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THESIS ABSTRACT Title: NON-PHARMACOLOGICAL PAIN INTERVENTION EMPLOYED BY THE RESIDENTS OF BARANGAY LUMBANGAN, NASUGBU, BATANGAS Researchers: Almero, Gladys Ann E. Aquino, Ana Rose H. Dogelio, Dean Zachary C. Locsin, Eriest Mae C. Losa, Fatima Bianca R. Mendoza, Germaine B. Tapawan, Eunice S. Adviser: Summary This study aimed of finding out the Non-Pharmacological Pain Intervention Employed by the Residents of Barangay Lumbangan, Nasugbu, Batangas. Specifically, it sought to answer the following questions: 1. What is the demographic profile of the respondents according to : 1.1 Age 1.2 Civil Status 1.3 Gender 1.4 Educational Attainment 1.5 Monthly Income Caridad C. Lintao, R.N., M.A.N.

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2. What is the disease profile of the respondents according to: 2.1 Common Affected part 2.2 Duration of pain 2.3 Frequency of pain 2.4 Severity of pain 2.5 Presence of other disease 3. What is the Non-Pharmacological Pain Intervention Employed by the Residents of Barangay Lumbangan, Nasugbu, Batangas? 4. Is there any significant relationship between Non-Pharmacological Pain Intervention Employed by the Residents of Barangay Lumbangan Nasugbu, Batangas and their disease profile?

Methodology This study used a descriptive research design to determine the non-pharmacological pain intervention employed by the residents of Barangay Lumbangan, Nasugbu, Batangas. The respondents are the adult suffering from joint pain from 50 years old and above. The researchers used random sampling design in their study wherein each member of the target population has an equal chance to be included in the sample. The sample size was determined using Slovens formula. The instrument used in gathering the data was self-made questionnaire.

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The data gathered are classified, tabulated, statistically treated and further analyzed according to the question and hypothesis formulated. Findings The following were the major findings of the study: 1. Table 1shows that most of the respondents belong to the age bracket of 50-59 years old, having the frequency of 56 (40%), which ranked first; 60-69 years of age with the frequency of 51 (36.4%) ranked second; 70-79 years of age with the frequency of 21 (15.0%) ranked third; while ages 80-89 years old with the frequency of 12 (8.6%) ranked fourth. 2. Table 2 shows that most of the respondents were married having a frequency of 94 (67.1%) ranked first; widow or widower with frequency of 29 (20.7%) ranked second; single with frequency of 11 (7.9%) ranked third; and lastly separated with frequency of 6 (4.3%) which ranked fourth. 3. Table 3 shows that most of the respondents were female having a frequency of 75 (53.6%) which ranked first, and male with frequency of 65 (46.4%) and ranked second. 4. Table 4 shows that most of the respondents were elementary level with a frequency of 40 (28.6%) ranked first; followed by high school graduate with a frequency of 32 (22.9%) ranked second;

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elementary graduate having a frequency of 23 (16.4%) ranked third; high school level with a frequency of 20 (14.3%) ranked fourth; college level with a frequency of 11 (7.9%) ranked fifth, college graduate and out of school youth with a frequency of 7 (5.0%) ranked sixth. 5. Table 5 shows that majority of the respondents monthly income were 5,000 and below with frequency of 113 (80.7%) ranked first; followed by 5,001 to 10,000 with a frequency of 17 (12.1%) ranked second; 10,001 to 15,000 with a frequency of 9 (6.4%) ranked third; 15,001 to 20,000 with a frequency of 1 (.7%) which ranked fourth. 6. Table 6 most of the respondents experienced pain on their knees having a frequency of 86 (61.4%) ranked first; followed by hands with a frequency of 18 (12.9%) ranked second; back with a frequency of 16 (11.4%) ranked third; Then, hips and feet having a frequency of 9 (6.4%) ranked fourth; and lastly, elbow having a frequency of 2 (1.4%) ranked sixth. 7. Table 7 shows that most of the respondents experienced joint pain that lasted from 1 to 4 hours having a frequency of 100 (71.4%) which ranked first; followed by 5 to 8 hours with a frequency of 23 (16.4%) ranked second; then pain that lasted from

