh, anu Ameiican Riveis. 4.0 ua||f|cat|ons of Sponsor The Sponsoi is the state's most expeiienceu fiim in iemoving uams foi compensatoiy mitigation. Caibonton anu Lowell Nill uams weie iemoveu fiom the Beep anu Little iiveis, iespectively, uuiing the wintei of 2uuS anu 2uu6. Both piojects weie peifoimeu to pioviue stieam mitigation cieuit to the NCEEP, anu both have uemonstiateu iemaikable ecological successes. The Sponsoi anu its team of technical consultants have the expeiience necessaiy to successfully conceive anu caiiy out the iemoval of Nilbuinie Bam, which piesents seveial challenges (see Section 2.S). The Sponsoi will woik uiiectly with the IRT to ensuie this iemoval is peifoimeu using the most effective anu piacticable BNPs to limit any negative outcomes ielating to seuiment tianspoit anu upstieam wetlanus.
Restoration Systems, LLC Milburnie Dam Mitigation Bank 22 of 89 The Sponsoi is among the state's most ieputable mitigation banking fiims. They'ie iesponsible foi the uevelopment of numeious successful aquatic mitigation sites acioss Noith Caiolina ovei the last 14 yeais. The qualifications of the Sponsoi aie best illustiateu by its tiack iecoiu in selecting high quality sites anu using highly skilleu technical uesigneis anu expeits in implementation. The Sponsoi has uesigneu anu implementeu numeious wetlanu, stieam anu iipaiian buffei mitigation sites in Naiylanu anu Noith Caiolina, anu is in auvanceu uevelopment of mitigation piojects in Texas, ueoigia, Naiylanu, Tennessee anu viiginia. The Sponsoi emphasizes quality contiol uuiing pioject planning anu implementation. In auuition, the Sponsoi is auamant about ioutine site inspection; staff visits each site at least quaiteily in auuition to iequisite technical monitoiing. Incluueu among the stieam anu wetlanu mitigation piojects completeu, oi in auvanceu planning by the Sponsoi aie:
) !=N=OPN=:Q)7R:SCMN) ) ) ) ) ) )))))))-NPNT-) Anueison Swamp Wetlanu Nitigation Site Nonitoiing Yeai S Angola Bay Wetlanu Nitigation Site Besign Big Bull Cieek Buffei Nitigation Site Nonitoiing Yeai S Bioguen Roau Buffei Nitigation Site Nonitoiing Yeai S Biown Naish Stieam & Wetlanu Nitigation Site Nonitoiing Yeai 4 Buiiows Cove Wetlanu Nitigation Site Nonitoiing Yeai 2 Butleis Bianch Nutiient Nitigation Site Nonitoiing Yeai 2 Cane Cieek Stieam & Wetlanu Nitigation Site Nonitoiing Yeai 4 Caibonton Bam Stieam Nitigation Site Nonitoiing Yeai S Casey Baiiy Buffei Nitigation Site Closeu 0ut Causey Faim Stieam & Wetlanu Nitigation Site Closeu 0ut The Cliffs Stieam & Wetlanu Nitigation Site Besign Columbus Swamp Wetlanu Nitigation Site Nonitoiing Yeai S Conetoe Cieek Buffei Nitigation Site Nonitoiing Yeai S Cutawhiskie Stieam & Wetlanu Nitigation Site Nonitoiing Yeai 4 Elk Shoals Stieam Nitigation Site Nonitoiing Yeai S Fox Run Buffei Nitigation Site Nonitoiing Yeai 2 Fiog Bollow Pieseivation Site Closeu 0ut uatlin Swamp Wetlanu Nitigation Site Nonitoiing Yeai S
Restoration Systems, LLC Milburnie Dam Mitigation Bank 23 of 89 uiay Faim Stieam Nitigation Site Nonitoiing Yeai S Baw Rivei Wetlanu Nitigation Site Closeu 0ut Beath Buffei Nitigation Site Nonitoiing Yeai 2 Beiman Baiiy Stieam & Wetlanu Nitigation Site Constiuction }aimans 0ak Stieam & Wetlanu Nitigation Site Nonitoiing Yeai 4 Lick Cieek Stieam Nitigation Site Nonitoiing Yeai S Little Buffalo Buffei Nitigation Site Nonitoiing Yeai S Lloyu Stieam & Wetlanu Nitigation Site Nonitoiing Yeai S Lowell Nill Bam Removal Nonitoiing Yeai S Noigan Cieek Stieam anu Wetlanu Nitigation Site Nonitoiing Yeai S Salisbuiy Wicomico Wetlanu Nitigation Site (Naiylanu) Nonitoiing Yeai 4 Sleepy Cieek Wetlanu Nitigation Site Nonitoiing Yeai S Summit Seep Wetlanu Nitigation Site Constiuction Thiee Nile Cieek Stieam & Wetlanu Nitigation Site Nonitoiing Yeai S vickis Thicket Buffei Nitigation Site Nonitoiing Yeai 2 Walnut Cieek Buffei Nitigation Site Closeu 0ut
P77R:UC*)1PQV-) ) ) ) ) ) ) ))))) Beai Cieek Wetlanu Bank Closeu 0ut Cianston Nill Ponu Nutiient Bank (viiginia) Constiuction Ciipple Cieek Stieam & Wetlanu Bank Constiuction Lane Nutiient & Buffei Bank Nonitoiing Yeai 4 Wellons Nutiient Bank Nonitoiing Yeai 4
1PQV-)=Q)*CUCW:7!CQN)) ) ) ) ) ))))) Bass Nountain Stieam Bank In-Bevelopment }esuit Benu Wetlanu Bank (Louisiana) In-Bevelopment Little Bazel Stieam & Wetlanu Bank (ueoigia) In-Bevelopment Nilbuinie Bam Stieam Bank In Bevelopment Pancho Stieam, Wetlanu & Nutiient Bank In-Bevelopment Salisbuiy III Stieam & Wetlanu Bank (Naiylanu) In-Bevelopment Waiien Cieek Stieam Bank (Texas) In-Bevelopment
S.0 Lco|og|ca| Su|tab|||ty of S|te Low-heau uams aie well iecognizeu as agents of habitat alteiation anu fiagmentation (e.g., Stanley et al 2uu7; Catalano et al 2uu7; Santucci et al 2uuS). In fact, low-heau uams aie consiueieu one of the most peivasive anu uiffuse piessuies to fieshwatei habitats in Noith Ameiica (Ricciaiui anu Rasmussen 1999). Theiefoie uam iemoval is often consiueieu a iestoiation mechanism with consiueiable powei (Boyle et al. 2uuS). Raiely in fluvial
Restoration Systems, LLC Milburnie Dam Mitigation Bank 24 of 89 iestoiation effoits, can piactitioneis actually iemove a souice of habitat impaiiment. Restoiation piojects that can iuentify anu iemove a system's pieuominant souice of uecline aie the most likely to succeeu. The successes of Noith Caiolina's thiee iun-of-iivei uam iemoval mitigation piojects (Caibonton, Lowell Nill |both peifoimeu by the Sponsoij anu Billsboio |peifoimeu by Buke Eneigyj) suggest uam iemoval is inueeu a poweiful mechanism of ecosystem iestoiation. At both Sponsoi-suppoiteu sites, state anu feueially piotecteu species have ie-colonizeu newly available fiee-flowing habitat within foimei impounuments: the Cape Feai Shinei (?"+#".*'& 0%F*'+":;",('), Cieepei (9+#".;*+7'& 7$/7,(+%'), Notcheu Rainbow (G*,,"'(& :"$'+#*:+(), Savannah Liliput (1()",('0(& .7,,7') anu Yellow Lampmussel (H(0.'*,*'& :(#*"'() at Caibonton, anu the Tai Rivei Spinymussel (5,,*.+*"& '+%*$'+($'($() anu the Cieepei at Lowell Nill. Noieovei, each iemoval met all of theii iespective success ciiteiia, which incluueu anauiomous fish passage at Lowell Nill. So uam iemovals peifoimeu by the Sponsoi have pioven to be iemaikably successful.
Since its constiuction (ciica 18SS), the Nilbuinie Bam has limiteu habitat availability foi common anu iaie lotic species, theieby ieuucing uiveisity within the ieach (the impounument extenus ~6-miles). The uam cuiiently seives as the last iemovable obstiuction to anauiomous fish iuns on the Neuse Riveipaiticulaily stiipeu bass (!"#"$%&'()(+*,*') anu Ameiican shau (-,"'(&'(.*/*''*0(). By slowing stieam velocity anu pioviuing an incieaseu in-channel stoiage (uepth), Nilbuinie Bam has cieateu a homogenous 6-mile stietch of slow, ueepwatei habitat that has uisplaceu numeious native species auapteu to shallowei, swiftei wateisincluuing seveial iaie anu enuangeieu species (e.g., mussles, iaie fishes anu an amphibian; see Section 11.u).
Restoration Systems, LLC Milburnie Dam Mitigation Bank 25 of 89
Removing Nilbuinie uam will piofounuly anu quickly iestoie quasi-natuial hyuiaulic function. ("Quasi-" because this section, anu all lowei sections, of the Neuse aie iegulateu by uischaiges fiom Falls Bam.) As soon as moie natuial hyuiaulics aie iestoieu to the NBNB ieach, iestoiation of lotic habitats will begin. Immeuiately following uam iemoval, mean stieam velocity will inciease (most likely by an oiuei of magnituue) anu mean uepth will ueciease. These simple changes to the iivei's physical stiuctuie will iestoie native habitats, ie-establish moie natuial seuiment tianspoit anu benthic light availability, which collectively will suppoit native fish anu inveitebiate communities founu in othei neaiby natuial lotic ecosystems. The ietuin of moie natuial flows in the iivei will uiive the iivei's chemical, physical anu biological iestoiation.
As uiscusseu in the Technical Feasibility section (2.S), uam iemovals can sometimes be accompanieu by unintenueu negative outcomes. Initial investigations of the Nilbuinie impounument concluueu the potential loss of wetlanus woulu be, at woist, 11.8-acies of the gieatei 11S-acie iipaiian wetlanu complex. Some, if not all, of these losses may also be avoiuable; the Sponsoi is cuiiently investigating methous that coulu be useu to avoiu all wetlanu losses associateu with the uam's iemoval. Initial seuiment investigations concluueu post-iemoval seuiment tianspoit woulu pieuominately occui as beuloau, not suspenueu loau. In auuition, stoieu seuiment contains low levels of oiganic mattei; thus watei quality violations associateu with tuibiuity anu uissolveu oxygen aie not anticipateu, especially if appiopiiate piecautions aie taken (see Section 9.u).
Restoration Systems, LLC Milburnie Dam Mitigation Bank 26 of 89 6.0 Assurance of Water k|ghts The State of Noith Caiolina is a iipaiian iights state, iathei than an appiopiiateu watei iights state (Anuiy 1996). 0nuei iipaiian watei iights piinciples, all lanuowneis with piopeity aujacent to a bouy of watei have the iight to make "ieasonable use" of it. In the event theie is not enough watei to satisfy all useis, allotments aie fixeu ielative to ieal estate fiontage on the watei souice. These iights cannot be solu oi tiansfeiieu othei than with aujoining lanus. Theiefoie, theie is no existing legal stiuctuie within Noith Caiolina watei law that woulu pioviue assuiance of watei iights foi NBNB. Bowevei, as uiscusseu below, theie is ieason to concluue the NBNB will ieceive sufficient hyuiology to suppoit its establishment anu opeiation.
