5ustoinob/e desiqn 248

of currenL proLoLypes whlch lndlcaLe LhaL Lhey wlll be10 per cenL more efclenL Lhan meLal hallde
lamps1hls Lechnology ls developlng and lmprovlng rapldlySee ln Lhls conLexL
also ChapLer 21
Indoor ||ght|ng
n addlLlon Lo Lhe llghLlng of Lhe acLual evenL arealndoor llghLlng ls also a slgnlcanL
facLor ln sLadladeslgn because of Lhe large publlc areas lnvolved1here are of course
mlnlmum llghLlng levels lalddown by local auLhorlLles requlred for all
bulldlngsbuL a sLadlum whlch ls deslgned Lo achleve LSushould Lake
lnLo accounL a number of facLors whlchcan mlnlmlze Lhe amounL of
arLlclal lndoor llghLlngnecessary naLural dayllghL should be used as muchas posslble
and Laken lnLo accounL when deslgnlngLhe bulldlng sLrucLure 1hls can
be achleved elLherby uslng llghL 'shelves' aL Lhe perlmeLer of Lhe bulld
lng Lo reecL naLural llghL lnLo lnLernal spaces orperhaps Lhrough Lhe
use of llghL wells Lo brlng dayllghL lnLo Lhe bulldlng1he supporL areas of
accommodaLlon ln a sLadlumare ofLen burled deep under Lhe specLaLor areasand Lhose who work
ln and operaLe Lhe bulldlng wlllbeneL from more naLurally llL spaces Slmllarly resLauranLs and
soclal spaces wlll also beneL LlghLwells and aLrla are Lwo devlces for
achlevlng Lhls
L|ght contro|
ArLlclal llghL LLlngs should be lowenergy LLlngswlLh an efclenL conLrol
meLhod perhaps uslng phoLocells Lo conLrol when llghLs need Lo be used
andmovemenL sensors Lo swlLch llghLs on and off lnlnfrequenLly used
spaces1he lllumlnaLlon of exLernal spaces ls anoLher ma[oruser of energy and ls requlred for boLh
securlLy andpubllc safeLy SlgnlcanL lmprovemenLs are alsoevolvlng ln Lhls area ln lamp and conLrol
Lechnology and when comblned wlLh careful dlsLrlbuLlon ofLLlngs around Lhe exLerlor of Lhe
sLadlum can mlnlmlze Lhe amounL of energy requlred ln Lhls zone ofLhe complex
246 Water heat|ng
n order Lo mlnlmlze Lhe energy demands for waLerheaLlng Lhe dlsLrlbuLlon of hoL
waLer Lhrough a sLadlum should be carefully consldered aL Lhe deslgnsLage parLlcularly
where hoL waLer ls requlred Loall publlc LolleL ouLleLs Lxperlence shows LhaL
hoLwaLer Laps ln publlc LolleLs ln sLadla are rarely usedand Lhelr lnsLallaLlon can be mlnlmlzed where
posslble 1he energy and waLer efclenL deslgn of appllances should also be
consldered uslng mlxer sprayLaps and waLer efclenL shower heads ln Lhe
players'changlng areas Solar energy can be a slgnlcanLconLrlbuLor Lo
waLer heaLlng ln some parLs of Lheworld Powever a ma[or problem ln sLadla ls
LhelnLermlLLenL use of hoL waLer and Lhe consequenLlallnefclency due Lo lLs loss ln
sLorage An lnsLanLaneous gas waLer heaLlng sysLem could provldeoverall efclencles and
may be consldered for peakloads
247 Space heat|ng
n LemperaLe cllmaLes some form of heaLlng wlll berequlred ln many of Lhe anclllary areas of a
sLadlumbuL ln calculaLlng Lhe heaLlng needed wlLh an alm Loreduclng Lhe energy necessary Lo
achleve Lhose heaLlevels Lhe Lhermal mass of Lhe sLrucLure lLself musLbe Laken lnLo accounL 1hls
Lhermal mass LogeLherwlLh Lhe secondary heaL galn from specLaLors andLhe appllances ln Lhe
venue musL be calculaLedas Lhese wlll have qulLe an effecL on Lhe exLenL ofenergy consumlng
heaLlng requlred ln Lhe sLadlum nLhe same way as Lhe exLenL of exLernal fenesLraLlonand lLs
orlenLaLlon ls a ma[or facLor ln coollng so lL lswlLh heaLlng PeaL radlaLlon bulldup from Lhe
sun'senergy can be a slgnlcanL conLrlbuLor Lo reduclng Lhe exLenL of arLlclal energy requlred Lo
achlevecomforLable LemperaLures Carefully poslLloned lnsulaLlon Lo avold cold brldges ln Lhe
exLernal fabrlc ofLhe sLrucLure can lmprove Lhe percelved comforL levels wlLhln Lhe spacelrom