21 to 24 hours with a frequency of 9 (6.4%) ranked third; after that pain that lasted from 9 to 12 hours with a frequency of 7 (5.0%) ranked as fourth, and lastly from 13 to 16 hours with a frequency of 1 (.7%) which ranked as fifth. 8. Table 8 shows that most of the respondents experienced pain for 1-2 times and 3-4 times in a week, both having a frequency of 48 (34.3%) and was ranked first; lastly, among the respondents, answered they experienced pain 5-7 times a week with a frequency of 44 (31.4%) ranked third. 9. Table 9 shows that most of the respondents experienced moderate joint pain having a frequency of 62 (44.3%) ranked first; followed by mild pain having a frequency of 44 (31.4%) ranked second; and lastly severe joint pain having a frequency of 34 (24.3%) which ranked as third. 10. Table 10 most of the respondents have no presence of other disease having a frequency of 69 (49.2%) ranked first; followed by hypertension having a frequency of 31 (22.1%) ranked second; diabetes mellitus with a frequency of 13 (9.3%) ranked third; then cataract with a frequency of 6 (4.2% ) ranked fourth; asthma with a frequency of 5 (3.6%) ranked fifth; stroke, breast cyst and skin allergy with a frequency of 3 (2.1%) ranked 6.3; urinary tract

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infection and kidney failure with a frequency of 2 (1.4%) ranked 9.5; and lastly aneurysm, heart and liver disease with a frequency of 1 (.7%) ranked 11.3. 11. Table 11 shows the Non-Pharmacological Pain Intervention Employed by the Residents of Barangay Lumbangan, Nasugbu, Batangas. Statement No. 7 I drink malunggay tea to alleviate join pain everyday., and Statement No.9 I apply coconut oil regularly., which ranked as 1.5 with a weighted mean of 3.74, interpreted as Often. Statement No.8 followed. I rub yellow ginger extract or drink ginger tea whenever I feel pain. which ranked third with a weighted mean of 2.94 and interpreted as Sometimes. Statement No.10 I apply warm compress to my body part that is aching whenever Im having pain attacks., which ranked fourth with weighted mean of 2.75 and interpreted as Sometimes. Statement No. 3.I put tuba-tuba leaves to body part whenever I feel pain.,which ranked fifth with a weighted mean of 2.61 and interpreted as Sometimes. Statement No.5 I soak my feet on warm water with salt and salay leaves whenever I feel pain., which ranked sixth with a weighted mean of 2.31 and interpreted as Not often, while Statement No.1. I apply crushed garlic to the painful area of my joint whenever Im having pain

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attacks.,which ranked seventh with a weighted mean of 2.26, and interpreted as Not often. Eighth in rank was Statement No.2. I drink boiled canaria leaves regularly. with a weighted mean of 2.19 and interpreted as Not often. Statement No. 6 I drink boiled guyabano leaves whenever Im having pain attacks. ranked ninth with a weighted mean of 1.84 and interpreted as Not often. Lastly, Statement No. 4 I drink boiled pansit-pansitan leaves every day., with a weighted mean of 1.81 interpreted as Not Often which ranked as tenth. 12. Table 12 shows that the chi computed value is 169.273 at 145 degrees of freedom. The significant value of 0.082 is greater than the level of significance at 0.05. The decision is to accept the null hypothesis. Therefore, there is no significant relationship between the Non-Pharmacological Pain Intervention Employed by the Residents of Barangay Lumbangan, Nasugbu, Batangas and the disease profile according to common affected part. 13. Table 13 shows that the chi computed value is 201.014 at 116 degrees of freedom. The significant value of 0.000 is less than the level of significance at 0.05. The decision is to reject the null hypothesis. Therefore, there is a significant relationship between the Non-Pharmacological Pain Intervention Employed by the