The Neuse Rivei is subject to hyuiological iegulation by Falls Bam, locateu ~1S-miles upstieam of Nilbuinie Bam. Falls Lake is capable of stoiing 6S% of its wateisheu's 12.S inches of aveiage annual iunoff (peisonal communication with Nichael Young, Watei Contiol Nanagei, Wilmington Bistiict of 0SACE). This stoiage is then paititioneu into two sepaiate pools: 1) the "conseivation pool" anu 2) the "floou stoiage pool". The conseivation pool is fuithei subuiviueu into two subsections. Raleigh owns the iights to 42.S% of the conseivation pool foi watei supply puiposes. The iemaining S7.7% is ieseiveu foi "watei quality ieleases" (0SACE 1986). These watei quality ieleases aie allocateu as necessaiy to maintain "minimum seasonal uaily aveiage taiget flows" on the Neuse Rivei gage at Clayton (0SuS gage # u2u87Suu) of 184 cubic feet pei seconu (cfs) Novembei thiough Naich anu 2S4 cfs Apiil thiough 0ctobei. ueneially, ieleases of about
Restoration Systems, LLC Milburnie Dam Mitigation Bank 27 of 89 6u cfs (Novembei-Naich) anu 1uu cfs (Apiil-0ctobei) aie necessaiy to maintain the watei quality taigets at the Clayton gage (0SACE 2uu8).
All uaily gage iecoius fiom u1 }anuaiy 1986 to 22 Febiuaiy 2u11 weie analyzeu (fiom 0SuS gage u2u8718S) to bettei unueistanu the hyuiological iegime of NBNB. 0f the 9184 ietuineu iecoius, only 16S weie below 6u cfs (142 iecoius occuiieu between Novembei 2uu7 anu Naich 2uu8). The statistical moue of ielease uischaiges fiom Falls Lake is 1Su cfs. The 2S th -peicentile flow is 129 cfs, anu the 7S th -peicentile flow is 441 cfs. The maximum ielease was 742u cfs (16 Septembei 1996), anu the minimum was 26 cfs (4 Naich 2uu8).
Theiefoie the most common expecteu ielease fiom Falls Lake (compaiable to baseflow in natuial systems) is expecteu to fall within the iange of 129 to 441 cfs. (Releases below the lowest "watei quality" taiget |6u cfsj have occuiieu in less than 2% of the iecoiu, anu shoulu theiefoie be consiueieu extieme, infiequent occuiiences.) Auuitional flows will also be pioviueu fiom time to time fiom the wateisheu aiea between NBNB anu Falls Lake, which is ~96-mi 2 . The aveiage annual iunoff foi Falls Lake is ~u.u16-inchesmi 2 . Assuming similai iunoff levels foi the auuitional NBNB wateisheu aieas, an annual aveiage iunoff of 1.4 inches will contiibute to the Falls Lake ieleases.
Pioject success ueteimination will be baseu on the ecological conuitions of iefeience ieaches locateu above anu below the existing impounument (see Section 11.u foi moie uetails), which have seveial moie uocumenteu populations of iaie species, bettei watei
Restoration Systems, LLC Milburnie Dam Mitigation Bank 28 of 89 quality anu moie appiopiiate habitat foi lotic species than NBNB. Refeience ieaches aie also subjecteu to the iegulateu flows pioviueu by Falls Bam. It is theiefoie ieasonable to concluue theie is an auequate anu consistent supply of watei to suppoit the establishment anu opeiation of the pioposeu NBNB. 7.0 I|nanc|a| Assurance The Sponsoi will pioviue financial assuiances foi constiuction anu monitoiing phases of NBNB in the foim of suiety bonus. Suiety bonu amounts will be sufficient to ensuie the pioject can be constiucteu anu monitoieu shoulu the Sponsoi become financially unable to complete the pioject. 8.0 Lx|st|ng Cond|t|ons 8.1 S|te Introduct|on Touay's Nilbuinie Bam is a masoniy block stiuctuie measuiing ~1S-feet (height) by ~Suu- feet (wiuth). It was built in place of a timbei ciib uam in 18SS to suppoit the opeiations of Nilbuinie Nills (a papei mill). The uam was eventually useu as a souice of hyuioelectiicity to powei the Raleigh Ice anu Electiic Company as well as Raleigh's stieetcais until 1916. The plant was uismantleu by one of its many owneis, Caiolina Powei anu Light, in 1918. The uam iemaineu iule until the miu-19Sus when Waiien Twiggs puichaseu the site anu constiucteu the Nilbuinie uiist Nill, which opeiateu until ciica 1944. The uam was once again iuleu until 198u when it was useu foi hyuioelectiic piouuction. Byuioelectiic opeiations continueu until 1997 when the plant was again uismantleu; the uam has iemaineu iule since that time.
Restoration Systems, LLC Milburnie Dam Mitigation Bank 29 of 89 8.2 hys|ography, 1opography and Land Use Locateu in the Pieumont physiogiaphic piovince of Noith Caiolina, NBNB's wateisheu is ~866-mi 2 . Topogiaphy (iiuge to valley slope) within the wateisheu vaiies fiom low- to moueiate-giauient. The maximum elevation within the NBNB's wateisheu is 88u-feet National ueouetic veitical Batum (NuvB; Figuie 8). Stieamsiue elevations within the NBNB's bounuaiies iange fiom 174 to 172-feet NuvB. The majoiity of NBNB's 866-mi 2
wateisheu is contiolleu by Falls Bam (~77u-mi 2 ). Lanu covei is ~7u% foiestwetlanu, ~S% watei, ~8% uiban anu ~19% agiicultuie (NCBWQ 2uu9). Lanu use within the impounueu ieach is a mixtuie of livestock giazing, natuial wetlanufoiesteu covei, anu iesiuential uevelopment.
The Neuse Rivei fall line is locateu neai the site of Falls Bam ("Falls of the Neuse"), anu this section of the Neuse Rivei exhibits a low to moueiate channel slope (S), S = u.uu1. As the iivei tiansitions fiom the fall line to the upstieam limits of the impounument, channel slope is consiueiably lowei, S = u.uuu2. The impounueu channel itself exhibits an exceptionally low-giauient, S < u.uuu1. Similaily, the ieach uownstieam of the impounument is also low, S = u.uuuS. The NBNB channel anu the S.S-mile uownstieam ieach have foimeu along with a ielatively wiue, flat floouplain suppoiting extensive wetlanu aieas (as uiscusseu in Section 2.S). 8.3 Water ua||ty NBNB is locateu in NCBWQ Subbasin uS-u4-u2. This paiticulai section of the Neuse Rivei is classifieu as Class C, NSW. The Class C uesignation uenotes wateis piotecteu foi seconuaiy iecieation, fishing, wilulife, fish anu aquatic piopagation, anu agiicultuie. The
Restoration Systems, LLC Milburnie Dam Mitigation Bank 30 of 89 NSW classification uesignates nutiient sensitive wateis, oi wateis susceptible to algal blooms iesulting fiom fiequent, episouic nutiient eniichment oiiginating fiom non-point souice iunoff. NCBWQ uata collecteu at the two Ambient Nonitoiing Stations (ANS) within NBNB's immeuiate vicinity suggest the aiea has expeiienceu uissolveu oxygen stiess anu tuibiuity exceeuences, two metiics commonly associateu with eutiophication. In both categoiies, ~1u% of all samples collecteu to uate have violateu state watei quality stanuaius (NCBWQ 2uu9).
In auuition to ANS uata, the Sponsoi has iecently completeu baseline monitoiing at NBNB. In teims of watei quality, the site was monitoieu foi tempeiatuie anu uissolveu oxygen uata monthly fiom Naich to Becembei 2u1u. These uata inuicate the piesence of seasonal theimal stiatification anu associateu hypoxia within the impounument. 8.4 Vegetat|on The Nilbuinie Bam sits on two lanu paicels, one a tiiangulai-shapeu tiact of 8.S acies on the west bank of the iivei anu the seconu, a much smallei (u.9 acie) iectangle of lanu on the east siue of the iivei.
The plant community is pieuominately mixeu haiuwoou, mostly ueciuuous, although eveigieen species anu even ueciuuous conifeis aie piesent in veiy small numbeis. Eveigieens aie iepiesenteu mostly by piivet (H*D7'+#70&'*$%$'% anu HI&,7:*/70), Ameiican holly (2,%)& ".(:(), Loblolly pine (3*$7'& +(%/(), eastein ieu ceuai (J7$*.%#7'& 6*#D*$*($(), sweet magnolia (!(D$",*(&6*#D*$*($() anu wax myitle (!4#*:(&:%#*8%#(). 0f couise, the only ueciuuous conifei obseiveu was balu cypiess (1()"/*70&/*'+*:;70). viitually all the othei
Restoration Systems, LLC Milburnie Dam Mitigation Bank 31 of 89 tiees anu shiubs aie ueciuuous, although some species, like watei oak (K7%#:7'& $*D#() exhibit semi-eveigieen chaiactei. They ietain leaves until wintei befoie leaf buus give iise to fiesh foliage. Laigei, canopy species incluue tulip poplai (H%#*"/%$/#"$&+7,*.*8%#(), sweet gum (H*L7*/(0M(#& '+4#(:*8,7(), sycamoie (3,(+($7'& "::*/%$+(,*'), sugaibeiiy (B%,+*'& ,(%6*D(+(), box eluei (-:%#&$%D7$/") anu balu cypiess.
Subcanopy species, incluuing saplings of canopy species, shiubs, vines anu seasonally spaise appeaiances of heibaceous plants incluueu Ameiican holly, loblolly pine, iionwoou (B(#.*$7'&:(#",*$*($(), floweiing uogwoou (B"#$7'&8,"#*/(), black cheiiy (3#7$7'&'%#"+*$(), watei oak, iivei biich (@%+7,(& $*D#(), eastein ieu ceuai, black willow (9(,*)& $*D#(), sweet magnolia, box eluei, Ameiican elm (N,07'& (0%#*:($(), wingeu elm (N,07'& (,(+(), peisimmon (>*"'.4#"'& 6*#D*$*($(), wingeu sumac (<;7'& :".(,,*$70) anu souiwoou (O)4/%$/#70& (#M"#%70). Also noteu weie balu cypiess, blackbeiiy (<7M7' spp.), piivet, ciossvine (@*D$"$*(& :(.#%",(+(), Inuian woouoats (B;('0($+;*70& ,(+*8",*70), fescue (=%'+7:( spp.) anu }apanese stiltgiass (!*:#"'+%D*70& 6*0*$%70), wax myitle, giape (G*+*' spp.), poison ivy (<;7'& +")*:"/%$/#"$), wilu onion (-,,*70 spp.), anu switch cane (-#7$/*$(#*(& +%:+(). A single specimen of heavenly bamboo (?($/*$(& /"0%'+*:() was obseiveu along with sugaibeiiy, gieenbiiei (90*,()& #"+7$/*8",*(), honeysuckle (H"$*:%#(& P(."$*:(), sugai maple (-:%#& '(::;(#70), white oak (K7%#:7'& (,M(), mistletoe (3;"#(/%$/#"$&8,(6%':%$') anu ieu maple (-:%#M#70). 8.S So||s Soils within the immeuiate vicinity of the uam, wheie constiuction activities will be concentiateu, aie almost equal paits hyuiic anu non-hyuiic (Figuie 9; Table 1). As
Restoration Systems, LLC Milburnie Dam Mitigation Bank 32 of 89 uiscusseu fuithei in the Restoiation Plan (next section), no peimanent wetlanu impacts aie anticipateu in oi aiounu constiuction aieas.