sLudles we have conducLed on recenLlydeslgned sLadla lL ls lnLeresLlng Lo noLe LhaL alLhoughLhe large
specLaLor evenLs creaLe conslderable peaksln Lhe overall base load of energy
consumpLlon Lheenergy demand from general admlnlsLraLlon andoperaLlonal funcLlons
LogeLher wlLh LhaL requlred forsecurlLy llghLlng Lhrough Lhe year may have a
LoLalenergy demand of half of Lhe sLadlum's LoLal annualenergy use A LoLal annual energy usage
for a ma[ormulLlpurpose sLadlum could be ln Lhe order of 4000Lo 4230 Mwh/y
(megawaLL hours per year) 1he LoLal

5ustoinob/e desiqn 249
energy usage for Lhe Melbourne CrlckeL Cround ln AusLralla for example was
4200Mwh/y and lL hadan annual aLLendance of around 293 mllllon specLaLors Some
lnLeresLlng comparlsons can be derlvedfrom Lhls Lype of lnformaLlon as regards Lhe
energyusage per specLaLor
248 Vent||at|on and coo||ng2481 Natura| vent||at|on
AlLhough Lhe prlmary focus of any sLadlum lsLhe evenL area Lhe offeld acLlvlLles also play
aslgnlcanL role on boLh evenL days and nonevenLdays f a sLadlum ls Lo be used for a range of func
Llons lL musL be commerclally successful and Lherefore Lhese spaces musL provlde an accepLable
levelof comforL ln Lerms of LemperaLure alr quallLy andhumldlLy 1he energy used ln coollng and alr
condlLlonlng can be slgnlcanL and Lherefore areas LhaLrequlre Lhls Lype of envlronmenLal conLrol
musL becarefully consldered ComforLable condlLlons canbe achleved ln many parLs of Lhe sLadlum
lncludlngpubllc concourses Lhrough Lhe use of naLural venLllaLlon uslng 'sLack' effecL venLllaLors and
venLurl effecLexLracL supplemenLed by exLracL fans wlLhouL resorLlng Lo arLlclal coollng (llgure
243)1hls Lype of approach musL be consldered aL a veryearly deslgn sLage as lLs use wlll
fundamenLallylnuence Lhe sLadlum's plannlng and secLlonal layouL1hls ls Lhe case even ln Lhe
more Lroplcal areas of Lheworld where good alr movemenL and Lhe removal ofhoL alr can be
faclllLaLed by Lhe use of Lhermal chlmneys LhroughouL Lhe sLrucLure A good example ofLhls
approach ls Lhe 8oyal Selangor 1urf Club grandsLand ln kuala Lumpur Malaysla where Lhe
cenLralaLrlum acLed as a large 'chlmney' Lo Lhe warmed alrand lnduced a Lhrough venLllaLlon ln Lhe
spaces leadlng off Lhls cenLral core (see llgure 244)
2482 1emperature
1he poslLlon of glazlng on a sLadlum should also beconLrolled Lo ensure mlnlmum solar radlaLlon
bulldup wlLhln lnLernal spaces and perhaps proLecLed aLcerLaln Llmes of Lhe day uslng sun awnlngs
nsulaLlonfrom boLh heaL and cold ls also an lmporLanL elemenLln ensurlng Lhe mlnlmum posslble
energy usagealLhough lL musL be borne ln mlnd LhaL condlLlons forwaLchlng sporL and many oLher
evenLs don'L needLo be Lhe same as for slLLlng quleLly ln an ofce oraL home 8ecause of Lhls a more
exlble approachLo Lhe envlronmenL parameLers Lo whlch sLadla arebelng deslgned musL also be
Laken lnLo accounL ALyplcal LemperaLure range for an ofce bulldlng maybe from 20 Lo 22 degrees
whereas an accepLableLemperaLure range for slLLlng ln a sLadlum Lo waLch anevenL may be
beLween 18 and 26 degrees 1hls declslon on lLs own may slgnlcanLly reduce Lhe energydemands
on a venue L ls also lmporLanL Lo remember LhaL alr movemenL lLself can reduce
percelvedLemperaLure Lo qulLe a large degree lor lnsLance lLcan be shown LhaL venLllaLlon raLes of
around ve alrchanges per hour wlLh a Lyplcal speed of say 023meLres per second can ln facL
reduce Lhe LemperaLure by around 1 Lo 13
r
C
249 L|fe cyc|e cost ana|ys|s2491 Longterm costs
Some Lechnologles wlll noL only reduce runnlngcosLs buL are llkely Lo reduce
caplLal cosLs as wellCLhers may be lnlLlally more expenslve ln Lerms ofcaplLal cosL buL because Lhey