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Residents of Barangay Lumbangan, Nasugbu, Batangas and the disease profile according to duration of pain. 14. Table 14 shows that the chi computed value is 143.859 at 87 degrees of freedom. The significant value of 0.000 is less than the level of significance at 0.05. The decision is to reject the null hypothesis. Therefore, there is a significant relationship between the Non-Pharmacological Pain Intervention Employed by the Residents of Barangay Lumbangan, Nasugbu, Batangas and the disease profile according to frequency of pain per week. 15. Table 15 shows that the chi computed value is 54.541 at 0.605 degrees of freedom. The significant value of 0.605 is greater than the level of significance at 0.05. The decision is to accept the null hypothesis. Therefore, there is no significant relationship between the Non-Pharmacological Pain Intervention Employed by the Residents of Barangay Lumbangan, Nasugbu, Batangas and the disease profile according to severity of pain. 16. Table 16 shows that the chi computed value is 452.457 at 464 degrees of freedom. The significant value of 0.641 is greater than the level of significance at 0.05. The decision is to accept the null hypothesis. Therefore, there is no significant relationship between the Non-Pharmacological Pain Intervention Employed by the

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Residents of Barangay Lumbangan, Nasugbu, Batangas and the disease profile according to presence of the diseases.

Conclusions Based on the findings of the study the following conclusions were drawn: 1. Majority of the respondents were aged 50 to 59 years old, female and are married. Most of them are elementary level and their monthly income is ranging from 5,000 and below. 2. The disease profile of the respondents according to common affected part, most of the common affected part is their knee. According to duration of pain most of the respondents lasted their pain from one to four hours. According to frequency of pain, most of them experienced pain between one to two times and three to four times in a week. According to severity of pain, most of them experienced moderate pain. Majority of the respondents have no presence of other disease. 3. The result on the Non-Pharmacological Pain Intervention Employed by the Residents of Barangay Lumbangan, Nasugbu, Batangas, highest in the rank is Statement No. 7 I drink malunggay tea to alleviate joint pain every day and

Statement No. 9 I apply coconut oil regularly. While the lowest in the rank is Statement No. 4, I drink boiled pansitpansitan leaves every day. 4. The result on hypothesis testing the significant value computed is greater than the level of significance at 0.05. The decision is to accept the null hypothesis. Therefore, there is no significant relationship Intervention between Employed the by Non-Pharmacological the Residents of Pain

Barangay

Lumbangan, Nasugbu, Batangas and the disease profile according to common affected part, severity of pain and presence of other disease. 5. The result on hypothesis testing the significant value computed is less than the level of significance at 0.05. The decision is to reject the null hypothesis. Therefore, there is a significant relationship Intervention between Employed the by Non-Pharmacological the Residents of Pain

Barangay

Lumbangan, Nasugbu, Batangas and the disease profile according to duration of pain and frequency of pain.

Recommendations

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The researchers proposed the following recommendations based on the findings and conclusion of the study, the following are recommended: To the Respondents- the researchers suggested that the respondents must participate in the awareness of using non-pharmacological pain intervention by attending programs in cooperation with the Barangay Health Workers and the Department of Health. To the Barangay Health Care Provider and Officials of Municipalitythe researchers suggested that the Barangay Health Care Provider and Officials of Municipality may conduct some programs, distributing brochures, pamphlets and posters on the use of non-pharmacological intervention for joint pain. The researchers also suggested that they strengthen disseminating of information about the program of

Department of Health on the use of herbal plants. To the nursing students- the researchers recommended the nursing students to help in the promotion of the use of herbal medicines, the community where they are conducting health care exposure by encouraging the people to use this alternative medicine as a treatment for joint pain.