N+$#()5X)Nappeu soils within Cottonwoou Cieek* -0"#)-(&"(<)3,+>)%'".4) YAH&"9)-.+.%<) PHH"."0'+#)*(<9&">."0') Appling Sanuy Loam (ApC2) non-hyuiic faii infiltiation, iapiu suiface iunoff; seveie eiosion hazaiu; on site slopes iange fiom 6-1u peicent Appling Sanuy Loam (ApB) non-hyuiic moueiate to goou infiltiation, vaiy iapiu suiface iunoff; sevei eiosion hazaiu; slopes iange fiom 1u-1S peicent Chewacia Sanuy Loam (CmA) hyuiic goou filtiation anu low suiface iunoff; seveie floouing hazaiu, veiy seveie wetness hazaiu; slopes iange fiom u-2 peicent Congaiee Sanuy Loam (CoA) hyuiic goou infiltiation, slow suiface iunoff;seveie oveiflow hazaiu; slopes iange fiom u-2peicent Louisbuig Loamy Sanu (LoB) non-hyuiic goou infiltiation, meuium suiface iunoff; sevei eiosion hazaiu; slopes iange fiom 2-6 peicent Louisbuig Sanuy Loam (LoC) non-hyuiic goou infiltiation, iapiu suiface iunoff; sevei eiosion hazaiu; slopes iange fiom 6-1u peicent Wake-Wateiee Complex (WkE) non-hyuiic loamy sanu oi giavelly loamy sanu; goou infiltiation, veiy iapiu iunoff; slopes iange fiom 1u-2S peicent Wehaukee anu Bibb (WoA) hyuiic loam, sanuy loam anu silty clay; floouplain soils, veiy fiequently flooueu; faii infiltiation, slow to ponueu suiface iunoff; slopes iange fiom u-2 peicent * souice: NRCS (197u) 8.6 nydro|ogy NBNB is locateu in 0SuS B0C uSu2u2u1 of the Neuse Rivei basin (Figuie 2). Climate is chaiacteiizeu as humiu subtiopical with moueiate spiing anu autumn tempeiatuies. Summeis aie usually waim to hot, anu winteis aie typically milu anu wet. Aveiage annual piecipitation is 4S-inches, which is faiily well uistiibuteu acioss the seasons. Channel hyuiology is mainly suppoiteu by ieleases fiom Falls Lake (see Section 6.u), hill slope iunoff anu piecipitation uominateu giounuwatei flow. Cuiiently, Nilbuinie Bam
Restoration Systems, LLC Milburnie Dam Mitigation Bank 33 of 89 impounus ovei S2,Suu lineai feet (6.2 miles) of the Neuse Rivei. The National Wetlanu Inventoiy categoiizes the aquatic iesouices as 12 uistinct types (Table 2; Figuie 1u).
8.7 I|uv|a| Geomorpho|ogy NBNB geomoiphology can be summaiizeu as a homogenous ueepwatei pool extenuing upstieam fiom Nilbuinie Bam foi moie than 6-miles. As is chaiacteiistic of impounuments, channel wiuth anu uepth inciease with pioximity to the uam. Channel geometiy within the impounument ianges fiom S.u to 12.S-feet in uepth anu 1Su to 18S- feet in wiuth. Stieam channel velocities within the impounument ueciease with pioximity to the uam (fiom 1.u to u.S fts). Channel banks aie composeu mostly of a sanuy loam,
Restoration Systems, LLC Milburnie Dam Mitigation Bank 34 of 89 which aie the pieuominant souices of seuiment to the NBNB ieach as Falls Lake tiaps most wateisheu contiibutions of seuiment.
Seuimentation patteins within NBNB aie consistent with the piinciples of ieseivoii hyuiaulics (e.g., coaise seuiment uelta is piesent anu geneial seuiment fining is seen in uownstieam uiiection). In-channel seuiments consist mostly of sanu anu coaise sanu, with few, isolateu fine seuiment (silt anu clay) accumulations. Floouplain geomoiphology is ielatively wiue anu flat with numeious wetlanus suppoiteu thiough a combination of giounuwatei, aujacent hillslope iunoff anu oveibank floouing. Floouplain wetlanus aie sites of off-channel fine seuiment stoiage. 9.0 kestorat|on |an The majoi objectives of the pioposeu iestoiation aie listeu below. In geneial, the pioject is intenueu to iestoie many of the ecological functions to S2,S9u lineai feet of the Neuse Rivei main stem in Wake County, NC.
56 =,>&0;() ?+.(&) @%+#".A: The impounueu ieach is chionically affecteu by hypoxia anu anoxia associateu with theimal stiatification anu low flows along the iiveibeu within the impounument. B6 C<.+$#"<D) +') +>>&0>&"+.() +@%+."9) 90,,%'".A: The aquatic community is compiiseu of lentic species, which will be ietuineu to the ecologically appiopiiate lotic communities (filtei feeuing macioinveitebiates anu fish species such as uaiteis) following uam iemoval.
Restoration Systems, LLC Milburnie Dam Mitigation Bank 35 of 89 E6 F+9"#".+.()D+$".+.)&(<.0&+."0')G0&)+'H)&(I90#0'"J+."0')$A)&+&(K)('H+'/(&(H)+'H) .D&(+.('(H)+@%+."9)<>(9"(<: The NCNBP lists element occuiiences foi eight state- anuoi feueially-listeu species upstieam anuoi uownstieam of Nilbuinie Bam. Bam iemoval woulu open anu iestoie habitat foi some of these species. L6 7&0;"H()+'+H&0,0%<)G"<D)>+<<+/(: Nilbuinie Bam is a well-known baiiiei foi two anauiomous species, anu its iemoval will open ~1S miles of iivei main stem to spawning migiatoiy fish. 9.1 Dam kemova|) Restoiation of the NBNB ieach will be accomplisheu by means of uam iemoval, which is wiuely iecognizeu as a paiticulaily effective iestoiation mechanism (Boyle et al. 2uuS; Stanley et al. 2uu2). Bam iemoval immeuiately anu piofounuly alteis upstieam channel hyuiaulics, specifically affecting stieam velocity anu baseflow wetteu-peiimetei. In- channel habitat is theiefoie iestoieu fiom aitificially homogenous slow, ueepwatei pools (stietching foi miles) to heteiogeneous fiee-flowing featuies (e.g., iuns, iiffles, pools, etc.), suppoitive of native biology.
While the iemoval of Nilbuinie Bam is expecteu to pioviue numeious ecological benefits, negative outcomes aie possible (see Section 2.S). 0f specific impoit is the possibility uam iemoval will ielease excess seuiments of compiomiseu quality to uownstieam enviionments. While in-channel seuiment stoiage coulu ielease unacceptably high loaus of seuiment to uownstieam ieaches, of gieatei concein aie the floouplain wetlanus anu othei fine seuiment stoiage aieas (Figuie S). If these aieas of the impounument aie subjecteu to eiosive flows uuiing oi immeuiately following uam iemoval, theie is a high likelihoou they will contiibute oiganic anu nutiient iich seuiments, potentially violating state watei
Restoration Systems, LLC Milburnie Dam Mitigation Bank 36 of 89 quality stanuaius. Finally, floouplain wetlanus within the impounument piesumably pioviue impoitant ecological functions. Accoiuingly, the Sponsoi wishes to piotect anu pieseive these iesouices in theii cuiient status. It is theiefoie impoitant Nilbuinie Bam is iemoveu only aftei extensive planning is completeu in cooiuination with the 0SACE anu the IRT. Piesenteu below aie conceptual plans auuiessing the phaseu-iemoval of the stiuctuie anu othei BNPs uesigneu to avoiu anu minimize unintenueu wetlanu losses as well as limit the iate anu quantity of suspenueu anu beuloau seuiment tianspoit ielateu to uam iemoval activities.
The Nilbuinie Bam iemoval will be conuucteu giauually ovei seveial months (i.e., six oi moie), uepenuing on flow conuitions. In geneial, the iemoval piocess can be uiviueu into thiee bioau phases: 1) uewateiing, 2) loweiing anu S) complete iemoval. This phaseu appioach is uesigneu to slowly ielease stoieu watei fiom the impounument, theieby limiting the magnituue of seuiment tianspoit anu geomoiphic iesponse (Riggsbee et al. 2uu7). Ceitain floouplain aieas will be subjecteu to vaiious BNPs anu othei pieventative measuies (see following subsections 9.1.S anu 9.1.4). Timing of the vaiious uam iemoval phases will be cooiuinateu with the IRT.
Bewateiing will be accomplisheu by mechanically iemoving small sections of stone fiom the top of the uam (most likely on the opposite siue of the channel fiom the poweihouse), cieating a notch. This phase of the iemoval will initiate the ielease of watei stoieu within floouplain aieas uiiectly connecteu to the channel. The final uimensions of the notch will be baseu on flow conuitions anu the size of specific stones iemoveu fiom the uam. The
Restoration Systems, LLC Milburnie Dam Mitigation Bank 37 of 89 initiation anu uuiation of this phase will uepenu on stieam flow anu will be cooiuinateu with the IRT.
Loweiing will occui following the uewateiing phase, once the connecteu floouplain aieas have effectively ieleaseu suiface watei stoiage. This phase, which will incluue sub-phases, will limit beuloau tianspoit iates of seuiment cuiiently stoieu within the impounument channel. Removing entiie levels of stackeu stone (fiom bank to poweihouse) will giauually lowei the uam's elevation. It is anticipateu the uam (1S-feet in height) will be loweieu at least thiee times ovei a peiiou of appioximately six months. Each loweiing sub-phase will inciementally ueciease the seuiment anu watei stoiage capacity of the ieseivoii (inefficient at seuiment tiapping; see Section 2.S), theieby limiting the availability of seuiment foi beuloau tianspoit anu avoiuing oi minimizing the possibility of uune foimation anu tianspoit.
The final iemoval, will be conuucteu ~two months aftei the last loweiing sub-phase. This phase will focus on iemoving any iemaining uam mateiials fiom the channel, incluuing poitions of the poweihouse. Poweihouse iemoval will be completeu in accoiuance with SBP0 consultation (see Section 12.u). The banks will be giaueu pei engineei uesigns anu appiopiiate eiosion contiol measuies will be utilizeu, incluuing bank stabilization with native vegetation. 9.2 I|oodp|a|n 8est Management ract|ces In auuition to the phaseu iemoval of Nilbuinie Bam, BNPs will be utilizeu to fuithei ieuuce seuiment entiainment fiom floouplain aieas uiiectly connecteu to the impounument.