reduce Lhe runnlngcosLs of a sLadlum Lhey wlll prove Lo be cheaperln Lhe long Lerm
naLural venLllaLlon and dayllghLlngopLlons may well lead Lo cheaper
sLadla Lhan convenLlonal equlvalenLs so lL ls lmporLanL Lo analyseLhe
energy usage of any sLadlum noL [usL ln Lerms oflLs lnlLlal caplLal cosL
buL also lLs longLerm llfe cyclecosLlng 1hls llfe cycle cosL analysls
(LCCA) LakeslnLo accounL noL only caplLal cosL buL also
runnlngmalnLenance and replacemenL cosLs over Lhe sLadlum's llfe cycle L ls a deslgn Lool Lo
ensure besLvalue Lyplcally lncludlng caplLal or lnvesLmenL cosL(rsL cosL)
uLlllLy cosLs (energy) waLer use wasLe
I|gure 243
1he use of naLural venLllaLlon ln Lhe Sydney2000 Clymplc SLadlum Lo
glve a comforLable mlcrocllmaLeand save energy


5ustoinob/e desiqn 250
waLer dlsposal operaLlon and malnLenance cosLsand perlodlc replacemenL cosLs Llfe cycle assess
menL has been descrlbed ln Lhe pasL as 'from cradleLo Lhe grave' accounLlng of Lhe
lnpuLs and ouLpuLs ofLhe energy usage of a bulldlng
2492 Aspects to cons|der
LCCA examlnes all Lhe energy and raw maLerlalsused as well as Lhe emlsslons Lo
alr waLer and solldwasLe over Lhe enLlre llfe cycle of a producL or maLerlal 1hls Lakes lnLo
accounL Lhe exLracLlon of Lhe rawmaLerlal Lhrough lLs producLlon
dlsLrlbuLlon use anddlsposal We suggesL LhaL Lhe full llfe cycle assess
menL of a sLadlum should be Laken lnLo accounL aLan lnlLlal deslgn sLage
unforLunaLely Lhere ls veryllLLle hlsLorlcal lnformaLlon avallable Lo be
able LoesLabllsh rules of Lhumb or good pracLlce or evenbesL pracLlce
examples L ls only by applylng ourmlnds Lo new developmenLs
quanLlfylng Lhese facLors and publlshlng Lhe resulLs LhaL we wlll sLarL
Loachleve Lruly envlronmenLally susLalnable sLadla
2410 1he env|ronment fr|end|y stad|um
So far examples of envlronmenLally responslble sLadla ln whlch all Lhe facLors
dlscussed ln Lhls chapLerhave been fully Laken lnLo accounL (llgure 244) are
Solar panels on roofLo provlde hoL waLerand energy1ranslucenL rooflng Loavold
arLlflclal llghLlng andlmprove quallLy of grass8aln waLer collecLed by LhesLadlum
roof and reusedfor waLerlng Lhe plLch andfor cleanlng LolleLsnLernal spaces
naLurallyvenLllaLed by alr chlmneysnaLural renewablemaLerlals usedln consLrucLlonLarLh and
ground shaped Lo form sLadlum bowl whlch wlll be lower ln Lhe
ground1hls wlll reduce bulldlng cosLs and Lhe movemenL of vehlcles lmporLlng and removlng
maLerlals Aerodynamlc shapeof sLadlum reducesheaL loss from wlnd
I|gure 244
LnvlronmenLfrlendly deslgn lncorporaLes all Lhe facLors noLed ln
Lhls chapLer
few and far beLween 1hls shorL selecLlon may helpLo helghLen awareness of
whaL can be done
Arsena| the new Lm|rates stad|um London
8ubblsh ls Lo be separaLed for recycllng 1lmberfrom renewable sources wlll be used Parmful
vCproducLs wlll be avolded 8alnwaLer wlll be sLoredand reused Access for specLaLors wlll be by
publlcLransporL
1he new Wemb|ey stad|um London
1he bulldlng was deslgned so LhaL Lhe 'cuL' and 'll'of Lhe sLadlum's foundaLlons
were balanced Lhusavoldlng vasL quanLlLles of earLh belng moved byroad
8efuse wlll be separaLed for recycllng All elecLrlclLy wlll be generaLed from green
power resourcesuayllghL condlLlons ln Lhe sLadlum bowl wlll beexcellenL
Access for specLaLors wlll be by publlcLransporL
Sydney 1e|stra stad|um
MaLerlals were carefully selecLed Lo avold Lhose LhaLgeneraLed polluLlon ln Lhelr manufacLure or
lnsLallaLlon ralnwaLer was sLored and used for Lhe ushlngof LolleLs and some areas had coollng
sysLems uslngnaLural draughLs A llfe cycle energy use analyslswas carrled ouL Lo lnform Lhe selecLlon
of bulldlngmaLerlals