EG2002 : Process Engineering

EG2002

Course Notes
Concepts/Theory
Examples - try them your self!

Further reading
Problems (Tutorial questions)

Lectures
Attendance optional Introduce and discuss key concepts Provide Context

Alternative Perspectives
Answer questions

Please make notes

I will not be posting my slides in MyAberdeen

Text Books

Overview
Session 1 - Introduction
Session 2 - Change of composition

Session 3 - Multiple processes

Session 4 Chemical reaction

Session 5 - Recycles and purges

Session 6 Complex material balances
SIX sessions = NINE lectures ?????

Learning Outcomes
At the end of this first session you should. Understand what a material balance is and why they are so important
Be able to write down the general equation for conservation of mass.

Decision time

What do you need to know?

What? Where? How much? What else?
Process: Toluene Dis-Proportionation (TDP) Technology: ExxonMobil Toluene ? te/hr Xylene 50 te/hr Co-products ? te/hr Process in UK By-products ? te/hr Effluents ? te/hr OPEX Fuel ? te/hr Steam ? te/hr Electricity ?te/hr Cooling water ? te/hr Additives ? te/hr

CAPEX

Profit

Working Capital

Material & Energy Balances can help!

Feasibility studies Economic Evaluations Design (process, mechanical, civil or electrical) EHS Systems Production monitoring systems Troubleshooting

Mass & Energy

E = mc2
Nuclear fusion : Two protons stuck together have less mass than two protons on their own

Mass & Energy

Material and Energy Balances are always performed separately
(with exception of the nuclear industry)

Material, Mass & Weight

Material is anything made of matter
Mass is a property of matter Weight is the force exerted by a mass on earth as a consequence of it mass and the acceleration due to gravity.

Material, Mass & Weight

Material balances include Mass balances but also Molar balances Mass and Weight balances in effect the same. The terms material, mass and weight balances are used interchangeably in industry

System Boundary

The material balance

System Boundary

System Boundary(s)

System Boundary

This Lecture Theatre

3D drawn 2D

Flowsheet
System Boundary

IN

OUT

We are concerned only with material crossing the system boundary

Material Balance levels

Overall Component Molecular
(all mass) e.g. Students, Staff, Air e.g. Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide e.g. Carbon, Oxygen atoms e.g. Protons, Neutrons e.g. Quarks, Leptons

Atomic
Nucleonic Sub-Atomic

Material Balance @ Component level

IN OUT

Balance on students

Students Out =

Students In ???????

Only if totally lecture theatre full or numbers being controlled at certain level This is known as Steady State

Material Balance @ Component level

IN OUT

Balance on students

Students who choose to stay

Students Out =

Students In - Accumulation ????

Only if there are no vampires or necromongers!

Material Balance @ Component level

IN OUT

Students converted from vampires Balance on students

Students Out = Students In - Accumulation + Generation - Consumption

You could also do a component balance on vampires of course

Students converted to vampires

Material Balance
IN OUT

Material Balance @ component level

Mass Out = Mass In - Accumulation + Generation - Consumption

Material Balance @ overall level

Mass Out = Mass In - Accumulation

Differential Balances
Indicate what is happening at an instant of time

Each term of the balance equation has a rate

e.g. kg/hr.

Usually applied to continuous processes.

Useful for design

Integral Balances
Indicates what happens between two instants in time

Each term of the balance equation is some given

quantity per batch, day, hour etc

Flow throughout the period may well not

be uniform

Usually applied to batch processes

Useful also for economic evaluations