Department of Mechatronics Engg

Internal Combustion (IC) Engines

Week 2 Systems of IC Engines
Fuel System Gasoline Fuel System Diesel Fuel System Ignition System Spark Ignition System Compression Ignition System Lubrication System Cooling System
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Internal Combustion (IC) Engines

Gasoline Fuel System
Parts of Conventional Gasoline Fuel Sys Fuel Tank Fuel Pump Carburettor Inlet Manifold Parts of Modern Gasoline Fuel Sys Fuel Tank Fuel Pump Fuel Injectors Inlet Manifold
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Internal Combustion (IC) Engines

Conventional Gasoline Fuel System
Carburettor Circuits Idle and Low Speed Circuit High Speed Circuit Accelerator Pump Circuit Choke Circuit

Internal Combustion (IC) Engines

Conventional Gasoline Fuel System
Carburettor Circuits Idle and Low Speed Circuit

Internal Combustion (IC) Engines

Conventional Gasoline Fuel System
Carburettor Circuits High Speed Circuit

Internal Combustion (IC) Engines

Conventional Gasoline Fuel System
Carburettor Circuits Accelerator Pump Circuit

Internal Combustion (IC) Engines

Conventional Gasoline Fuel System
Carburettor Circuits Choke Circuit

Internal Combustion (IC) Engines

Modern Gasoline Fuel System
Why Modern Fuel system was adopted? To meet the emission control requirements How the emission control requirements were met? The Oxygen sensor monitors the amount of Oxygen in exhaust The Engine Control Unit (ECU) used this information to control the air fuel ratio in real time This is called the closed loop system When you step on the gas pedal the throttle is opened and lets more air to come inside the inlet manifold
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Internal Combustion (IC) Engines

Modern Gasoline Fuel System
How the emission control requirements were met? The ECU senses the opening of the throttle and increases the amount of fuel in anticipation The ECU monitors the amount of air entering into the inlet manifold and also monitors the amount of air going into the exhaust manifold This information is collected with the help of sensors Basing on this information the ECU fine tunes the fuel delivery and the air fuel ratio is adjusted

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Internal Combustion (IC) Engines

Modern Gasoline Fuel System The gasoline injection system has two types Single poit injection system Multi-point or sequential injection system

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Internal Combustion (IC) Engines

Engine Sensors
In order to provide the correct amount of fuel for every operating condition, ECU has to monitor a huge number of input sensors. - Mass Airflow - Tells the ECU the mass of air entering the engine - Oxygen - Monitors the amount of oxygen in the exhaust so the ECU can determine how rich or lean the fuel mixture - Throttle Position - Monitors the throttle valve position so the ECU can respond quickly to changes, increasing or decreasing the fuel rate as necessary Coolant Temperature - Allows the ECU to determine when the engine has reached operating temperature Voltage - Monitors the system voltage in the car so the ECU can raise the idle speed if voltage is dropping Manifold Absolute Pressure Monitors pressure of the air in the intake manifold. Which is an indication of how much power it is producing.. Engine speed sensor - Monitors engine speed, which is one of the factors used to calculate the pulse width

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Internal Combustion (IC) Engines

Engine Controls
The three elemental ingredients for combustion are fuel, air and ignition. However, complete combustion can only occur if the air and fuel is present in the exact stoichiometric ratio, which allows all the carbon and hydrogen from the fuel to combine with all the oxygen in the air, with no undesirable polluting leftovers. Oxygen sensors monitor the amount of oxygen in the exhaust, and the ECU uses this information to adjust the air-to-fuel ratio in real-time. To achieve stoichiometry, the air mass flow into the engine is measured and multiplied by the stoichiometric air/fuel ratio 14.64:1 (by weight) for gasoline. The required fuel mass that must be injected into the engine is then translated to the required pulse width for the fuel injector. The stoichiometric ratio changes as a function of the fuel; diesel, gasoline, ethanol, methanol, propane, methane (natural gas), or hydrogen.
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Internal Combustion (IC) Engines

Engine Controls
Pulse width is inversely related to pressure difference across the injector inlet and outlet. If the fuel line pressure increases (injector inlet), or the manifold pressure decreases (injector outlet), a smaller pulse width will admit the same fuel. Fuel injectors are available in various sizes and spray characteristics as well. Compensation for these and many other factors are programmed into the ECU's software. Pulse Width from Lookup Tables - The engine control unit uses a formula and a large number of lookup tables to determine the pulse width for given operating conditions. Pulse width = (Base pulse width) x (Factor A) x (Factor B) - In order to calculate the pulse width, the ECU first looks up the base pulse width in a lookup table. Base pulse width is a function of engine speed (RPM) and load (which can be calculated from manifold absolute pressure).
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Internal Combustion (IC) Engines

Engine Controls
Let's say the engine speed is 2,000 RPM and load is 4. We find the number at the intersection of 2,000 and 4, which is 8 milliseconds. Suppose there are two parameters A and B that come from sensors. Let's say that A is coolant temperature and B is oxygen level. If coolant temperature equals 100 and oxygen level equals 3, the lookup tables tell us that Factor A = 0.8 and Factor B = 1.0 So, since we know that base pulse width is a function of load and RPM, pulse width = (base pulse width) x (factor A) x (factor B) the overall pulse width in our example equals: 8 x 0.8 x 1.0 = 6.4 milliseconds
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Internal Combustion (IC) Engines

