Finished Products of

Petroleum
fuels such as motor gasoline and
Petroleum products fall into three major categories:
distillate fuel oil (diesel fuel); finished nonfuel products such as solvents and
lubricating oils; and feedstocks for the petrochemical industry such as naphtha and
various refinery gases.
Finished Nonfuel Products
Nonfuel use of petroleum is small compared with fuel use, but petroleum products
account for about 89 percent of the Nation's total energy consumption for nonfuel uses.
There are many nonfuel uses for petroleum, including various specialized products for
use in the textile, metallurgical, electrical, and other industries. A partial list of nonfuel
uses for petroleum includes:
• Solvents such as those used in paints, lacquers, and printing inks
• Lubricating oils and greases for automobile engines and other machinery
• Petroleum (or paraffin) wax used in candy making, packaging, candles, matches,
and polishes
• Petrolatum (petroleum jelly) sometimes blended with paraffin wax in medical
products and toiletries
• Asphalt used to pave roads and airfields, to surface canals and reservoirs, and to
make roofing materials and floor coverings
• Petroleum coke used as a raw material for many carbon and graphite products,
including furnace electrodes and liners, and the anodes used in the production of
aluminum.
• Petroleum Feedstocks used as chemical feedstock derived from petroleum
principally for the manufacture of chemicals, synthetic rubber, and a variety of
plastics.

1. Asphalt and Bitumen

Asphalt is a dark-brown-to-black cement-like material containing bitumen as the
predominant constituent obtained by petroleum processing. The definition
includes crude asphalt as well as the following finished products: cements, fluxes,
the asphalt content of emulsions (exclusive of water), and petroleum distillates
blended with asphalt to make cutback asphalts. The conversion factor for asphalt
is 5.5 barrels per short ton.
Bitumen is a solid, semi-solid or viscous hydrocarbon with a colloidal
structure, being brown to black in color, obtained as a residue in the distillation of
crude oil, vacuum distillation of oil residues from atmospheric distillation.
Bitumen is often referred to as asphalt and is primarily used to pave roads and
 airfields, to surface canals and reservoirs, and to make roofing materials and floor
coverings. This category includes fluidized and cut back bitumen.

2.Petroleum Coke
Petroleum coke is defined as a black solid residue, obtained mainly by cracking
and carbonizing of residue feedstocks, tar and pitches in processes such as
delayed coking or fluid coking. It consists mainly of carbon (90 to 95 per cent)
and has low ash content. It is used as a feedstock in coke ovens for the steel
industry, for heating purposes, and for production of chemicals, synthetic rubber
and a variety of plastics. It is also used as a raw material for many carbon and
graphite products, including furnace electrodes and liners, and the anodes used in
the production of aluminum.
The two most important qualities are "green coke" and "calcinated coke". This
category also includes "catalyst coke" deposited on the catalyst during refining
processes: this coke is not recoverable and is usually burned as refinery fuel.
Petroleum coke can be used as a relatively low-ash solid fuel for power plants and
industrial use (marketable coke) if its sulfur content is low enough, or used in
nonfuel applications (catalyst coke), such as in refinery operations.

3. Lubricants
Lubricants are hydrocarbons produced from distillate or residue; they are mainly
used to reduce friction between bearing surfaces in automobile engines and other
machinery. This category includes all finished grades of lubricating oil, from
spindle oil to cylinder oil, and those used in greases, including motor oils and all
grades of lubricating oil base stocks.

4.Paraffin Waxes
Petroleum (or paraffin) wax is used in candy making, packaging, candles,
matches, and polishes. Petrolatum (petroleum jelly) sometimes blended with
paraffin wax is used in medical products and toiletries. They are the saturated
aliphatic hydrocarbons (with the general formula CnH2n+2). These waxes are
residues extracted when dewaxing lubricant oils and they have a crystalline
structure with carbon number greater than 12. Their main characteristics are as
follows:
They are
• Colorless
• Odorless
• Translucent
• With a melting point above 45oC.