Restoration Systems, LLC Milburnie Dam Mitigation Bank 38 of 89 Floouplain aieas (wetlanus anu open watei) iuentifieu as potential fine seuiment souices (Figuie S) will be monitoieu uuiing the uewateiing anu loweiing piocesses. These aieas aie expecteu to iapiuly ie-establish vegetateu covei following uewateiing, as has been noteu in seveial uam iemoval stuuies (Riggsbee et al. In Piess; 0ii anu Stanley 2uu6; Shafioth et al. 2uu2). In natuial flow iegimes, these aieas woulu likely become inunuateu uuiing peiiouic high uischaige events. Bowevei, the iegulateu hyuiology of the NBNB ieach may ueciease the fiequency of floouplain inunuation. Still, these aieas aie likely to expeiience peiious of uiying anu wetting, which coulu affect ie-vegetation success.
The Sponsoi will monitoi the floouplain anu othei fine seuiment ueposition aieas (Figuie S) uuiing the uewateiing anu loweiing piocesses to assess natuial ie-vegetation anu localizeu eiosion. If any of these aieas expeiience unacceptable levels of eiosion, coiiective measuies will be taken. Such actions may incluue the manual ie-vegetation with native wetlanu plants, hyuio-seeuing, geotextile cloth applications, etc.
9.3 Wet|and Impact Avo|dance and M|n|m|zat|on As iuentifieu in Figuie S, theie aie two laige wetlanu aieas within the vicinity of the uam that coulu be inuiiectly affecteu uuiing oi aftei the iemoval piocess (Figuie 6). Specific thieats incluue the loweiing of local giounuwatei tables, heaucut foimation anu bank slumping; all of which can ieuuce wetlanu aiea anu function. As uiscusseu in Section 2.S, theie is the potential foi a net loss of ~11.8-acies of wetlanu to occui following the pioposeu uam iemoval. The Sponsoi is exploiing vaiious engineeiing appioaches to ietain the hyuiology of these existing wetlanu aieas.
Restoration Systems, LLC Milburnie Dam Mitigation Bank 39 of 89 Wetlanu 1 (Figuie 6) is the most likely to be affecteu uuiing the uam's iemoval, as theie is a gap in the natuial levees of ~7S-feet in wiuth (Photo 9). This gap is cuiiently being consiueieu foi constiuction of a levee, a sheet piling weii oi othei hyuiological contiol. Wetlanu 2 (Figuie 6) is consiueiably less likely to be affecteu by uam iemoval. Bowevei, the aiea most susceptible to uistuibance is the valley bottom, which cuiiently seives as the site of a significant beavei uam (Photo 7). This specific aiea will be monitoieu uuiing the uewateiing piocess, anu if necessaiy, tieateu in the same mannei as Wetlanu 1. Engineeiing investigations aie ongoing; as pieviously stateu, the Sponsoi will pioviue the IRT with hyuiological contiol investigations uuiing the NBI uiafting piocess. 9.4 Construct|on and Stag|ng Areas All constiuction staging aieas foi equipment anu mateiials will be iestiicteu to uplanu aieas. No wetlanu aieas will be useu by contiactoi foi any puiposes. Constiuction plans will be piepaieu that will uepict constiuction access ioutes anu constiuction staging aieas. The lattei will incluue poitions of the iivei bottom, which will be iequiieu by contiactoi foi access to the uam uuiing iemoval of masoniy blocks. 0ntil the impounument has been substantially uewateieu, the only equipment that will be able to access the uam will be tiackeu hoes. Routes of ingiess anu egiess will be iuentifieu foi appioaching the uam anu foi iemoving masoniy blocks. 10.0 Lnv|ronmenta| erm|tt|ng Following appioval of the NBI anu Nitigation Plan by the IRT, the Sponsoi will piepaie anu submit applications foi a Section 4u4 Inuiviuual Peimit, a Section 4u1 Watei Quality Ceitificate, Neuse Rivei Ripaiian Buffei Ceitificate, anu appioval of the Eiosion anu Seuimentation Contiol Plan fiom the 0SACE, the NCBWQ anu the Noith Caiolina Bivision
Restoration Systems, LLC Milburnie Dam Mitigation Bank 40 of 89 of Lanu Resouices (NCBLR), iespectively. (Note: Stieam iestoiation activities aie exempteu fiom iipaiian buffei ceitification iequiiements, but sponsoi is piepaieu to submit uocumentation to NCBWQ ie: Neuse Rivei Ripaiian Buffei issues.)
These feueial (Section 4u4 Inuiviuual Peimit) anu state (Section 4u1 Watei Quality Ceitificate anu EiosionSeuimentation Plan Review anu Appioval) authoiizations aie iequiieu essentially because the action(s) pioposeu by the Sponsoi will (a) iesult in a uischaige of spoil (seuiment) into Wateis of the 0.S. (the Neuse Rivei), which is also a Watei of the State, anu (b) may iesult in losses to wetlanus lying aujacent to the piesently impounueu ieach of the Neuse Rivei upstieam of Nilbuinie Bam.
The uischaige of seuiment is likely to iesult fiom the Sponsoi's activities ielateu to uewateiing the impounument, as well as activities ielateu to the ueconstiuction anu iemoval of Nilbuinie uam. Specifics of contiactoi activities uuiing uewateiing anu ueconstiuction activities will be uepicteu in constiuction plan sheets, which will accompany peimit application submittals to state anu feueial iegulatoiy agencies (see pieliminaiy plan sheets 1-8 in Appenuix).
The 0SACE will be pioviueu Engineeiing Foim 4S4S. Consultation with the NCBWQ's Ripaiian Buffei Cooiuinatoi will be conuucteu to ueteimine if an exchange of papeiwoik is iequiieu foi the subject pioject. The covei lettei, which accompanies the application packages to the 0SACE anu the NCBWQ will be the vehicle foi communicating essential pioject infoimation in naiiative foim to the iegulatoiy agencies, who will, in tuin, pioviue
Restoration Systems, LLC Milburnie Dam Mitigation Bank 41 of 89 copies to commenting agencies, incluuing those with membeiship on the pioject IRT. Topics to be exploieu in the covei lettei incluue: Puipose anu neeu Alteinatives analyses Anticipateu impacts to wateis of the 0S Avoiuance anu minimization Compensatoiy mitigation Neuse Rivei Ripaiian Buffei Substiate investigations Seuiment Nanagement Pioposeu action on iiveibeu uebiis Be-constiuction (uemolition) NEPA Section 1u6 (National Bistoiic Pieseivation Act) Raie species issues (incluuing Section 7) Seuimentation Pollution Contiol Act of 197S 10.1 urpose and Need In simple teims, the puipose of the pioposeu action is to iemove an aging, fast appioaching uysfunctional iivei uam to iestoie anu uiamatically impiove the aquatic ecology of a S2,S9u lineai feet ieach of the Neuse Rivei in Raleigh, Noith Caiolina anu, in uoing so, establish stieam mitigation units that can be useu to offset the impacts of legitimate uevelopment piojects appioveu by the state anu feueial iegulatoiy ieview anu appioval piocesses within a well-uefineu seivice aiea.
In geneial, aquatic ecologists view uams as impeuiments to the natuial physical, chemical anu biological uynamics of stieams that aie necessaiy to sustain healthy anu uiveise populations of fish, amphibians anu inveitebiate fauna. This is the woiking hypothesis that has been valiuateu in the scientific liteiatuie (see Santucci et al, 2uuS). The iesults of many of these investigations uemonstiate that values of the Inuex of Biotic Integiity (IBI) foi fish, Nacioinveitebiate Conuition Inuex (NCI) anu the Qualitative Babitat Evaluation Inuex
Restoration Systems, LLC Milburnie Dam Mitigation Bank 42 of 89 (QBEI) foi fish anu maciobenthos weie consistently anu significantly highei in lotic poitions of the iivei (uownstieam of uams) than in lotic ieaches of the same iivei. We piopose to uemonstiate the valiuity of this woiking hypothesis foi the ieach of the Neuse Rivei impounueu by the Nilbuinie Bam. 10.2 A|ternat|ves Ana|ys|s The iestoiation of the Nilbuinie Impounument fiom a lentic, essentially lacustiine system to a fiee-flowing, lotic, system can only be achieveu by iemoving the Nilbuinie Bam. Accoiuingly, only one "builu" alteinative has the potential to systematically iestoie the impounueu ieach to its natuial conuition. Consequently, the Sponsoi pioposes to iestoie the impounueu wateis behinu the Nilbuinie Bam by iemoving the stiuctuie (see plan sheets 2-8 in Appenuix). 0f couise, the "no builu" alteinative woulu not accomplish the stateu puipose anu neeu. 10.3 Ant|c|pated Impacts to Waters of the US *"&(9.)=,>+9.<: Pioposeu uewateiing of the impounument anu ue-constiuction of the uam will iesult in ielatively minoi mobilizations (uischaiges) of iivei bottom substiate. These uischaiges will iesult when incieasingly moie anu moie of the masoniy uam is slowly iemoveu ovei a peiiou of seveial months, initially to "vent" the impounument wateis anu, ultimately, to iemove all eviuence of the uam stiuctuie. Nobilization of equipment each uay fiom uplanu staging aiea(s) to the uam woik zone anu the seuiment management woik aieas will inevitably anu unavoiuably ielease seuiment (see plan sheets 2-S in Appenuix). Tuining tiackeu equipment in a iiveiine setting will uischaige seuiment. Foitunately, the bounuaiies of woik zones will be well uefineu in the constiuction plans anu theie will be
Restoration Systems, LLC Milburnie Dam Mitigation Bank 43 of 89 no toleiance foi opeiating equipment outsiue these bounuaiies. No wetlanus occui within oi aujacent to woik zones (see plan sheet 2-S in Appenuix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s noteu above in Section 2.S, the Sponsoi acknowleuges that wetlanu functions aie likely to be impacteu within ceitain wetlanus lying aujacent to the iivei. 0n- going analyses will enable Sponsoi to quantify these anticipateu impacts. These anticipateu impacts will be piesenteu in the peimit applications followeu by a vigoious piesentation of potential compensatoiy mitigation pioposals. 10.4 Avo|dance and M|n|m|zat|on Total avoiuance of uischaiges into wateis of the 0.S. is not feasible puisuant to accomplishing the puipose anu neeu of the pioject. Bam iemoval anu its associateu tasks will always iesult in the unavoiuable mobilization of seuiment anu othei uebiis. Ninimization effoits can anu shoulu be unueitaken. Foi example, uefining the limits of contiactoi's activities is an attempt to minimize use of iivei bottom foi equipment
Restoration Systems, LLC Milburnie Dam Mitigation Bank 44 of 89 opeiation, which will limit the amount of seuiment that can be mobilizeu (see plan sheets 2-S in Appenuix). Fuitheimoie, the uecision to ieutilize the uam's masoniy blocks within the iivei beu iathei than loauing into tiucks anu hauling away will minimize impacts by eliminating the intiouuction of a laige-scale tiucking opeiation that woulu have to gain access to anu fiom the iivei, cieating special eiosion pioblems. These masoniy blocks will be useu to stabilize the shoieline along the west siue of the iivei at the uam's location (see plan sheets S anu 6 in Appenuix). The embayment that has foimeu along the iivei's west siue is obviously the iesult of shoieline ietieat, ieflecting the histoiical hyuiaulics since the uam stiuctuies weie intiouuceu. The masoniy blocks will seive as a toe line that will aiu in stabilizing +- 1S,uuu cubic yaius of sanuy seuiment ueposits that have accumulateu within ~ 1,uuu lf upstieam of the uam. These mateiials will be iemoveu to the west siue shoieline anu stabilizeu with eiosion contiol measuies. This will piecluue the uownstieam tianslocation of ~1S,uuu cubic yaius of (mostly) sanu that has accumulateu since the uam was built. Contiactoi will utilize constiuction mats to fuithei stabilize ingiess anu egiess in the constiuction zones. Seuiment tiapping uevices will be ueployeu uownstieam of the ue-constiuction activities. Contiactoi will utilize special giaue of hyuiaulic oil that is ielatively non-toxic in conjunction with a manuatoiy uaily inspection of all hyuiaulic hoses on all equipment useu in the iivei. Finally, unueiwatei suiveys foi iaie mussel species will be conuucteu by The Catena uioup's mussel team piioi to contiactoi access to constiuction woik zones. This will ensuie that inuiviuuals of iaie species can be iescueu befoie heavy equipment enteis constiuction zones.