Diesel Fuel System

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Internal Combustion (IC) Engines

Diesel Fuel System
Diesel Engine s versus Gasoline Engines: - One big difference between a diesel and a gasoline engine is in the injection process. Gasoline engines use port injection or a carburetor. In both cases fuel is loaded into the cylinder during the intake stroke and then compressed. The compression of the fuel/air mixture limits the compression ratio of the engine - if it compresses the air too much, the fuel/air mixture spontaneously ignites and causes knocking. - Diesel engines use direct fuel injection - the diesel fuel is injected directly into the cylinder.

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Internal Combustion (IC) Engines

Diesel Fuel System
When diesel engine is cold, a glow plug (an electrically heated wire) is used to heat the combustion chambers and raise the air temperature so that the engine can start However, in modern engines all functions are controlled by the Engine Control Unit (ECU) communicating with an elaborate set of sensors measuring everything from R.P.M. to engine coolant and oil temperatures and even engine position (i.e. T.D.C.). ECU senses ambient air temperature and retards the timing of the engine in cold weather so the injector sprays the fuel at a later time. The air in the cylinder is compressed more, creating more heat, which aids in starting.
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Internal Combustion (IC) Engines

Gasoline Ignition System

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Internal Combustion (IC) Engines

Lubrication System
Lubrication system in an automotive engine supplies a constant supply of oil to all moving parts How oil Lubricates: Every part is designed to have clearance between it and its bearing. Oil makes a thin film between them As the part rotate oil acts as series of rollers Oil covers the clearance between parts and do not allow them to come in contact with each other The clearance between parts should not be large as the oil will be squeezed out and result in failure of parts

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Internal Combustion (IC) Engines

Lubrication System
The Purpose of Lubrication System is: Lubricate
Reduces Friction by creating a thin film(Clearance) between moving parts (Bearings and journals)

Seal
The oil helps form a gastight seal between piston rings and cylinder walls (Reduces Blow-By)

Clean
As it circulates through the engine, the oil picks up metal particles and carbon, and brings them back down to the pan

Cool
Picks up heat when moving through the engine and then drops into the cooler oil pan, giving up some of this heat. 21

Internal Combustion (IC) Engines

Cooling System
Inside car's engine, fuel is constantly burning. A lot of the heat from this combustion goes right out the exhaust system, but some of it soaks into the engine, heating it up. The engine runs best when its coolant is about 200 degrees Fahrenheit (93 degrees Celsius) At this temperature: The combustion chamber is hot enough to completely vaporize the fuel, providing better combustion and reducing emissions. The oil used to lubricate the engine has a lower viscosity (it is thinner), so the engine parts move more freely and the engine wastes less power moving its own components around. Metal parts wear less.

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Internal Combustion (IC) Engines

Cooling System
Liquid Cooling The cooling system on liquid-cooled cars circulates a fluid through pipes and passageways in the engine. As this liquid passes through the hot engine it absorbs heat, cooling the engine. After the fluid leaves the engine, it passes through a heat exchanger, or radiator, which transfers the heat from the fluid to the air blowing through the exchanger. Air Cooling Some older cars, and very few modern cars, are aircooled. Instead of circulating fluid through the engine, the engine block is covered in aluminum fins that conduct the heat away from the cylinder. A powerful fan forces air over these fins, which cools the engine by transferring the heat to the air. 23

Internal Combustion (IC) Engines

Cooling System

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Internal Combustion (IC) Engines

Cooling System Liquid Cooling
The cooling system on liquid-cooled cars circulates a fluid through pipes and passageways in the engine. As this liquid passes through the hot engine it absorbs heat, cooling the engine. After the fluid leaves the engine, it passes through a heat exchanger, or radiator,

which transfers the heat from the fluid to the air blowing through the exchanger.

Air Cooling
Some older cars, and very few modern cars, are air-cooled. Instead of circulating fluid through the engine, the engine block is covered in aluminum fins that conduct the heat away from the cylinder. A powerful fan forces air over these fins, which cools the engine by transferring the heat to the air.

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Internal Combustion (IC) Engines

Cooling System (Parts)
Pump Engine Block Cylinder Head

Thermostat
Radiator

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Internal Combustion (IC) Engines

Cooling System (Parts)
Pump Engine Block Cylinder Head

Thermostat
Radiator

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Internal Combustion (IC) Engines

Cooling System (Parts)
Pump Engine Block Cylinder Head

Thermostat
Radiator

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Internal Combustion (IC) Engines

Cooling System (Parts)
Pump Engine Block Cylinder Head

Thermostat
Radiator

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Internal Combustion (IC) Engines

Cooling System (Parts)
Pump Engine Block Cylinder Head

Thermostat
Radiator

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Internal Combustion (IC) Engines

Assignment
What are the functions of Pressure cap of the radiator

What is a force feed lubrication system

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