HUMAN DEVELOPMENT STUDY GUIDE 2011 This study guide has bee developed to be of use to students preparing for

the Human Development Proficiency Exam. Please read it CAREFULLY. This means read and understand every single line. Suggestions are given as to what to study and what concepts and developmental milestones as well as theories and research you must know in depth. Format of Exam 100 questions (scantron) o Consists of multiple-choice and True/False questions o Scantron sheets will be provided by Professor Jorja Leap o Passing grade = 75% correct o A second exam will be given to students who dont pass the first exam o Students will be notified by the Department regarding exam outcome (whether they passed the exam) What to bring on exam day: o Students must bring a #2 pencil (three pencils are recommended) Exam will take place on Sept 16th and 17th (2-5pm) in room #2355 Birth Control Contraception use among women o Women of different SES and culture use contraception Differences exist between women of low SES compared to those who are middle to upper class women o Difference exists between disabled and non-disabled women Historically disabled women were sterilized Abortion is an issue of social policy not human development Pregnancy (Teen) Different conditions under which pregnancy occurs o Teen mothers face many problems Myth: Younger women are more likely to carry healthier baby than older women Truth: Teen babies have lower birth rates and higher mortality due to poor prenatal care among teen mothers Pregnancy (General Population) Fetal Alcohol Syndrome o 1-2 drinks/day consumed by mother throughout the pregnancy o Baby will have learning disability but physically may look normal Female substance abusers o Substance abusers have more health problems this is untrue Their main problem is with substance abuse which is passed onto the child Crack addicted babies have learning disabilities and other health problems. No main cause of premature births o Cause can range from physiological to drug use 1

Children born to HIV mothers o Ways to decrease chance of baby getting HIV Caesarian birth decreases chance of getting HIV Infertility Need to look at different perceptions of infertility Women delay giving birth to children o National attention may be due to high-profile celebrities giving birth at late age. Feminist perspective of fertility o Women should be able to have child with or without a man This begins with the self(not external reasons) and whether woman wants to have a child Feminist perspective asks: Do I want marriage and children? This goes against the idea that women must have children Erikson Discussed psychosocial development over the life span o Note: students should study the eight stages o Stages relevant to identity formation Initiative vs. Guilt child learns who they are; learns about social/gender roles; relationships to other and mainly about the self Industry vs. Inferiority occurs during middle childhood Focus is on school success and peer relationships Freud Psychosexual theorist o (1) Oral (2) Anal (3) Phallic (4) Latency (5) Genital o Latency occurs during middle childhood Sexual impulses go on the backburner and children learn about peer relationships and school Misconception that Freud assumed children werent sexual beings This is due to the cultural and historical context of the time o Oral and Anal stage are still relevant today Oral preoccupation with feeding Anal preoccupation with toileting Piaget Cognitive milestones (4 stages) o Cognitive development goes together with language development o 1) Sensorimotor senses and movement Ex: baby stares at toys and want to touch it o 2) Pre-operational (early childhood) magical thinking Ex: child thinks Im center of universe This is needed to make sense of the world o 3) Concrete operations (middle childhood) child understands immediate/tangible cause and effect Ex: If child told hes no good he will believe to be true Child who heard I am going to die thought it was literally true o 4) Formal operations child applies logic to operations Uses symbols and abstract thinking 2

Can understand beyond the immediate reality

Face Recognition/Walking/Childs Play At 4 months old children recognizes face of caregiver 6 to 14 months old child begins to walk o Wide range since children develop differently Cooperative Play o Child no longer in imaginary world Begins to play with other children Fantasy Play o Imaginary friend, toys become true to life Parallel Play o Children play side-by-side on their own Bowlby Three stages of attachment o Pre-Attachment: Birth to 6 weeks Child will go to anyone at this stage because its all about survival o Attachment in the Making: 6 weeks to 6 months Baby who doesnt look for caregiver is sign of neglect Normally child will begin to recognize, seek out caregiver o Clear-Cut Attachment: 6 months to 18 months Ainsworth Known for the Strange Situation o Secure Attachment its the best case of attachment o Anxious Attachment not securely attached to caregiver Kohlberg Three stages of moral development-know the differences! o Pre-conventional o Conventional o Post-Conventional Gilligan Moral development of women Note: Study the stages Gilligan proposed and the principle of nonviolence and ethic of care Child Abuse/Mandated Reporting Children with behavior abnormalities, developmental disabilities are at higher risk for abuse Child abuse occurs across cultures, SES and at all levels 3