Restoration Systems, LLC Milburnie Dam Mitigation Bank 45 of 89 10.S Compensatory M|t|gat|on The Sponsoi commits to pioviuing appiopiiate compensatoiy mitigation foi losses to iivei-aujacent wetlanus that iesult fiom the iemoval of the Nilbuinie Bam. Beteimination of losses of wetlanus will be maue in cooiuination with the 0SACE anu the NCBWQ following an appiopiiate peiiou anu level of monitoiing activity. 10.6 Neuse k|ver k|par|an 8uffer Although the ieach of the Neuse Rivei involveu in the pioposeu uam iemoval action is subject to the iequiiements of the Neuse Rivei Ripaiian Buffei Rules, the pioject itself, a stieam iestoiation, is exempt fiom the iequiiements of the iule. Bowevei, following completion of all constiuction activities, any uistuibeu aieas within the buffei zones will be iepaiieu anu ie-stabilizeu with woouy vegetation. 10.7 Dewater|ng of the Impoundment Two possibilities exist foi uewateiing impounument above Nilbuinie: 1) Notching uam: iemoval of incieasing numbeis of masoniy blocks ovei time to iesult in a slow, giauual loweiing of the watei level behinu the uam; oi 2) inciemental iemoval of watei behinu the uam thiough gate{s} in the uam (see plan sheets 7-8 in Appenuix).
0f the two options, iemoval of watei via gate{s} in the uam will offei less contiol anu may iesult in moie mobilization of seuiment uue to ioute watei must tiavel. At this point in time it is likely that notching will pioviue the most contiol ovei the iate of uewateiing anu, uue to uistance fiom iivei beu to notch, less seuiment mobilization. Notching is the piefeiieu methou of uewateiing anu will be executeu slowly anu uelibeiately to avoiu mobilizing moie than /%&0*$*0*' seuiment.
Restoration Systems, LLC Milburnie Dam Mitigation Bank 46 of 89 10.8 Substrate Invest|gat|ons Cioss-sections of iivei bottom have been taken up to 1,uuu lineai feet (lf) above uam so the volume of unconsoliuateu seuiment is known foi this uistance upstieam (see plan sheet 4|piofilej, 6 anu 7-8 |sectionsj in Appenuix). Evaluations of the iivei bottom fiom 1,uuu lf upstieam of the uam to the top of impounument will be conuucteu in the neai futuie anu volumetiic calculations will be unueitaken. Qualitative sampling of substiate has been unueitaken fiom uam to a point neai top of impounument. Samples confiim the oveiwhelming composition of seuiment to be sanu. Limiteu piesence of fine seuiment (muu) has been iuentifieu at a few locations. Recommenuations will be maue to the IRT foi a seuiment management appioach well in auvance of peimit application submittal.
The 0SFWS completeu a Tiei I investigation on behalf of the Nilbuinie Bam iemoval. Tiei I investigations ueteimine the potential foi the piesence of pioblematic chemicals in the iivei beu baseu on the histoiical occuiiences of inuustiies that weie licenseu to uischaige effluent, potentially containing such chemicals in close pioximity of the iivei. The iesults of the Tiei I stuuy suggests a ieasonable potential foi the occuiience of such chemistiy in the iivei beu. Consequently, a Tiei II was iecently initiateu.
Sampling of the substiate foi chemical analysis was conuucteu unuei the guiuance of the 0SFWS (Bi. Augspuigei) in August 2u11. Samples of substiate, containing fine seuiments weie collecteu anu stoieu in accoiuance with stiict piotocols. An IRT-appioveu laboiatoiy is cuiiently completing assays foi oiganic anu metal composition in stiict confoimance with stanuaiu piotocols auvocateu by the 0SFWS. Following ieceipt of assay iesults fiom the testing laboiatoiy, the 0SFWS (Bi. Augspuigei) will piepaie anu issue a final iepoit.
Restoration Systems, LLC Milburnie Dam Mitigation Bank 47 of 89 Peimit applications foi the uam iemoval will not be submitteu piioi to uistiibution of the 0SFWS iepoit.&
10.9 Sed|ment Management As inuicateu above, moie than ~1S,uuu cubic yaius of accumulateu sanuy ueposits will be giaueuexcavateu fiom the upstieam iiveibeu within 1,uuu lineai feet of the uam (see plan sheets 2,S anu 6 in Appenuix). The knowleuge that this volume of seuiment ueposition exists was ueteimineu fiom conventional suivey methouologies. Similai woik may be unueitaken upstieam of this aiea in the coming weeks. These new uata will be fully analyzeu anu a iepoit piesenteu at a futuie IRT meeting. The Sponsoi will be collaboiating with the pioject IRT on the potential consequences to the iivei ecology fiom extiaction of seuiment ueposition thioughout the impounument vs. allowing the stoieu seuiment to cycle uownstieam uuiing anu aftei uewateiing anu uam ue-constiuction. This piesentation will be closely cooiuinateu with the 0SFWS' toxicology iepoit. & 10.10 roposed Act|on on k|verbed Debr|s Following iemoval of the uam theie is a stiong likelihoou that fallen tiees anu othei uebiis will become piominent featuies of the iiveibeu. To the extent this conuition is seen as positive oi negative by the public anuoi iesouice agencies will uepenu on whethei the uebiis inhibits iivei tiansit by canoeists anu kayakeis, anu whethei iemoval of the uebiis woulu be consiueieu uetiimental to the ecology of the iivei in the view of the NCWRC, 0SFWS anu othei agencies. "Covei" anu "stiuctuie" aie often vieweu as positive habitat featuies in aquatic ecosystems. The neeu foi canoeists anu kayakeis to make an occasional poitage uuiing a iivei outing is also a subjective topic that shoulu be exploieu with canoe anu kayak gioups. It is highly likely that the Sponsoi will be making some type of
Restoration Systems, LLC Milburnie Dam Mitigation Bank 48 of 89 commitment to peifoim "snag anu iemove" opeiations following uam iemoval baseu on the outcome of uiscussions with the IRT, wilulife agencies anu iivei usei gioups. Such a commitment will be ieflecteu in the peimit application(s) anu will be shapeu to some extent by the anticipateu cost of such unueitakings. & 10.11 De-construct|on (Demo||t|on) As inuicateu in 1u.7 above, uewateiing is likely to iesult fiom notching anu loweiing the uam's elevation, which is likely to iesult in less seuiment mobilization thioughout the piocess of giauually loweiing the heau ponu behinu the uam. Notching simply iemoves a small gioup of masoniy block fiom the top of the uam, theieby ieleasing some amount of stoieu suiface watei, exposing inunuateu floouplain aieas. The "loweiing" piocess is essentially a piocess of inciementally iemoving the uam fiom the top uown. Each iow of masoniy blocks will be iemoveu by tiackeu hoes ieaching up, giasping anu iemoving one block at a time. As blocks aie iemoveu they aie likely to be placeu in the beu of a ielatively small tiackeu uump tiuck, which will tianspoit its loau to the west siue of iivei wheie blocks will be useu to builu a toe wall, behinu which 2u,uuu+ cubic yaius of iivei beu ueposition will be placeu. This piocess will continue until the uam ceases to exist (see plan sheets 2,S, 7-8 in Appenuix).
This topic also uesciibes the fate of the stiuctuies along the west embankment aujacent to the uam, which seiveu as the poweihouse uuiing the piouuction of electiicity foi iesale to CP&L. These stiuctuies will be uemolisheu anu hauleu to a suitable uisposal site. The entiie site will be giaueu anu planteu in accoiuance with the giauing anu eiosion contiol plans to be appioveu by the NCBLR (see plan sheets S, 7-8 in Appenuix).
Restoration Systems, LLC Milburnie Dam Mitigation Bank 49 of 89 10.12 NLA No iequiiements exist foi the Sponsoi to conuuct eithei N.E.P.A. oi S.E.P.A. stuuies; howevei, since the 0SACE has ueteimineu infoimally the pioject will iequiie an Inuiviuual Section 4u4 Peimit (IP), the 0SACE will piepaie an Enviionmental Assessment (EA). & 10.13 Sect|on 106 (Nat|ona| n|stor|c reservat|on Act) Consultation between the Sponsoi anu SBP0 was initiateu by lettei on Naich 2, 2u1u anu is on-going. The site may be a canuiuate foi inclusion on the Registiy foi Bistoiic Places. SBP0 has inuicateu iecoiuation, uocumentation, anu auuitional aichaeological mitigation measuies may be neeueu. The Sponsoi intenus to meet with SBP0 anu a piivate aichaeological consultant to uiscuss the specifics of SBP0 iequiiements puisuant to Section 1u6 of the Bistoiic Pieseivation Act. The Sponsoi intenus to have completeu all necessaiy woik to the satisfaction of SBP0 in auvance of piepaiing anu submitting peimit applications.& 10.14 kare Spec|es Issues |nc|ud|ng Sect|on 7 The 0SFWS lists thiee species foi Wake County, incluuing the enuangeieu Reu-cockaueu Wooupeckei, enuangeieu Bwaif Weugemussel, anu the thieateneu Nichaux Sumac. Two othei iaie species aie listeu by the state of Noith Caiolina anu aie known to have occuiieu in the pioject aiea. Suitable habitat foi the ieu-cockaueu wooupeckei, anu Nichaux sumac aie not piesent within aieas to be uistuibeu oi affecteu by pioposeu actions. Suiveys foi the Bwaif Weuge Nussel anu state-listeu mussels will be unueitaken by The Catena uioup's mussel team piioi to the mobilization of constiuction iesouices. 10.1S Sed|mentat|on o||ut|on Contro| Act of 1973 The NCBLR's Lanu Quality Section iequiies that the Sponsoi submit copies of pioject eiosion contiol plans foi ieview anu appioval. This ieview often iesults in
Restoration Systems, LLC Milburnie Dam Mitigation Bank 50 of 89 iecommenuations foi the inclusion of methous anu uevices that will pioviue maximum piotection of the wateiway thioughout the uewateiing anu ue-constiuction activities. 11.0 Mon|tor|ng |an To evaluate the ecological success of NBNB, the pioposeu post-iemoval monitoiing plan will be caiiieu out foi five yeais oi until success ciiteiia aie met, whichevei is longei. The monitoiing plan stiuctuie, incluuing success ciiteiia, is baseu on BRTF (2uu8). In auuition, the Sponsoi anu its consultants have uevelopeu the pioposeu monitoiing plan using theii collective expeiience gaineu uuiing the iemoval anu monitoiing phases of the Caibonton anu Lowell Nill piojects.
