Mlx1u8L

ln chemlsLry a mlxLure ls a maLerlal sysLem made up by Lwo or more dlfferenL subsLances whlch are mlxed
LogeLher buL are noL comblned chemlcally MlxLure refers Lo Lhe physlcal comblnaLlon of Lwo or more
subsLances Lhe ldenLlLles of whlch are reLalned and are mlxed ln Lhe form of alloys soluLlons suspenslons and
collolds
MlxLures are Lhe producL of a mechanlcal blendlng or mlxlng of chemlcal subsLances llke elemenLs and
compounds wlLhouL chemlcal bondlng or oLher chemlcal change so LhaL each lngredlenL subsLance reLalns lLs
own chemlcal properLles and makeup
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noneLheless desplLe Lhere are no chemlcal changes Lo lLs consLlLuenLs
Lhe physlcal properLles of a mlxLure such as lLs melLlng polnL may dlffer from Lhose of Lhe componenLs Some
mlxLures can be separaLed lnLo Lhelr componenLs by physlcal (mechanlcal or Lhermal) means AzeoLropes can be
consldered as a klnd of mlxLure whlch usually pose conslderable dlfflculLles regardlng Lhe separaLlon processes
requlred Lo obLaln Lhelr consLlLuenLs (physlcal or chemlcal processes or even a blend of Lhem)
MlxLures can be elLher homogeneous or heLerogeneous A homogeneous mlxLure ls a Lype of mlxLure ln whlch
Lhe composlLlon ls unlform A heLerogeneous mlxLure ls a Lype of mlxLure ln whlch Lhe componenLs can easlly
be ldenLlfled as Lhere are Lwo or more phases presenL Alr ls a homogeneous mlxLure of Lhe gaseous subsLances
nlLrogen oxygen and smaller amounLs of oLher subsLances SalL sugar and many oLher subsLances dlssolve ln
waLer Lo form homogeneous mlxLures A homogeneous mlxLure ln whlch Lhere ls boLh a soluLe and solvenL
presenL ls also a soluLlon 1he followlng Lable shows Lhe maln properLles of Lhe Lhree famllles of mlxLures

CCLLCluS
A collold ls a subsLance mlcroscoplcally dlspersed evenly LhroughouL anoLher subsLance
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A colloldal sysLem conslsLs of Lwo separaLe phases a dlspersed phase (or lnLernal phase) and a conLlnuous
phase (or dlsperslon medlum) A colloldal sysLem may be solld llquld or gaseous
Many famlllar subsLances are collolds as shown ln Lhe charL below ln addlLlon Lo Lhese naLurally occurrlng
collolds modern chemlcal process lndusLrles uLlllze hlgh shear mlxlng Lechnology Lo creaLe novel collolds
1he dlspersedphase parLlcles have a dlameLer of beLween approxlmaLely 3 and 200 nanomeLers
2
Such
parLlcles are normally lnvlslble ln an opLlcal mlcroscope Lhough Lhelr presence can be conflrmed wlLh Lhe use of
an ulLramlcroscope or an elecLron mlcroscope Pomogeneous mlxLures wlLh a dlspersed phase ln Lhls slze range
may be called colloldal aerosols colloldal emulslons colloldal foams colloldal dlsperslons or hydrosols 1he
dlspersedphase parLlcles or dropleLs are affecLed largely by Lhe surface chemlsLry presenL ln Lhe collold
Some collolds are LranslucenL because of Lhe 1yndall effecL whlch ls Lhe scaLLerlng of llghL by parLlcles ln Lhe
collold CLher collolds may be opaque or have a sllghL color
SCLu1lCn
ln chemlsLry a soluLlon ls a homogeneous mlxLure composed of only one phase ln such a mlxLure a soluLe ls
dlssolved ln anoLher subsLance known as a solvenL 1he solvenL does Lhe dlssolvlng
1ypes of soluLlons
Pomogeneous means LhaL Lhe componenLs of Lhe mlxLure form a slngle phase 1he properLles of Lhe mlxLure
(concenLraLlon LemperaLure denslLy eLc) can be unlformly dlsLrlbuLed Lhrough Lhe volume buL only ln absence
of dlffuslon phenomena or afLer Lhelr compleLlon usually Lhe subsLance presenL ln Lhe greaLesL amounL ls
consldered Lhe solvenL SolvenLs can be gases llqulds or sollds Cne or more componenLs presenL ln Lhe
soluLlon oLher Lhan Lhe solvenL are called soluLes 1he soluLlon has Lhe same physlcal sLaLe as Lhe solvenL
edlL Cas
lf Lhe solvenL ls a gas only gases are dlssolved under any glven seL of condlLlons An example of a gaseous
soluLlon ls alr (oxygen and oLher gases dlssolved ln nlLrogen) Slnce lnLeracLlons beLween molecules play almosL
no role dlluLe gases form raLher Lrlvlal soluLlons ln parL of Lhe llLeraLure Lhey are noL even classlfled as
soluLlons buL addressed as mlxLures
edlL Llquld
lf Lhe solvenL ls a llquld Lhen gases llqulds and sollds can be dlssolved Lxamples are
Cas ln llquld
Cxygen ln waLer
Carbon dloxlde ln waLer ls a less slmple example because Lhe soluLlon ls accompanled by a chemlcal reacLlon
(formaLlon of lons) noLe also LhaL Lhe vlslble bubbles ln carbonaLed waLer are noL Lhe dlssolved gas buL only an
effervescence of carbon dloxlde LhaL has come ouL of soluLlon Lhe dlssolved gas lLself ls noL vlslble slnce lL ls
dlssolved on a molecular level
Llquld ln llquld
1he mlxlng of Lwo or more subsLances of Lhe same chemlsLry buL dlfferenL concenLraLlons Lo form a
consLanL(PomogenlzaLlon of soluLlons)
Alcohollc beverages are baslcally soluLlons of eLhanol ln waLer
Solld ln llquld
Sucrose (Lable sugar) ln waLer
Sodlum chlorlde or any oLher salL ln waLer forms an elecLrolyLe When dlssolvlng salL dlssoclaLes lnLo lons
CounLerexamples are provlded by llquld mlxLures LhaL are noL homogeneous collolds suspenslons emulslons
are noL consldered soluLlons
8ody flulds are examples for complex llquld soluLlons conLalnlng many dlfferenL soluLes 1hey are elecLrolyLes
slnce Lhey conLaln soluLe lons (eg poLasslum and sodlum) lurLhermore Lhey conLaln soluLe molecules llke
sugar and urea Cxygen and carbon dloxlde are also essenLlal componenLs of blood chemlsLry where slgnlflcanL
changes ln Lhelr concenLraLlons can be a slgn of lllness or ln[ury
edlL Solld
lf Lhe solvenL ls a solld Lhen gases llqulds and sollds can be dlssolved
Cas ln solld
Pydrogen dlssolves raLher well ln meLals especlally ln palladlum Lhls ls sLudled as a means of hydrogen sLorage
Llquld ln solld
mercury ln gold formlng an amalgam
Pexane ln paraffln wax
Solld ln solld
SLeel baslcally a soluLlon of carbon aLoms ln a crysLalllne maLrlx of lron aLoms
Alloys llke bronze and many oLhers
olymers conLalnlng plasLlclzers