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To the future researchers- the researchers suggested that they can research on the factors related on the significant relationship between the Non-Pharmacological Pain Intervention Employed by the Residents of Barangay Lumbangan, Nasugbu, Batangas and the disease profile according to duration of pain and frequency of pain occurrence per week.

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APPROVAL SHEET This undergraduate thesis entitled, NON-PHARMACOLOGICAL PAIN INTERVENTION EMPLOYED BY THE RESIDENTS OF BARANGAY LUMBANGAN NASUGBU, BATANGAS prepared and submitted by Gladys Ann E. Almero, Ana Rose H. Aquino, Dean Zachary C. Dogelio, Eriest Mae B. Locsin, Fatima Bianca R. Losa, Germaine B. Mendoza, and Eunice S. Tapawan, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Nursing, has been examined and is recommended for approval.

CARIDAD C. LINTAO, R.N., M.A.N. Research Adviser THESIS REVIEW PANEL Approved by the Committee on Oral Defense with a grade of _________.

JOSEPHINE A.FLORES, RM RN MAN Member

DEXTER A. SEMBRANO, MAT Member

GIOVANNAH H. CASTILLO, RN MAN Member Accepted and approved in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Nursing.

ARNEL G. PANTOJA, RN, MSN Dean, School of Nursing

GEORGINA B. PALMARIO, D.M.D., Ph. D. Vice President for Academic Affairs

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CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY

We hereby declare that the submission of this thesis entitled, NON-PHARMACOLOGICAL PAIN INTERVENTION EMPLOYED BY THE RESIDENTS OF BARANGAY LUMBANGAN NASUGBU, BATANGAS by Gladys Ann E. Almero, Ana Rose H. Aquino, Dean Zachary C. Dogelio, Eriest Mae B. Locsin, Fatima Bianca R. Losa, Germaine B. Mendoza, and Eunice S. Tapawan is our own work and to the best of our knowledge and beliefs. It contains no material previously published or written by another person, nor materials to which substantial extent has been accepted for award of any degree or diploma of a university or any other institution of higher learning, except where due acknowledgement is made in the text. We also declare that the intellectual context of this received assistance on others style, presentation and language expression.

Researchers, Almero, Gladys Ann E. Aquino, Ana Rose H. Dogelio, Dean Zachary C. Locsin, Eriest Mae B. Losa, Fatima Bianca R. Mendoza, Germaine B. Tapawan, Eunice S.

Noted by: CARIDAD C. LINTAO, RN MAN Nursing Research Adviser

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CERTIFICATION OF STATISTICIAN

This is to certify that the undersigned has been consulted in the statistical treatment of the data of the thesis entitled, NONPHARMACOLOGICAL PAIN INTERVENTION EMPLOYED BY THE RESIDENTS OF BARANGAY LUMBANGAN NASUGBU, BATANGAS by Gladys Ann E. Almero, Ana Rose H. Aquino, Dean Zachary C. Dogelio, Eriest Mae B. Locsin, Fatima Bianca R. Losa, Germaine B. Mendoza, and Eunice S. Tapawan in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Nursing. The said undersigned thesis has been studied and is recommended for Final Oral Defense.

_________________________ DEXTER A. SEMBRANO, MAT Statistician Full-time Faculty Emilio Aguinaldo College School of Arts and Sciences ________________________ Date

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CERTIFICATION OF ENGLISH EDITOR

This is to certify that the undersigned has edited the grammar and sentence construction of the undergraduate thesis entitled, NONPHARMACOLOGICAL PAIN INTERVENTION EMPLOYED BY THE RESIDENTS OF BARANGAY LUMBANGAN, NASUGBU, BATANGAS by Gladys Ann E. Almero, Ana Rose H. Aquino, Dean Zachary C. Dogelio, Eriest Mae B. Locsin, Fatima Bianca R. Losa, Germaine B. Mendoza, and Eunice S. Tapawan in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Nursing. The said undersigned thesis has been examined and is recommended for Final Oral Defense.