Baseline (pie-iemoval) monitoiing has been completeuthe methous of which weie iecently piesenteu to the IRT foi ieview. Baseline iesults will be pioviueu in the Nitigation Plan, as is customaiy with mitigation bank establishment. This phase of the monitoiing plan is intenueu to uocument existing ecological conuitions. Following the complete iemoval of Nilbuinie Bam, monitoiing will take place at iegulai inteivals (ueteimineu in cooiuination with the IRT), anu monitoiing iesults, incluuing compaiisons with baseline conuitions, will be iepoiteu annually. Final iepoits will be submitteu by Becembei 1 st of each yeai to 0SACE anu maue available to any inteiesteu IRT agencies.
NYC)!P=Q):1SCMN=UC-):F)NYC)7R:ORP!)Z=WW)1C)N:) Beteimine if local watei quality has impioveu;
Restoration Systems, LLC Milburnie Dam Mitigation Bank 51 of 89 Beteimine if an appiopiiate lotic biological community is ie-establisheu; Beteimine if ie-colonization of the iestoiation ieach by iaie anu enuangeieu species occuis; Beteimine the total extent of anauiomous fish passage within anu upstieam of the impounument; anu Beteimine if human values ciiteiia (paik uevelopment anu suppoit of inuepenuent scientific ieseaich) have been met. 11.1 Improved Aquat|c Commun|ty ueomoiphic iesponses associateu with uam iemovals can quickly impiove habitat foi lotic biological communities (Boyle et al. 2uuS; Stanley et al. 2uu2). To uocument hyuiogeomoiphic aujustments within the iestoiation ieach, peimanent geomoiphic anu biological monitoiing stations aie locateu within, upstieam anu uownstieam of the iestoiation ieach. 11.1.2 Geomorpho|og|c Mon|tor|ng Stations aie spaceu ~2S bankfull wiuths apait; in some cases, spacing was mouifieu to avoiu uevelopment. Stations locateu within one-half mile of the uam aie spaceu moie closely togethei with the intention of uocumenting the most uiastic geomoiphic aujustments following uam iemoval. Each station will be ioutinely monitoieu to follow any changes in channel geometiy (a means of assessing stability), stieam velocity, seuiment chaiactei, geomoiphic featuie classification (e.g., iiffle, pool, iun, etc.) anu NCBWQ habitat assessment. Stations may be ielocateu following iemoval to ensuie the full uiveisity of geomoiphic featuies is monitoieu. Foi example, if the majoiity of baseline stations aie locateu in what become pools following uam iemoval, some will be ielocateu to iiffle anu
Restoration Systems, LLC Milburnie Dam Mitigation Bank 52 of 89 iun aieas to moie accuiately uocument geomoiphic anu biological changes within the iestoiation ieach.
Stieam velocity will be measuieu to captuie changes in local hyuiaulics, an impoitant habitat paiametei that affects species uistiibutions anu seuiment tianspoit. Neasuiements will be taken at compaiable uischaige levels as much as possible (~9u cfs as measuieu at Falls Bam 0SuS gage u2u8718S). At stations with uepths <2.S-feet, measuiements will be taken once at the 6u% uepth. At stations with uepths >2.S-feet, measuiements will be taken at 2u% anu 6u% uepths.
Substiate coaisening following uam iemoval has the potential to piouuce moie heteiogeneous habitats thioughout the iestoiation ieach. Seuiment at each geomoiphic station will be chaiacteiizeu uuiing the monitoiing piocess to captuie substiate coaisening. At stations with waueable uepths, seuiment chaiacteiization will be conuucteu using Wolman pebble counts oi sieve analysis, uepenuing on geneial chaiactei (coaise vs. fine). Stations with ueepwatei will be sampleu using a petite-Ponai uieuge. All Ponai samples will be measuieu (pebble counts oi sieve analysis).
ueomoiphic featuie classifications will also be assigneu to each geomoiphic station baseu on channel geometiy measuiements. Classifications incluue, but aie not limiteu to, the following: 1) pool, 2) iiffle, anu S) iun. In auuition, NCBWQ Babitat Assessments will also be peifoimeu at each station.
Restoration Systems, LLC Milburnie Dam Mitigation Bank 53 of 89 Success ciiteiia foi geomoiphic monitoiing along the iestoiation ieach incluue the following: Establishment of geomoiphic heteiogeneity, i.e., establishment of iiffles anu ieuuction of homogenous, low-velocity ueepwatei habitat coveiage. Bemonstiation of stable channel geometiy Coaisening anu size uistiibution bioauening of seuiment paiticles (habitat substiate) Incieases in NCBWQ Babitat Assessment scoies 11.1.3 8|o|og|ca| Commun|ty Mon|tor|ng Nacioinveitebiate sampling will be conuucteu at ten peimanent stations (six within the iestoiation ieach, anu foui iefeience stations). Sampling station locations (iestoiation ieach anu iefeience ieaches) taigeteu iiffles. Sampling will follow NCBWQ's Stanuaiu Qualitative Nethou. Results will be analyzeu foi ielative abunuance of Ephemeiopteia, Plecopteia anu Tiichopteia taxa (often iefeiieu to as "EPT") as well as total numbei of benthic taxa.
Auuitional biological monitoiing will occui at six peimanent iestoiation ieach stations anu foui iefeience ieach stations. Sampling at these locations will chaiacteiize the fish, mussel anu snail communities. In auuition, aquatic salamanueis may also be taigeteu at these locations. Fish suiveys will be conuucteu annually following uam iemoval anu will utilize timeu electio-fishing anu seine netting. In ceitain conuitions, NCIBI methous may be employeu. Nussel suiveys will be conuucteu in yeais 4 anu S to pioviue ample time foi mussel community ie-establishment within the iestoiation ieach (similai appioach was
Restoration Systems, LLC Milburnie Dam Mitigation Bank 54 of 89 puisueu successfully at both Caibonton anu Lowell Nill piojects). Semi-quantitative, timeu suivey methous will be employeu by suiveyois with compaiable expeiiences in fixeu locations unuei similai conuitions (e.g., time of yeai, watei levels, visibility, etc.) to geneiate species-specific "Catch Pei 0nit Effoit" (CP0E) uata sets.
Baseline conuitions weie not sampleu within the impounument because of site access challenges. Typically, iun-of-iivei impounuments aie best sampleu using boat-mounteu electioshocking equipment. Bowevei, the only boat iamp within the impounument (Elizabeth Biive Canoe Launch) was ieuesigneu to pievent use by tiaileieu motoiboats. The uam was consiueieu as launch site but was iemoveu fiom consiueiation because of safety conceins. The Sponsoi intenus to uevelop baseline monitoiing methous foi the impounument in cooiuination with the IRT.
0nce locateu, iestoiation ieach biological-monitoiing stations may be ielocateu following iemoval to taiget appiopiiate habitat foi lotic species. Foi example, if the majoiity of baseline stations aie locateu in what become pools following uam iemoval, seveial will be ielocateu to iiffle anu iun aieas to moie accuiately uocument biological changes within the iestoiation ieach.
Biological success ueteiminations will be baseu on iefeience ieach compaiisons. Specifically, success will be uemonstiateu if the iestoiation ieach values conveige oi exceeu iefeience ieach values. ueneial success ciiteiia foi biological community monitoiing along the iestoiation ieach incluue the following:
Restoration Systems, LLC Milburnie Dam Mitigation Bank 55 of 89 Incieases of ielative abunuance (CP0E), size class uistiibution (paiticulaily young post-iemoval ageu), amount of occupieu habitat oi uistiibution, anu species uiveisity of fieshwatei mussel fauna Establishment of a suite of lotic-auapteu fish species Incieases of ielative abunuance anu species uiveisity of aquatic snail fauna 11.2 Improved Water ua||ty Watei quality impiovements aie expecteu to occui within the iestoiation ieach following uam iemoval. Such impiovements will allow foi lotic species ieciuitment anu ielieve extenueu peiious of chemical anu theimal stiess foi benthic uwelling species. Watei quality monitoiing will focus on measuiing watei tempeiatuie, uissolveu oxygen concentiations anu benthic biotic inuices within iestoiation anu iefeience ieaches.
Watei tempeiatuie anu uissolveu oxygen uata will be gatheieu fiom existing Ambient Nonitioing Stations (ANS) uatabases. Bata collecteu fiom two stations (}2S6uuuu anu }2SSuuuu; Figuie 11) will be analyzeu annually anu iepoiteu in annual monitoiing iepoits. Auuitionally, uissolveu oxygen anu tempeiatuie measuiements will be collecteu monthly at S sampling stations to augment ANS uata. Suiface anu stieambeu measuiements will be collecteu at non-ANS locations to uocument anticipateu changes in fiequency anu uistiibution of theimal stiatification within the iestoiation ieach following uam iemoval.
Benthic biological inuices will be measuieu using NCBWQ Stanuaiu Qualitative Nethous at 1u sampling stations: S within the impounument anu S iefeience stations. Riffles weie taigeteu foi iefeience stations anu impounument stations have been locateu wheie iiffles
Restoration Systems, LLC Milburnie Dam Mitigation Bank 56 of 89 aie expecteu to uevelop following uam iemoval. Impounument sites may be ielocateu if iiffles uo not uevelop wheie anticipateu; in such a scenaiio, impounument stations will be ielocateu in aieas best suiteu foi macioinveitebiates (e.g., iiffles that may uevelop in unexpecteu locations).
Success ueteiminations will be baseu on iefeience ieach compaiisons. Specifically, success will be uemonstiateu if the iestoiation ieach values conveige oi exceeu iefeience ieach values. ueneial success ciiteiia foi watei quality monitoiing along the iestoiation ieach incluue the following: Reuuction of fiequency anu uistiibution of theimal stiatification anu associateu hypoxia Impiovement of benthic biotic inuices scoies (ueciease = impiovement) 11.3 ke-Co|on|zat|on by kare and rotected Spec|es Nost iaie anu piotecteu aquatic species aie associateu with lotic habitats, an inuication that lotic habitats, not lentic habitats aie geneially unuei moie stiess. NBP uata anu baseline monitoiing iesults (to be pioviueu to IRT with uiaft mitigation plan) iuentify numeious iaie anu piotecteu species (Table S) aie piesent at vaiious locations upstieam anu uownstieam of the Nilbuinie impounument. Theie aie also two iaie anu piotecteu species piesent within the impounument (Table S); howevei, these paiticulai species weie founu in low numbeis anu weie limiteu to small pockets of suitable habitat along the stieam banks. All iaie anu piotecteu species monitoiing will be peifoimeu by TCu. TCu staff holus the appiopiiate peimits to conuuct population suiveys of sensitive anu piotecteu taxa.