Signs of sexual abuse o Hypersexuality o Inappropriate behavior for childs age Social workers are legally mandated to report child abuse when theres reasonable suspicion Reasonable suspicion any other individual with same information that you have will make the same decision to report If you feel theres abuse this isnt enough evidence Social workers are not mandated to report emotional abuse

Middle Childhood Self-competence (most important task) o Ability to function effectively at school Social competence o Ability to engage with peers o Socialization learning how to be part of social group People are socialized to be men/women/particular ethnic group o Modeling learning behaviors by watching others o This happens through life o Children learn self-competence through modeling Learning Theory o Positive/negative reinforcers Positive/negative reinforcers different from punishment, consequences and rewards o Ex: Positive reinforcement are praise; negative reinforcement are criticism Reinforcers are based on approval/disapproval Rewards/punishment are tangible Childhood psychopathologies o Tantrums, fear, anxiety, acting out are normal behavior Often the behavior is temporary Behavior is abnormal when its chronic or dysfunctional Learning disabilities o Develops fear, learned helplessness and low self-esteem o Occurs in middle childhood often due to psychological assessments at school o Learned helplessness can be caused by labeling ADHD o Hyperactivity is the first thing to remit (decrease) o Individuals generally have difficulty with concentration Adolescence o During adolescence its mainly about identity o Hormonal fluctuations and development of sex characteristics occur o Obesity can affect hormone development Fat cells are estrogen rich o Body change occurs earlier than psychological change 4

o Internal Control cognitive task of teens o This cannot occur unless they develop self-confidence o Gender Intensification o Occurs in early teens Difference between boys/girls become pronounced o Erikson believe identity and individuation is most important during teen years o Identity who you are as individual o LGBT high suicide rate African-American young males are 4 times likely to be in violent crime than whites 1 of 3 African American men will be incarcerated All teens want to individuate but no one wants to face rejection Substance abuse begins during teen years At-risk factors o Peer pressure o Parental factors (i.e. Substance abusers) o Environmental factors (includes availability of substances to peer pressure) o Social bonding o As teens feel connected to friends, school, community this decreases the risk for anti-social behavior Control Theory if you feel attached theres less risk for anti-social behavior Gang involvement due to lack of social bonds o o o o o Young Adulthood o Novice Phase individual make life decisions o Finding life partner is important cross-culturally during this phase o Erikson Intimacy vs. Isolation o Its about intimacy during young adulthood o Intimacy includes: o Self-disclosure/trust o Interdependence o Affection Affection is expressed verbally and non-verbally o Strengths Perspective o Used by social workers o Looks at what personal assets individual has to help him/her function successfully Transfer skills client has and use it in positive manner o Monica McGoldrick family life cycle o Note: students should understand human development from family stages o Levinson stages of development for adulthood o Entering Life structure for early adulthood o Focused on men Andocentric theory Becoming ones own man Note: students should know the stages 5