____________________ ANNALIZA D. SALUD Editor Full-time Faculty Emilio Aguinaldo College School of Arts and Sciences

__________________ Date

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CERTIFICATION OF FILIPINO EDITOR

This is to certify that the undersigned has edited the content, organization of ideas, grammar and sentence construction of the undergraduate thesis entitled, NON-PHARMACOLOGICAL PAIN INTERVENTION EMPLOYED BY THE RESIDENTS OF BARANGAY LUMBANGAN, NASUGBU, BATANGAS by Gladys Ann E. Almero, Ana Rose H. Aquino, Dean Zachary C. Dogelio, Eriest Mae B. Locsin, Fatima Bianca R. Losa, Germaine B. Mendoza, and Eunice S. Tapawan in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Nursing. The said undersigned thesis has been examined and is recommended for Final Oral Defense.

______________________ JANET CODEN ANTIOLA Filipino Grammar Editor Full-time Faculty Emilio Aguinaldo College School of Arts and Sciences

_____________________ Date

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The awareness and value of this research proposal will not be possible without the indisputability diligent persons behind it: The researchers would like to extend their outmost appreciation to the following persons who gave them encouragement, patience, support and served as an inspiration to finish this study with effort and enthusiasm. To God Almighty, to the given strength, courage and wisdom, without this guiding light and abundant blessings of life, this study would have not been possible. To Dean Arnel G. Pantoja, RN., MSN, who served as the researchers inspiration, give them motivation and guidance to pursue this study. To their research adviser, Caridad C. Lintao, RN., MAN for being trustworthy in guiding, sharing reliable information and affirmative critics about this study. Their beloved advisers positive outlook and motivation seceded for bringing out the best to finish this study in a certain period of time.

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To Obdulia M. Almarez, RN, MaEd., who showed concern and definitely accepted the task of evaluating the proposed questions and showed insights and comments for the development of the tool. To Leonidas R. Gatab, RN., Giovannah H. Castillo, RN., M.A.N. and Josephine A. Flores, R.M., R.N., M.A.N., who served as panel and for their assistance and support to conduct this study. To Ethel N. Munda, RN., M.A.N., who open-mindedly gave opinions and suggestions, which explicitly improved the study. To Professor Dexter A. Sembrano M.A.T. the statistician, who shared his expertise in statistical treatment as well as explaining all the result in its simplest and most comprehensive way. The researchers would like to express their thanks and gratefulness to their parents, brothers and sisters for their endless love, guidance and support from the very beginning of the study which inspired the researchers to finish this study by heart. The researchers would also like to extend their gratitude to all of their friends and colleagues, who gave their support and encouragement to accomplish this study on time.

The Researchers

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DEDICATION We dedicate this work of art to our beloved parents, who taught us the value of education. We are deeply indebted to them for their continued support, love and unwavering faith in us. For giving us, all our need during the time we developed our research and for teaching us that even the largest task can be accomplish one-step at a time and to all those who believe in the richness of learning. Especially God Almighty for the knowledge, strength and guidance He bestowed upon them.

The Researchers

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TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE PAGE

THESIS ABSTRACT..................................................................................i APPROVAL SHEET...............................................................................xiii CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY..........................................................xiv CERTIFICATE OF THE STATISTICIAN.....xv CERTIFICATION OF ENGLISH EDITOR..............................................xvi CERTIFICATION OF FILIPINO EDITOR..............................................xvii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.......................................................................xviii DEDICATION..........................................................................................xx TABLE OF CONTENTS.........................................................................xxi LIST OF TABLES.................................................................................xxvi LIST OF FIGURES..............................................................................xxviii