Restoration Systems, LLC Milburnie Dam Mitigation Bank 57 of 89 ) N+$#() E: Raie, enuangeieu anu thieateneu aquatic species of the Neuse Rivei Basin in Wake County. -9"('."G"9)Q+,() M0,,0')Q+,() N+[+)O&0%>) F(H(&+#)-.+.%<) QM)-.+.%<) -,('0*/"$+(&;%+%#"/"$& Bwaif Weugemussel e mussel E E -,('0*/"$+(&7$/7,(+(& Tiiangle Floatei a,b,c,u mussel ~ T 5,,*.+*"&,($:%",(+(& Yellow Lance e mussel FSC E 5,,*.+*"&#"($"F%$'*'& Roanoke Slabsheel a,c,u mussel ~ T =7':"$(*(&0('"$*& Atlantic Pigtoe e mussel FSC E H(0.'*,*'&#(/*(+(& Eastein Lampmussel a,b,c,u mussel ~ T H(0*D"$(&'7M6*#*/*'& uieen Floatei c,u mussel FSC E 9+#".;*+7'&7$/7,(+7'& Cieepei c,u mussel ~ T G*,,"'(&:"$'+#*:+(& Notcheu Rainbow e mussel ~ SC ?":"0*'&#($%4*& Bull Chub a,b,c,u fish ~ W1 ?"+7#7'&87#*"'7'& Caiolina Nautom e fish FSC PT H4+;#7#7'&0(+7+*$7'& Pinewoous Shinei e fish FSC W2 ?%:+7#7'&,%T*'*& Neuse Wateiuog a,u amphibian ~ SC O#:"$%:+%'&:(#",*$%$'*'& NC Spiny Ciayfish u,f ciustacean ~ SC a Founu upstieam of impounument b Founu within impounument c Founu uownstieam of impounument u Potential to ie-colonize oi expanu within impounument e 0nlikely to ie-colonize uue to lack of known souice population f Not taigeteu uuiing baseline suiveys
Specific success ciiteiia foi iaie anu piotecteu species monitoiing will be cooiuinateu with the IRT, but aie anticipateu to incluue the following: Re-colonization by iaie anu piotecteu species (e.g., uieen Floatei) Inciease in numbei of iaie mussel species
Restoration Systems, LLC Milburnie Dam Mitigation Bank 58 of 89 Inciease in ielative abunuance (CP0E) of Eastein Lampmussel anu Tiiangle floatei Impiovement anu expansion of habitat appiopiiate foi iaie anu piotecteu species Re-colonization by any known associate species of taigeteu iaie anu piotecteu species 11.4 Anadromous I|sh assage Nilbuinie Bam is iecognizeu as the last iemovable anauiomous fish baiiiei within the Neuse Rivei main stem. Seveial uams have been iemoveu fiom the Neuse anu its tiibutaiies ovei the last seveial yeais (i.e., Quakeineck, Cheiiy Bospital, Rains Nill anu Lowell Nill). 0nce iemoveu, an auuitional 1S+ miles of anauiomous fish spawning habitat will become accessible to the iivei's anauiomous species, which incluue Stiipeu Bass anu Ameiican Shau.
A combination of sampling techniques will be employeu in ieaches of the Neuse as fai upstieam as Falls of the Neuse. Specific methous will incluue gill net sweeps, electio- shocking as well as hook anu line sampling. Sampling is expecteu to begin neai the tailwateis of Falls Bam. Bepenuing on the iesults of initial suiveys, sampling may be ielocateu to any of vaiious uownstieam locations.
Success ciiteiion foi anauiomous fish monitoiing is as follows: Piesence of spawning conuition anauiomous fish in ieaches within anu upstieam of the iestoiation ieach
Restoration Systems, LLC Milburnie Dam Mitigation Bank 59 of 89 11.S keserve Success Cr|ter|a In auuition to the ecological success ciiteiia monitoiing pioposeu above, ieseive cieuit will also be puisueu. The Sponsoi pioposes to builu a paik in the immeuiate vicinity of the poweihouse, oi unuei a coopeiative agieement with the city of Raleigh, on the east siue of the iivei, which will pioviue public access to the iestoieu iesouice. In auuition, inuepenuent acauemic ieseaich will be funueu that will focus on ecological aujustments within the Neuse iesulting fiom the Nilbuinie Bam iemoval. Cieuits geneiateu within the ieseive categoiy aie to be useu in the event othei NBNB success ciiteiia aie not met. In annual monitoiing iepoits, piogiess iegaiuing paik constiuction anu ieseaich funuing will be iepoiteu. As-built uiawings will be pioviueu once the paik has been constiucteu, anu ieseaich piouucts (e.g., publisheu papeis, iepoits) will be incluueu as maue available.
Success ciiteiia foi ieseive cieuit monitoiing incluue the following: Public paik is constiucteu (as-built uiawings anu photos as ueliveiables) Funuing pioviueu to inuepenuent acauemic institution, suppoiting giauuate level scientific ieseaich focuseu on Nilbuinie Bam iemoval 11.6 Wet|and nydro|ogy Mon|tor|ng TCu has installeu 1S giounuwatei-monitoiing wells at stiategic floouplain locations upstieam of Nilbuinie Bam (Figuie S). These gages will electionically collect giounuwatei elevations on a ioutine basis. These uata will be analyzeu anu pioviueu to the 0SACE with NBNB annual monitoiing iepoits.
Restoration Systems, LLC Milburnie Dam Mitigation Bank 60 of 89 12.0 n|stor|ca| and Archaeo|og|ca| Invest|gat|ons The Sponsoi iequesteu Section 1u6 consultation (2 Naich 2u1u) fiom the Bepaitment of Cultuial Resouices |State Bistoiic Pieseivation 0ffice (SBP0)j. SBP0's iesponse (1S Apiil 2u1u) inuicateu iecoiuation, uocumentation anu aichaeological mitigation measuies may be neeueu. The Sponsoi has since pioviueu auuitional infoimation foi SBP0 (lettei uateu 28 }uly 2u1u). At this time no uecision iegaiuing mitigation iequiiements has been maue. Coopeiation with SBP0 is ongoing to ensuie the Sponsoi pioceeus with the pioposeu uemolition activities in full compliance with Section 1u6 of the National Bistoiic Pieseivation Act. 13.0 Lndangered and rotected Spec|es Theie aie thiee enuangeieu species known to occui within Wake County, NC. Below aie biief habitat uesciiptions foi each species anu pieliminaiy biological conclusions. The souice useu to geneiate the species list below was the 0SFWS. 13.1 ked-cockaded Woodpecker (!"#$"%&'()$*&+,"') This iaie biiu lives in matuie pine foiests (7u yeais anu oluei) in the Southeast. This species seeks out matuie, living pines, often those infecteu with ieu heait uisease (a fungus affecting the tiee's heaitwoou), in which it caives out nesting cavities. uioups tenu to nest in colonies, ieusing cavities fiom yeai to yeai. Foiestiy piactices have limiteu the available habitat by cutting foiest befoie matuiity. In auuition, fiie suppiession policies have iesulteu in unueistoiy ciowuing, which also negatively affect this species that piefeis open foiests.
Restoration Systems, LLC Milburnie Dam Mitigation Bank 61 of 89 13.2 Dwarf Wedgemusse| (-,+'."%$/0+(1&0&*$%$/) The Bwaif Weugemussel occuis in stieams anu iiveis with slow to moueiate cuiients anu sanu, giavel oi muuuy bottoms. Reseaich has confiimeu the species has at least thiee fish hosts: 1) the tessellateu uaitei, 2) }ohnny uaitei anu S) mottleu sculpin. It is thought this species is impacteu by inuustiial, agiicultuial anu uomestic pollution. 13.3 M|chaux's Sumac (213'(."#1+34"") This ihizomatous, uensely haiiy shiub with eiect stems can giow one to thiee feet in height. This species is thought to be enuemic to the Coastal Plain anu Pieumont of the Caiolinas. Nichaux's Sumac appeais to piefei sanuy oi iocky soils in association with open woous. Suivival seems to be highest in aieas subjecteu to peiiouic uistuibances, incluuing fiie anu aitificial cleaiings. 13.4 re||m|nary 8|o|og|ca| Conc|us|ons Since the pioposeu pioject is not being conuucteu within a matuie pine foiest, impacts to the Reu-cockaueu Wooupeckei aie unlikely. Bwaif Weugemussels weie not founu uuiing baseline suiveys anu aie unlikely to be affecteu. Bowevei, eveiy effoit will be maue to ensuie constiuction activities (uam iemoval anu associateu BNP installations anu implementations) will not impact these anu othei iaie mussels. Regaiuing Nichaux's Sumac, this species was not obseiveu uuiing the iecent uam site vegetative suivey (see Section 11.4), anu the habitat seems inappiopiiate. Bam iemoval activities, incluuing ue- wateiing will not uistuib habitats useu by Nichaux's Sumac; howevei constiuction equipment anu mateiial stoiage anu staging aieas will be suiveyeu once these aieas aie iuentifieu. This suivey anu all ciitical biological conclusions foi these species will be cooiuinateu with the 0SFWS uuiing the enviionmental scieening phase of this pioject.
Restoration Systems, LLC Milburnie Dam Mitigation Bank 62 of 89 5L6\)C<.+$#"<D,('.)+'H):>(&+."0') The maximum cieuit potential of NBNB will be ueteimineu in cooiuination with the IRT. Cieuit ueteimination will confoim to BRTF (2uu8). All cieuits piouuceu at NBNB shoulu be useu to offset peimitteu impacts to peiennial channels within the pioposeu seivice aieas of the Neuse Rivei basin (see next section). Cieuiting anu uebiting the bank will be iecoiueu on a leugei that will be submitteu annually to the 0SACE along with annual monitoiing iepoits. Table S uetails the pioposeu cieuit ielease scheuule. NBNB will be opeiateu by the Sponsoi thioughout pie-constiuction cooiuination anu plan uevelopment, constiuction, anu continueu post-iemoval monitoiing foi success evaluation. The Sponsoi will be iesponsible foi the NBNB's success, foi the sale of cieuits in accoiuance with an appioveu cieuit ielease scheuule, anu foi tiansfeiiing NBNB's conseivation easement to an appiopiiate entity such as a lanu conseivancy.
The Sponsoi has consiueieu the use of the cieuit ielease scheuule piesciibeu by the agencies in a Bepaitment of the Aimy Public Notice (uateu S }une 2uu8); howevei, the Sponsoi is foimally iequesting a laigei upfiont ielease be pioviueu foi this specific pioject. As this mitigation bank is not a tiauitional stieam iestoiation pioject anu is chaiacteiizeu by an entiiely uiffeient anu moie complicateu set of iisks, constiaints anu expenses, the stanuaiu stieam cieuit ielease scheuule is not appiopiiate. The Sponsoi acknowleuges theie aie numeious conceins with this pioject incluuing but not limiteu to the following: seuiment quality, seuiment quantity, seuiment tianspoit, as well as the potential loss of upstieam wetlanus aieas anu functions. The Sponsoi fiimly believes each of these conceins can be auuiesseu to the satisfaction of the iegulatoiy agencies (see Section 2.S).