o Maslow hierarchy of needs o Individuals strive towards fullest capacity Love and belongingness comes after safety o Dynamic of relationship changes when child is born o McGoldrick focused on this matter o First pregnancy is dangerous time when it comes to domestic violence Middle Adulthood o Physiological changes occur o Climacteric hormonal changes for women and men o Womens Identity Changes, Obvious signs Men differ Men have hormonal fluctuations Testosterone decreases Mens hormonal fluctuates more than for women Hormonal fluctuation for women occurs smoothly o Defense mechanism help people to cope know the defense mechanisms o Coping mechanisms mature with age Ex: humor during time (mature mechanism) of stress vs. being in denial (immature mechanism) o Sexuality o Peoples desire/ability to have sex changes over time Women have concern over desire Men are concerned about performance o Orientation o Sexuality occurs in a continuum This continuum is affected by psychological, sociological factors and availability of partners Therefore orientation (erotic attraction) can change over time Discussion of how sexual orientation is fluid o 85+ is the fastest growing population o Men die earlier than women Middle to Late Adulthood o Mental disorders can worsen during this phase o This may include: Depression Phobia Substance abuse Personality disorders o Erikson o Generativity vs. Stagnation Idea of leaving something behind for future generations Generativity takes many forms (knowledge, art, etc) Stagnation obsessed (self-immersed) individual who doesnt care about future generation o Integrity vs. Despair 6

 Integrity all parts of your life come together you see tapestry of life Despair what was life about? o Confronted with own aging when having to take care of parents o Caretakers must confront this

Late Adulthood o Disengagement Theory Study this for the exam o Life Course Perspective takes four factors into account o Chronological age o Relationships what kind of relationship develops o Life transitions o Social change o Feminism and Equal Rights Movement affect social change during the 60s and 70s o Senescence scientific term for aging process o Elderly (65+) individuals are one of the fastest growing groups with HIV o They are high risk since they do not practice safe sex o What affects life expectancy? o SES rich people live longer o Gender women live longer than men o Race African Americans have shorter life span than Whites o Genetics o Attachment Single men die first Single women live the longest due to social bonds with family/friends Death and Dying o Kubler-Ross o Note: students show know the 5 stages of dying o Loss vs. Mourning o Loss = life transition o Mourning = the process that follows loss o Ethnocentrism o Americans are ethnocentric about dying o Death, loss/mourning cultural and gender differences exist Domestic Violence o Relevant to all partners o Battering affects LGBT community as it does in heterosexual community o DV can occur at all age, sexuality or gender o Social workers shouldnt demand DV victims to leave relationships unless theyre in imminent danger o Difficult for people to leave relationship due to financial dependence o Note: students should know the DV cycle o Battered women commonly leave the relationship and go back to their partner 7

o Victims can be male or female o Male victims have a difficult time being taking seriously o Mandated to report DV and elder abuse if theres reasonable suspicion o Elder abuse o Most common perpetrator is the spouse Caregiving stress may contribute to abuse Divorce o 50% divorce rate (nationally) o 66% divorce rate (California) o Higher rates among lower SES o Money, poverty greatest source of stress o How parent reacts to divorce and how it affects child is the problem o Judith Wallerstein studied effect of divorce on children Negative reaction by parents = negative effect on children o Study shows it is better for child to have a stable, single parent than to be part of a tumultuous two parent household o Based on Strengths Perspective o When children are involved, theres ongoing relationship between divorced couples reason why these individuals are studied most often o Each family creates its own norms (informal rules of how family runs itself) o Different family have different norms Neglect/Sexual & Physical Abuse/Incest/Molestation o Sexual abuse & neglect is a serious issue o Factors that put someone at risk for being a perpetrator o Victim of abuse or being in household of abuse o Substance abuse o There is more child neglect than abuse o Inadequate or no supervision = child neglect o Substance abusers/mentally ill are likely to neglect Neglect = no supervision, food, clothes Most basic needs are neglected Medical neglect parents forgo medical care for children o Physical abuse o Difficult to differentiate between abuse and discipline Discipline is for the child to understand their action Abuse is for the parent/caretaker and allows for tension relief o 97% of incarcerated individuals were victims of some form of child abuse o There are cross-cultural differences regarding what constitutes abuse o Must consider culture to see how it affects abuse case o However there are rules against sexual abuse in every culture o Incest vs. Molestation o Incest sexual interaction between individuals with family role relationships o Molestation sexual interaction between non-family individuals (i.e priest, teachers, rabbi) o Sexual abuse applies to individuals who are 18 y.o. (Until they reach 18th birthday) 8

o Sexual abuse can lead to STD o Stages of sexual abuse note: students should know o Neglect has physical implications o Physiological problems that occur over time