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1 Biological membranes are composed of proteins and phospholipids Liquid Mosaic o Mosaic- embedded proteins on frame work o Fluid allows molecules to drift in the membrane Kinks o Double bonds o Prevents phospholipids from packing together to keep the membrane fluid o Stabilizes at warm temp o Keeps membrane fluid at lower temp Phospholipids o key ingredient of biological membranes o probably first organic molecules Plasma Membrane o Basic requirement of life Allows cell to regulate exchanges

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Turgid o Healthy state for most plants Plasmolysis o Plasma membranes pulls away from cell wall [in plants] Osmoregulation o Control of water balance Facilitated Diffusion o Type of diffusion wherein different proteins makes a substance possible to move down the concentration gradient o ^# transport proteins = ^rate of diffusion Concentraion gradient o Driving force in diffusion Aquaporins o Since water molecules are polar, aquaporins are needed for water to enter the membrane o Hourglass-shaped protein Dr. Peter Agre o Discovered aquaporins Active Transport o Expends energy to move a solute against its concentration gradient o Toward the side where solute is MORE CONCENTRATED Solute Binding a. Solute on cytoplasmic side attaches to a specific binding site Phosphorylation a. Giving of ATP s phosphate group Transport a. Phosphate group changes shape of cells Phosphate detaches a. Phosphate group detach; ready for another cycle b. Two solute ions/molecules are transported together Potassiom concentration is ^ inside the human body; sodium lower Sodium-Potassium pump o Transport proten o Maintain potassium and sodium level

5.2 chemical 5.7 5.8

5.3 Functions of Membrane Proteins Integrins o Protein that gives stronger framework o In/outside of ECM Glycoproteins o Involved in cell-cell recognition Carbohydrates o Outside the membrane o Functions as identification tags for c-c recog o Used to recognize/reject foreign cells enzymes receptors o Binding of messenger to the receptor triggers chain reaction signal transduction o message-transfer process transport Membrane is semi-permeable o Allows some substances to cross easier o Non-polar, hydrophobic Easily pass through membranes o Polar/ion Not soluble in lipids Glucose & Ions o Require transport proteins to enter/leave the cell 5.4 Osmosis o Diffusion of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane o Solute Substance that dissolves in a liquid solvent; forms a solution o LOW-HIGH [SOLUTE] o Direction of osmosis Determined by the difference in solute concentration 5.5 Tonicity o Ability of a solution to cause a cell to gain or to lose water Isotonic o Iso same o Tonos tension o Cell gains water at the same rate it loses water. Hypotonic o Cell gains water Hypertonic o Higher solute in the cell Iso Hypo Hyper Animal C Plant C Normal Flaccid Lysed Turgid Shriveled plasmolyzed

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5.9 The cell uses two mechanisms to transport large molecules across membranes Exocytosis export of bulky molecules o such as proteins and polysaccharides Endocytosis import of molecules useful to the livelihood of the cell o Phagocytosis particle is engulfed in a cell membrane; vacuole is formed o Pinocytosis same as above; small vesicles are formed o Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis receptors in a receptor coated pit interact with specific protein making a vesicle o Material to be transported is packaged within a vesicle that fuses with the membrane 5.10 Cells o o A chemical factory Result of reactions in the cell Maintenance Manufacture Replication The capacity to do work and cause change

Energy o Work When an object is moved against an opposing force 2 kinds of energy o Kinetic Energy of Motion o

 Performs work by transferring motion to another o Potential The object possesses as a result of its location Chemical Energy o Potential energy because of the energy available for release in a chem. reaction Thermodynamics o Study of energy transformation within matter 5.11 First Law of Thermodynamics o Energy in universe is constant energy is not created nor destroyed Second Law of Thermodynamics o Energy conversions increase the disorder of the universe o Entropy measure of disorder or randomness Exergonic Reaction chemical reaction that releases energy o Energy is released from covalent bonds of the reactants Cellular Respiration Endergonic Reaction requires an input of energy; yields products rich in potential energy o Reactants contain little energy in the beginning, but energy is absorbed in covalent bonds of the products Metabolism organism provides thousands of ender and exer reactions Metabolic Pathway - series of chemical reactions Three Main Types of cellular work o Chemical driving endergonic reactions o Transport pumping substances across membranes o Mechanical beating of cilia Energy of Coupling use of exergonic processes to drive an endergonic one

5.12

5.13 ATP o o o Adenosine triphosphate Energy currency of the cells composed of adenine (nitrogenous base) ribose (five carbon sugar) three phosphate groups negatively charged Phosphorylation hydrolysis of ATP ATP energizes molecules Renewable energy source for the cell Powers nearly all forms of cellular work

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