Restoration Systems, LLC Milburnie Dam Mitigation Bank 63 of 89 Bowevei, the necessaiy pieventative measuies will iequiie consiueiable time anu expense to be peifoimeu effectively (see Section 9.u foi uiscussion of specific pieventative measuies). Theiefoie the following cieuit ielease scheuule (Table 4) is pioposeu in anticipation of the auueu time anu expense involveu with the iemoval piocess. ) ) N+$#()LX)Pioposeu Cieuit Release Scheuule )!"#(<.0'() N+<2<) M&(H".)R(#(+<()3]4) Pieconstiuction
1) Execution of legal instiument by Sponsoi anu 0SACE 2) Appioval of mitigation plan S) Beliveiy of financial assuiances 4) Recoiuation of conseivation easement coveiing uam site
2S Constiuction
Successful completion of pieventative measuies anu uam iemoval as outlineu in the appioveu iestoiation plan
1S Yeai-1 Nonitoiing Attainment of inteiim success ciiteiia 1u Yeai-2 Nonitoiing Attainment of inteiim success ciiteiia 1u Yeai-S Nonitoiing Attainment of inteiim success ciiteiia S Yeai-4 Nonitoiing Attainment of inteiim success ciiteiia S Yeai-S Nonitoiing Attainment of final success ciiteiia 1S Full Site Success* Attainment of final success ciiteiia 1S *Release is contingent on achieving success foi each of the ciiteiia iuentifieu in the BTRF (2uu8), as uesciibeu in the foithcoming Nitigation Plan. 1S.0 Serv|ce Area The pioposeu Piimaiy ueogiaphic Seivice Aiea (PuSA) is NBNB's native 8-uigit Cataloging 0nit, uSu2u2u1 (Figuie 12). While the Public Notice issueu by the Wilmington Bistiict on }une S, 2uu8 makes it cleai the "use of the bank foi impacts locateu outsiue the PuSA may be consiueieu on a case-by-case basis uuiing the peimit evaluation piocess", the Sponsoi is foimally iequesting consiueiation the NBNB be gianteu a Seconuaiy ueogiaphic Seivice
Restoration Systems, LLC Milburnie Dam Mitigation Bank 64 of 89 Aiea (SuSA; Figuie 12). The iequiiement that compensatoiy mitigation effoits be locateu in the cataloging unit wheie the stieam impact(s) occui is stanuaiu position of the IRT; howevei, the Sponsoi believes flexibility may be appiopiiate in this paiticulai case. While the pioposeu NBNB pioject is unique foi Noith Caiolina since iestoiation effoits have nevei taigeteu the main stem of a majoi iivei in the state, theie is anothei, moie funuamental ieason foi the iequesteu SuSA. BRTF (2uu8) states, iathei uncleaily, "Compensatoiy mitigation cieuits geneiateu thiough uam iemoval will constitute no moie than 7S% of the iequiieu mitigation within any cataloguing unit, with the exception of those piojects involving the uischaige of fill mateiial anu subsequent impounument of upstieam wateis." The Sponsoi feels this stipulation is vague, especially with iegaiu to timefiame, anu theiefoie open to uiffeient inteipietations. The piovision of a SuSA will inciease ceitainty anu piacticability of this pioject while satisfying the spiiit of the BRTF 2S% stipulation. Alteinatively, the iequest foi a SuSA will be withuiawn if the IRT agiees not to holu NBNB cieuit sales to the BRTF 2S% stipulation.
Restoration Systems, LLC Milburnie Dam Mitigation Bank 65 of 89 keferences Anuiy, AC. 1996. Watei Law in Noith Caiolina. http:www.bae.ncsu.euupiogiamsextensionpublicataiepwateilaw.html Catalano, N}, NA Bozek, anu TB Pellett. 2uu7. Effects of uam iemoval on fish assemblage stiuctuie anu spatial uistiibutions in the Baiaboo Rivei, WI. ?"#+;&-0%#*:($&J"7#$(,&"8& =*';%#*%'&!($(D%0%$+&27: S19-SSu. Cuiie, F, A Buchaine, N Sebilo anu B Benujouui. 2uu9. Benitification in a hypoiheic zone contiolleu by iivei iegulation in the Seine iivei basin (Fiance). E4/#","D*:(,&3#":%''%' 2S: 6SS-664. Bam Removal Task Foice (BRTF). 2uu2. Neeting minutes fiom Febiuaiy 21, 2uu2. Recoiueu by Baviu Schillei, NC Bepaitment of Tianspoitation. Bam Removal Task Foice (BRTF). 2uu8. Beteimining Appiopiiate Compensatoiy Nitigation Cieuit foi Bam Removal Piojects in Noith Caiolina. Boyle, NW, EB Stanley anu }N Baiboi. Byuiogeomoiphic contiols on phosphoius ietention in stieams. C(+%#&<%'"7#:%'&<%'%(#:; S9: uoi: 1u.1u292uuSWRuu2uS8. Boyle, NW, EB Stanley, CB 0ii, AR Selle, SA Sethi, anu }N Baiboi. 2uuS. Stieam ecosystem iesponse to small uam iemoval: lessons fiom the Beaitlanu. V%"0"#.;","D4 71: 227- 244. Buff, }B anu F} Tiiska. 199u. Benitiification in seuiments fiom the hypoiheic zone aujacent to a small foiesteu stieam. B($(/*($&J"7#$(,&"8&=*';%#*%'&($/&-L7(+*:&9:*%$:%'. 47: 114u- 1147. ENTRIX. 2uu9. Nilbuinie Bam Removal Pioject Technical Nemoianuum: Nilbuinie Bam Removal Wetlanus Stuuy. ENTRIX. 2u1u. Nilbuinie Bam Removal Pioject Technical Nemoianuum: Assessment of Impounument Seuiments. Nitsch, W}, }u uosselink. 2uuu. C%+,($/'. Thiiu euition. }ohn Wiley anu Sons, Inc: New Yoik, pp. 92u. Noiiis uL anu } Fan. 1998. Reseivoii Seuimentation Banubook: Besign anu Nanagement of Bams, Reseivoiis anu Wateisheus foi Sustainable 0se. Ncuiaw Bill: New Yoik. NC Bivision of Watei Quality (NCBWQ). 2uu9. Final Neuse Rivei Basin Watei Quality Plan. http:h2o.eni.state.nc.usbasinwiueNeuse2uu8NeuseRiveiBasinPlanBRAFT.htm Neuse Riveikeepei Founuation. 2u11. Neuse Rivei Basin Fact Sheet. http:www.neuseiivei.oigimagesNeuse_Rivei_Basin_Facts_anu_Infoimation.puf Newbolu, }B, }W Elwoou, Rv 0'Neill, anu AL Sheluon. 198S. Phosphoius uynamics in a wooulanu stieam system: a stuuy in nutiient spiialing. 5:","D4 64: 1249-126S. 0ii, CB anu EB Stanley. 2uu6. vegetation uevelopment anu iestoiation potential of uiaineu ieseivoiis following uam iemoval. <*6%#&<%'%(#:;&($/&-..,*:(+*"$'&22: 281-29S. Ricciaiui, A anu }B Rasmussen. 1999. Extinction iates of Noith Ameiican fieshwatei fauna. B"$'%#6(+*"$&@*","D4 1S: 122u-1222. Riggsbee, }A, }P }ulian, NW Boyle anu Ru Wetzel. 2uu7. Suspenueu seuiment, uissolveu oiganic caibon, anu uissolveu nitiogen expoit uuiing the uam iemoval piocess. C(+%#& <%'"7#:%'&<%'%(#:;&4S: uoi: 1u.1u292uu6WRuuSS18, 2uu7
Restoration Systems, LLC Milburnie Dam Mitigation Bank 66 of 89 Riggsbee, }A, NW Boyle anu Ru Wetzel. In Piess. Physical anu plant community contiols on nitiogen anu phosphoius leaching fiom impounueu iiveiine wetlanus following uam iemoval. <*6%#&<%'%(#:;&($/&-..,*:(+*"$'I Santucci, v}, SR uephaiu anu SN Pescitelli. 2uuS. Effects of multiple low-heau uams on fish, macioinveitebiates, habitat anu watei quality in the Fox Rivei, IL. ?"#+;&-0%#*:($& J"7#$(,&"8&=*';%#*%'&!($(D%0%$+&2S: 97S-992. Schlesingei, WB. 1997. @*"D%":;%0*'+#4Q&-$&-$(,4'*'&"8&V,"M(,&B;($D%. Seconu euition. Acauemic Piess: San Biego, pp.S88. Shafioth, PB, }N Fiieuman, uT Auble, NL Scott anu }B Biaatine. 2uu2. Potential iesponses of iipaiian vegetation to uam iemoval. @*"9:*%$:% S2: 7uS-712. Stanley, EB, NA Luebke, NW Boyle anu BW Naishall. 2uu2. Shoit-teim changes in channel foim anu macioinveitebiate communities following low-heau uam iemoval. J"7#$(,&"8& ?"#+;&-0%#*:($&@%$+;","D*:(,&9":*%+4&21: 172-187. Stanley, EB, N} Catalano, N Neicauo-Silva anu CB 0ii. 2uu7. Effects of uam iemoval on biook tiout in Wisconsin stieams. <*6%#&<%'%(#:;&($/&-..,*:(+*"$'&2S: 792-798. The Catena uioup (TCu). 2u1u. Pie-Removal 0pstieam Wetlanu Belineations. The Catena uioup (TCu). 2u11. Pie-Removal Bownstieam Wetlanu Beteiminations. Tiiska, F}, }B Buff anu R} Avanzino. 199S. Patteins of hyuiological exchange anu nutiient tiansfoimation in the hypoiheic zone of a giavel-bottom stieamexamining teiiestiial aquatic linkages. =#%';T(+%#&@*","D4 29: 2S9-274. 0S Aimy Coips of Engineeis (0SACE). 1986. Nemoianuum foi membeis of the Falls Lake Stoiage Capacity anu Rules Woiking uioup. Wiitten by Colonel Wayne A. Banson. }une 24, 1986. 0S Aimy Coips of Engineeis (0SACE). 1987. Coips of Engineeis Wetlanu Belineation Nanual. Technical Repoit Y-87-1. 0S Aimy Engineei Wateiways Expeiiment Station. vicksbuig, NS. 0S Aimy Coips of Engineeis (0SACE). 2uu8. Falls Lake Biought Contingency Plan. 0S Census Buieau. 2u1u. http:www.census.govnewsioomieleasesaichivespopulationcbu9-99.html 0S Fish anu Wilulife Seivice (0SFWS). 2uu8. Tiei I Pieliminaiy Evaluation of Pollutant Souices to the Impounueu Reaches of Five Bams in the Neuse Rivei Basin, Noith Caiolina. 0S Fish anu Wilulife Seivice (0SFWS). 2u11. Biaft Stuuy PlanNilbuinie Bam Tiei II Seuiment Evaluation. 0S ueological Suivey (0SuS). 2uu7. Chinese mysteiysnail fact sheet. Available online at http:nas.ei.usgs.govqueiiesfactsheet.aspx.SpeciesIB=1u4S Wetzel, Ru. 2uu1. H*0$","D4Q&H(F%&($/&<*6%#&5:"'4'+%0'. Thiiu euition. Acauemic Piess: San Biego, pp. 1uu6. Zainestze, }P, R Baggeity, SN Wonuzell anu NA Bakei. 2u11. Bynamics of nitiate piouuction anu iemoval as a function of iesiuence time in the hypoiheic zone. J"7#$(,&"8& V%".;4'*:(,&<%'%(#:; 116: uoi:1u.1u292u1u}uuu1SS6.
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