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Microbiology Lec Final Review ALL prokaryotes and eukaryotes have ribosomes Heterotrophs-carbs, proteins, lipids Autotrophs-Carbon Dioxide Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes use aerobic respiration as a way to produce ATP

Most ATP from aerobic respiration in prokaryotes

The final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration is oxygen What are medically important fungi that exhibit dimorphism? Yeast-like and filamentous fungi Fungi that cause systemic mycoses live as saprophytes in the soil as organic matter. Phospholipids from the host cell membrane are what make up the envelope of some viruses. Syphilis has three stages-

Primary- chancre sores Secondary- rash on the soles of the feet and palms of the hands Tertiary- gummas, appears as a rubbery mass of skin Not infective stage

Mycobacterium- has a slow metabolic and growth rate, have Mycolic acid. TB most difficult to treat Bacteremia- bacteria in the blood Septicemia -blood poisoning

Systemic infection caused by pathogens in the blood, like bacteria. With septicemia, the bacteria colonize in the blood vessels.

Inflammation- stimulated by chemicals histamine and leukotriene Stages Vasodilation Margination Tissue Repair

Plasma cells-make antibodies and release them into the bloodstream.

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B Cells-Bone Marrow T Cells-Thymus

Clonal selection-B-cells are activated by an antigen. Monocytes and macrophages bind to the Fc(constant)region of an antibody. Antigen presenting cells active the cell mediated (activative) response of the immune system. Know your white blood cells

Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas

Granulocytes stain

Neutorphils-active first Basophils- Produce histamine Eosinophils-parasitic worms Dendritic Cells- Initiate adaptive immune response

Agranulocytes dont stain

Monocytes- mature macrophages Lymphocytes- Involved in specific immunity

Immunoglobulins-GAMED

IgG-Gamma-monomer, crosses walls and placenta, passive immunity to fetus, Previous Exposure IgA-diamer, most common in body fluids, most abundant IgM-pentamer (5), largest, dont move, first to respond to current infection IgE-monomer, allergic reactions, parasitic worms IgD-blood, lymph, B cells, monomer, initiates immune response

Phases of growth

Lag phase-little or no division Log growth phase-growing, divides Stationary phase-equilibrium

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Death-exceed growth, continues till diminished at constant rate

Characteristics of prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA

Prokaryotes-no membrane bound nucleus Eukaryotes-have membrane bound nucleus

Acidiophile-acid Capnopile-carbon dioxide Mesophiles-moderate, MOST ABUDANT Thermophiles-hot Form endospores

Hyperthermophiles-extreme heat Psychotrophs-food spoilage, FRIDGE TEMP Exotoxins-inside Endotoxins-outside Enzyme structure

Apoenzyme: Protein Cofactor: Nonprotein component

Coenzyme: Organic cofactor NAD FAD

Holoenzyme: Apoenzyme plus cofactor Each portion must be together to be active enzyme

Inhibitors

Competitive inhibition-competes to active site, Noncompetitive inhibition-binds to Allosteric Site changes shape Can STOP reaction Feedback inhibition-stops wasting

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Fermentation Anaerobic Durham tube Produce acid 2 ATP from Glycolisis

Hyphae-

Septate-has walls Nonseptate-no walls Mycelium-visible Hyphae

Life cycle of viruses

Attachment: Phage attaches by tail fibers to host cell.

Penetration: Phage lysozyme opens cell wall, tail sheath contracts to force tail core and DNA into cell.

Biosynthesis: Production of phage DNA and proteins

Maturation: Assembly of phage particles

Release: Phage lysozyme breaks cell wall

Difference between bacteriophages and animal viruses. Uncoating Prions-infectious proteins Sheep scrapie CJD-transmitted by cornea surgery and autopsy Kuru-cannibalism Mad Cow Disease

Radiation

Ionizing radiation (X rays and gamma rays) causes the formation of ions that can react with nucleotides and the deoxyribose-phosphate backbone.

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Cuts DNA

UV radiation(Non Iodizing) causes thymine dimers

Superinfections-overuse of broad spectrum antibiotics Difference between

Cidals-kills Statics-inhibit

It is important to diagnose strep throat because if it goes untreated it could develop into Rheumatic fever. Latent diseases-

Shingles-dorsal ganglia Herpes- Trigeminal nerve ganglia Sacral nerve ganglia

Helper T cells function in both humoral and cell-mediated immunity. Know the lines of defense and the components

First line of defense Skin Mucus Membrane

Second line of defense Natural Killer Cells Inflammation Fever

Know the history and scientists of microbiology

Vaccination-Jenner Penicillin-Fleeming Cells-Hooke

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Microscope- van Leeuwenhoek Antisepsis-Lister Disease causes disease-Koch

Taxonomic hierarchy KING PHILLIP CAME OVER FROM GERMANY STONED

Protoplast fusion is enzymatic removal of the cell wall to allow the exchange of DNA.

Naked DNA-Transformation Virus-Transduction

Restriction enzymes- Cut specific sequences of DNA

Palindrome-same forwards and backwards

Solutions-

Hypertonic-water out Isotonic-no movement Hypotonic-water in

Retrovirus-has cancerous enzyme: ReverseTranscriptase DNA---------RNA-----------Protein

Transcription Nucleus

Translation Ribosome

B. lactamase-penicillin Lytic cycle- host dies Lysogenic cycle- host lives Hepatitis A-from restaurant Tooth decay-S. mutant Rickettsia rickettsia-obligate intercellular parasite needs arthropod-Rocky Mtn Spotted Fever (in our area)

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Parts of virus Envelope Spikes-on envelope Capsid-protein coat

Least effective Antibiotic-Penicillin Tetanus-immediate treatment-immunogoblin (Shot) Trachoma-get through birth and swimming, leading cause of blindness worldwide Varicella-zoster virus (human herpes virus 3)-chicken pox Herpes 1-fever blisters Herpes 2-genital warts Spinal Tap-to diagnose meningitis do Gram negative stain Chlamydia trachomatis- causes Chlamydia Toxoplasmosis-domestic cat Treponema pallidum- Syphilis

Passive natural immunity-from mother to child DNA nucleotides adenine (A) guanine (G) thymine (T) cytosine (C)

RNA nucleotides adenine (A) guanine (G) uracil (U) cytosine (C)

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Ligase: fills in gaps of lagging strand Topoisomerase-relaxes supercoiling of DNA Helicase-unzips and unwinds DNA Polymerase-adds free nucleotides Compliment-defense system that cascades Competent-when cell can take up foreign DNA by making cell wall permeable Cloning vectors-Plasmids Exon-stays inside Intron-stays outside Endospore-tough structure, hard to kill, can go dormant Shapes

Coccyx-round Bacillus-rod Spiral-spiral

Naming-Are italicized or underlined. The genus is CAPITALIZED and the specific epithet is lower case Peptidoglycan-substance found in most bacteria walls

Made of NAG and NAM

Division: Budding Fission Schizo

Trophozoite-feeding Cyst-Resting Lactobacillus-used to make sauerkraut and part of normal flora of vagina Candida albicans -yeast infection

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Trichinella spiralis-poorly cooked pork or bear meat, go into muscles Trichinellasis

Taenia saganera-beef Hemolytic disease (erythroblastosis fetalis)-Occurs when mother is Rh- but fetus is Rh+; usually the first fetus is fine because mother does not have anti-Rh antibodies yet, but second fetus would be in trouble

Type A B AB O

Pregnant mother is given RhoGAM to prevent her bodys creation of antibodies to Rh Antibody B A None A and B Antigen A B AB None Kind Universal receiver Universal donor