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Chapter One THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING A. Introduction.......1 B. Background of the Study,.......2 C. Theoretical Framework....4 D. Research Paradigm.....6 E. Statement of the Problem...7 F. Hypothesis....8 G. Scope and Delimitation...8 H. Significance of the Study....8 I. Definition of Terms.....10 Chapter Two REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES A. Related Readings..13 B. Related Literature...14 C. Related Studies Local Studies .......22 Foreign Studies....26 D. Justification of the Study...29

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Chapter Three METHODOLOGY A. Research Design....31 B. Population and Sampling..31 C. Validity and Reliability of Research Instrument.32 D. Research Instrument.....32 E. Data Gathering Procedure33 F. Statistical Treatment..34

Chapter Four PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA Part 1. Profile of the Respondents.37 Part 2. Disease Profile of the Respondents.42 Part 3. Non-Pharmacological Pain Intervention Employed by the Residents of Barangay Lumbangan, Nasugbu, Batangas...47 Part 4. Relationship between Non-Pharmacological Pain Intervention Employed by the Residents of Barangay Lumbangan, Nasugbu, Batangas and the disease profile....50

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Chapter Five SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary.......56 Hypotheses...57 Methodology.....57 Findings.....58 Conclusions...64 Recommendations...66 BIBLIOGRAPHY Books.....68 Journals/Periodicals....69 Unpublished Materials....70 Electronic Sources..71 APPENDICES A. Letter to conduct research study.....74 B. Letter of Validation....75 C. Letter to the Filipino Editor...76 D. Letter to the English Editor...77 E. Questionnaire.78 F. Curriculum Vitae of the Statistician.83 G. Curriculum Vitae of the English Editor....87

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H. Curriculum Vitae of the Filipino Editor..90 I. Curriculum Vitae of the Researchers92

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LIST OF TABLES TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE

1 Frequency and Percentage Distribution of the Respondents in terms of Age.......................................................................................37 2 Frequency and Percentage Distribution of the Respondents in terms of Civil Status............................................................................38 3 Frequency and Percentage Distribution of the Respondents in terms of Gender.................................................................................39 4 Frequency and Percentage Distribution of the Respondents in terms of Educational Attainment........................................................40 5 Frequency and Percentage Distribution of the Respondents in terms of Monthly Income.....................................................................41 6 Frequency and Percentage Distribution of the Respondents in terms of Common Affected Part.........................................................42 7 Frequency and Percentage Distribution of the Respondents in terms of Duration of Pain....................................................................43 8 Frequency and Percentage Distribution of the Respondents in terms of Frequency of Pain................................................................44 9 Frequency and Percentage Distribution of the Respondents in terms of Severity of Pain.....................................................................45 10 Frequency and Percentage Distribution of the Respondents in terms of Presence of other Disease...................................................46 11 Frequency and Percentage Distribution of the

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Non-Pharmacological Pain Intervention Employed by the Residents of Barangay Lumbangan, Nasugbu, Batangas.....................47 12 Relationship between the Non-Pharmacological Pain Interventions Employed by the Residents of Barangay Lumbangan, Nasugbu, Batangas and the disease profile according to Common Affected Part..........................................................................................................50 13 Relationship between the Non-Pharmacological Pain Intervention Employed by the Residents of Barangay Lumbangan, Nasugbu, Batangas and the disease profile according to Duration of Pain.........................................................................................................51 14 Relationship between the Non-Pharmacological Pain Intervention Employed by the Residents of Barangay Lumbangan, Nasugbu, Batangas and the disease profile according to Frequency per Week.......................................................................................................52 15 Relationship between the Non-Pharmacological Pain Intervention Employed by the Residents of Barangay Lumbangan, Nasugbu, Batangas and the disease profile according to Severity of Pain.........................................................................................................53 16 Relationship between the Non-Pharmacological Pain Intervention Employed by the Residents of Barangay Lumbangan, Nasugbu, Batangas and the disease profile according to Presence of the other disease....................................................................................................54

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LIST OF FIGURES Figure # Title Page

#1

Relationship between Independent 6 Variables and Dependent Variables