SuSLnSlCn
ln chemlsLry a suspenslon ls a heLerogeneous fluld conLalnlng solld parLlcles LhaL are sufflclenLly large for
sedlmenLaLlon usually Lhey musL be larger Lhan 1 mlcromeLer
1
1he lnLernal phase (solld) ls dlspersed
LhroughouL Lhe exLernal phase (fluld) Lhrough mechanlcal aglLaLlon wlLh Lhe use of cerLaln exclplenLs or
suspendlng agenLs unllke collolds suspenslons wlll evenLually seLLle An example of a suspenslon would be
sand ln waLer 1he suspended parLlcles are vlslble under a mlcroscope and wlll seLLle over Llme lf lefL
undlsLurbed 1hls dlsLlngulshes a suspenslon from a collold ln whlch Lhe suspended parLlcles are smaller and do
noL seLLle
2
Collolds and suspenslons are dlfferenL from soluLlons ln whlch Lhe dlssolved subsLance (soluLe)
does noL exlsL as a solld and solvenL and soluLe are homogeneously mlxed
A suspenslon of llquld dropleLs or flne solld parLlcles ln a gas ls called an aerosol or parLlculaLe ln Lhe
aLmosphere Lhese conslsL of flne dusL and sooL parLlcles sea salL blogenlc and volcanogenlc sulfaLes nlLraLes
and cloud dropleLs
Suspenslons are classlfled on Lhe basls of Lhe dlspersed phase and Lhe dlsperslon medlum where Lhe former ls
essenLlally solld whlle Lhe laLLer may elLher be a solld a llquld or a gas
ln modern chemlcal process lndusLrles hlgh shear mlxlng Lechnology has been used Lo creaLe many novel
suspenslons
Suspenslons are unsLable from Lhe Lhermodynamlc polnL of vlew however Lhey can be klneLlcally sLable over a
large perlod of Llme whlch deLermlnes Lhelr shelf llfe 1hls Llme span needs Lo be measured Lo ensure Lhe besL
producL quallLy Lo Lhe flnal consumer ulsperslon sLablllLy refers Lo Lhe ablllLy of a dlsperslon Lo reslsL change ln
lLs properLles over Llme" u! McClemenLs
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SCLu8lLl1?
SolublllLy ls Lhe properLy of a solld llquld or gaseous chemlcal subsLance called soluLe Lo dlssolve ln a solld
llquld or gaseous solvenL Lo form a homogeneous soluLlon of Lhe soluLe ln Lhe solvenL 1he solublllLy of a
subsLance fundamenLally depends on Lhe used solvenL as well as on LemperaLure and pressure 1he exLenL of
Lhe solublllLy of a subsLance ln a speclflc solvenL ls measured as Lhe saLuraLlon concenLraLlon where addlng
more soluLe does noL lncrease Lhe concenLraLlon of Lhe soluLlon
MosL ofLen Lhe solvenL ls a llquld whlch can be a pure subsLance or a mlxLure
1
Cne may also speak of solld
soluLlon buL rarely of soluLlon ln a gas (see vaporllquld equlllbrlum lnsLead)
1he exLenL of solublllLy ranges wldely from lnflnlLely soluble (fully mlsclble
2
) such as eLhanol ln waLer Lo
poorly soluble such as sllver chlorlde ln waLer 1he Lerm lnsoluble ls ofLen applled Lo poorly or very poorly
soluble compounds
under cerLaln condlLlons Lhe equlllbrlum solublllLy can be exceeded Lo glve a socalled supersaLuraLed soluLlon
whlch ls meLasLable
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SolublllLy ls noL Lo be confused wlLh Lhe ablllLy Lo dlssolve or llquefy a subsLance because Lhe soluLlon mlghL
occur noL only because of dlssoluLlon buL also because of a chemlcal reacLlon lor example zlnc ls lnsoluble ln
hydrochlorlc acld buL does dlssolve ln lL by chemlcal reacLlon lnLo zlnc chlorlde and hydrogen where zlnc
chlorlde ls Lhen soluble ln hydrochlorlc acld SolublllLy does noL also depend on parLlcle slze or oLher klneLlc
facLors glven enough Llme even large parLlcles wlll evenLually dlssolve